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This article presents a list of military occupations. Only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907 are included in this article.

Military occupation is effective provisional control of a certain power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the volition of the actual sovereign. Military occupation is distinguished from annexation by its intended temporary nature (i.e. no claim for permanent sovereignty), by its military nature, and by citizenship rights of the controlling power not being conferred upon the subjugated population.

Past military occupations

Period	Territory occupied	From	To	Occupied state	Occupying state
Pre-WWI	Albania	1912	1913	Albania	Serbia
Pre-WWI	Nicaragua	1912	1933	Nicaragua	United States
WWI	Belgium	1914	1918	Belgium	German Empire
WWI	Luxembourg	1914	1918	Luxembourg	German Empire
WWI	Northeastern France	1914	1918	France	German Empire
WWI	Lublin	1914	1918	Russian Empire	Austria-Hungary
WWI	Serbia	1914	1918	Serbia	Austria-Hungary
WWI	Montenegro	1914	1918	Montenegro	Austria-Hungary
WWI	Albania	1914	1918	Albania	Austria-Hungary
WWI	Northeastern Italy	1914	1918	Italy	Austria-Hungary
WWI	Eastern Galicia	1914	1918	Austria-Hungary	Russian Empire
WWI	Albania	1915	1917	Albania	Bulgaria
WWI	Parts of the Russian Empire	1914	1919	Russian Empire	German Empire
WWI	German South-West Africa (Namibia)	1915	1994	German Empire	South Africa
WWI	Veracruz	1914	1914	Mexico	United States
WWI	Haiti	1915	1934	Haiti	United States
WWI	Dominican Republic	1916	1924	Dominican Republic	United States
WWI	Cuba	1917	1922	Cuba	United States
Post-WWI	Parts of Turkey	1919	1922	Ottoman Empire	France
					Greece
					Italy
					United Kingdom
Post-WWI	Ruhr	1923	1924	Weimar Republic	Belgium  France
Post-WWI	Manchuria	1931	1945	China	Japan
Post-WWI	Ethiopia	1935	1941	Ethiopia	Italy
Post-WWI	Czechoslovakia	1938	1945	Czechoslovakia	Nazi Germany
Post-WWI	Carpatho-Ukraine	1939	1944	Czechoslovakia	Hungary
Post-WWI	Albania	1939	1945	Albania	Italy
WWII	Poland	1939	1945	Poland	Nazi Germany
WWII	Denmark	1940	1945	Denmark	Nazi Germany
WWII	Norway	1940	1945	Norway	Nazi Germany
WWII	Belgium	1940	1945	Belgium	Nazi Germany
WWII	Greece	1941	1944	Greece	Bulgaria
					Italy
					Nazi Germany
WWII	Belarus	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany
WWII	Netherlands	1940	1945	Netherlands	Nazi Germany
WWII	Luxembourg	1940	1945	Luxembourg	Nazi Germany
WWII	Northern France	1940	1944	France	Nazi Germany
WWII	Channel Islands	1940	1944	United Kingdom	Nazi Germany
WWII	Yugoslavia	1941	1945	Yugoslavia	Nazi Germany
WWII	Lithuania	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany
WWII	Latvia	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany
WWII	Estonia	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany
WWII	Italy	1943	1945	Italy	Nazi Germany
WWII	Hungary	1944	1945	Hungary	Nazi Germany
WWII	Southeastern France	1940	1943	France	Italy
WWII	Faroe Islands	1940	1945	Denmark	United Kingdom
WWII	Iceland	1940	1945	Denmark- Iceland	UK and  USA
WWII	Parts of the Soviet Union	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Finland
WWII	Iran	1941	1946	Iran	Allies
WWII	Libya	1943	1951	Libya	Allies
WWII	Parts of China	1937	1945	Republic of China	Japan
WWII	Shanghai	1937	1945	Republic of China	Japan
WWII	Hong Kong	1941	1945	UK	Japan
WWII	Vietnam	1940	1945	France	Japan
WWII	Cambodia	1941	1945	France	Japan
WWII	Malaya	1941	1945	UK	Japan
WWII	British Borneo	1941	1945	UK	Japan
WWII	Singapore	1942	1945	UK	Japan
WWII	Philippines	1942	1945	Commonwealth of the Philippines	Japan
WWII	Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)	1942	1945	Netherlands	Japan
WWII	Burma (Myanmar)	1942	1945	UK	Japan
WWII	New Guinea	1942	1945	Australia	Japan
WWII	Kiska	1942	1943	USA	Japan
WWII	Estonia	1940 1944	1941 1991	Estonia	Soviet Union
WWII	Latvia	1940 1944	1941 1991	Latvia	Soviet Union
WWII	Lithuania	1940 1944	1941 1991	Lithuania	Soviet Union
WWII	Eastern Poland	1939	1941	Poland	Soviet Union
WWII	Finland	1939	1940	Finland	Soviet Union
WWII	Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina	1940	1941	Romania	Soviet Union
WWII	Romania	1944	1958	Romania	Soviet Union
WWII	Bulgaria	1944	1947	Bulgaria	Soviet Union
WWII	Hungary	1945	1991	Hungary	Soviet Union
WWII	Czechoslovakia	1945	1945	Czechoslovakia	Soviet Union
WWII	East Germany	1945	1949	East Germany	Soviet Union
WWII	Northern Iran	1945	1946	Iran	Soviet Union
WWII	Korea	1945	1948	Korea	Soviet Union
WWII	Allied-occupied Germany	1945	1949 1990	Germany	Allied Control Council
WWII	Austria	1945	1955	Austria	Allied Control Council
WWII	Japan	1945	1951	Japan	Allies
WWII	Korea	1945	1948	Korea	USA and  Soviet Union
WWII	Taiwan	1945	1952	Japan	Republic of China
WWII	Parts of Vietnam	1945	1946	Vietnam	UK
Post-WWII	Gaza Strip	1948 March 1957	October 1956 June 1967	Gaza Strip	Egypt
Post-WWII	Sinai	1956	1956	Egypt	France,  Israel, and  UK
Post-WWII	Laos	1959	1975	Laos	North Vietnam
Post-WWII	Dominican Republic	1965	1966	Dominican Republic	USA and The Organization of American States
Post-WWII	Sinai	1967	1982	Egypt	Israel
Post-WWII	Czechoslovakia	1968	1968	Czechoslovakia	Warsaw Pact
Post-WWII	East Pakistan	1971	1971	Pakistan	India
Post-WWII	East Timor	1975	1999	East Timor	Indonesia
Post-WWII	Aouzou Strip	1976	1987	Chad	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Post-WWII	Parts of Lebanon	1976	2005	Lebanon	Syria
Post-WWII	Southern Lebanon	1978	2000	Lebanon	Israel
Post-WWII	Parts of Uganda	1978	1978	Uganda	Tanzania
Post-WWII	Cambodia	1979	1989	Cambodia	Vietnam
Post-WWII	Parts of Vietnam	1979	1979	Vietnam	China
Post-WWII	Falkland Islands	1982	1982	UK	Argentina
Post-WWII	Northern Sri Lanka	1987	1990	Sri Lanka	India
Post-WWII	Maldives	1988	1988	Maldives	India
Post-WWII	Panama	1989	1990	Panama	USA
Post-WWII	Kuwait	1990	1991	Kuwait	Iraq
Post-WWII	Haiti	1994	1995	Haiti	USA  Poland Argentina
Post-WWII	Lesotho	September 1998	May 1999	Lesotho	South Africa and Southern African Development Community
Post-WWII	Parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	1998	2002	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Uganda,  Rwanda,  Zimbabwe,  Angola,  Namibia,  Chad, and  Sudan
Post-WWII	Kargil District	1999	1999	India	Pakistan
Post-WWII	Iraq	2003	2004	Iraq	Coalition Provisional Authority
Post-WWII	Parts of Somalia	December 2006	January 2009	Somalia	Ethiopia
Post-WWII	Gori and Poti	2008	2008	Georgia	Russia
Post-WWII	Perevi	2008	2010	Georgia	Russia
Post-WWII	Isla Calero	October 2010	January 2011	Costa Rica	Nicaragua

Current military occupations

Territory occupied	Since	Occupied state	Occupying state	Status
Abkhazia	2008	Georgia	Russia	Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of Abkhazia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia)
Artsvashen	1994	Armenia	Azerbaijan	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Gadabay District
Barxudarlı	1994	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province
Crimea	2014	Ukraine	Russia	Annexed in 2014 during Crimean crisis
East Jerusalem	1967	Palestine	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; de facto annexed in 1980 via the Jerusalem Law
Gaza Strip	1967	Palestine	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Egypt; In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory, however the United Nations still considers it an occupying power. Gaza's border crossings with Israel and maritime and air space are controlled by Israel
Golan Heights	1967	Syria	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War; de facto annexed in 1981 via the Golan Heights Law
Karki	1992	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Ararat Province
Nagorno-Karabakh (and surrounding territories)	1994	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; Nagorno-Karabakh administered as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Northern Cyprus	1974	Cyprus	Turkey	Seized during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; administered as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a state with no international recognition
South Ossetia	2008	Georgia	Russia	Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of South Ossetia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia)
Transnistria	1992	Moldova	Russia	Seized during the War of Transnistria; administered as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, a state with limited international recognition
West Bank	1967	Palestine	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Palestinian National Authority
Western Sahara	1975		Morocco	Seized during the Western Sahara War; de facto annexed; administered as the Southern Provinces; claimed by Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Yuxarı Əskipara	1994	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province

See also

• Peacekeeping - military deployments for peace-keeping purposes
• CSDP missions – foreign non-belligerent military missions of the European Union
• Annexation
• Revanchism
• For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition
• For a list of cases where territory is disputed between countries, see List of territorial disputes

Footnotes and references

Footnotes

1. This military occupation was during the time period ofWWI but it was not a part of WWI.
2. This military occupation was during the time period ofWWI but it was not a part of WWI.
3. This military occupation was during the time period ofWWI but it was not a part of WWI.
4. This military occupation was during the time period ofWWI but it was not a part of WWI.
5. On 17 June 1944, Iceland dissolved its union with Denmark and the Danish monarchy and declared itself a republic.
6. On 7 July 1941, the defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States.
7. League of Nations mandate administered by Australia.
8. On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
9. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
10. On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
11. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
12. On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
13. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
14. On August 16, 1945 the Communist-dominated Polish government signed a treaty with the USSR to formally cede these territories.
15. Berlin remained under formal military occupation until September 12, 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed
16. In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a Spokesperson's Noon Briefing" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the United Nations Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."

References

1. A Roberts. Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 - Am. J. Int'l L., 1990, p. 47.
2. ^ Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. xvi
3. Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal, Keren Sharvit, Nimrod Rosler and Amiram Raviv. Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
4. During civil wars, the districts occupied by rebels are considered to be foreign.Military Government and Martial Law LLMC, p. 21.
5. David M. Edelstein. Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
6. Phillipson, Coleman (1916). Termination of War and Treaties of Peace. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 10. ISBN 9781584778608. The difference between effective military occupation (or conquest) and annexation involves a profound difference in the rights conferred by each
7. Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780748636716. The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation
8. ^ Die Militärverwaltung in den von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen besetzten Gebieten, Vol. 4
9. http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne
10. Under the terms of two decrees by Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939), large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany. Much of the rest of Poland was organized into the Generalgouvernement (General Government) of Poland, under German administration, while eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. The annexations were not recognized by any other State.
11. ^ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet law. BRILL. p. 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
12. ^ Fried, Daniel (June 14, 2007). "U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-29.
13. "Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)". Hansard. 540 (cc1870–4). U.K. Parliament. May 4, 1955. Retrieved 2010-09-01. The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.
14. On this Day: 23 December: 1956: Jubilation as allied troops leave Suez, BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
15. The occupation of Sinai (1956)
16. Congo, Democratic Republic of the CIA Factbook
17. Joe De Capua Ethiopia marks yearlong occupation in Somalia, Voice of America, 24 December 2007

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