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== Life == == Life ==
=== Descent, Training and Military Service === === Background, Training, and Military Service ===
Like his younger brother, ], Gregor was born into the family of a Catholic judicial officer who lived in ]n ] Geisenfeld. He attended grammar school and after his final examinations served his apprenticeship as a druggist in ''Marien-Apotheke'' in ]n village Frontenhausen from 1910 until 1914. In 1914 he began to study pharmacy at ], which he suspended in the same year to enlist as a volunteer in the Imperial Army. Strasser took part in ], held eventually the rank of a ] and was decorated with ], First and Second Class. Like his younger brother ], Gregor Strasser was born into the family of a Catholic judicial officer who lived in the ]n ] of Geisenfeld. He attended grammar school and after his final examinations served his apprenticeship as a druggist in the ]n village of Frontenhausen from 1910 until 1914. In 1914 he began to study pharmacy at ], which he suspended in the same year to enlist as a volunteer in the German Imperial Army. Strasser took part in ], rising to the rank of ], and was decorated with the ], First and Second Class.


In 1918 he continued his interrupted studies at ] and in 1919 he joined the rightist '']'' of ] (1968-1946) together with his brother Otto. Also in 1919 he passed his state examination successfully. In 1920 Strasser started his activity as apothecary in ]. Moreover he became commander of ''Sturmbataillon Niederbayern'' (]: ''Storm battalion Lower Bavaria'') which was established by himself. Young ] served as his adjutant. In the middle of March 1920 Strasser's Freicorps was ready for participitation in the failed '']''. At the same time his brother Otto commanded a ''Rote Hundertschaft'' (''Red Group of a Hundred'') to battle against this right wing ]. In 1918 he continued his interrupted studies at ] and in 1919 he joined the rightist '']'' of ] (1968-1946) together with his brother Otto. Also in 1919 he passed his state examination successfully, and in 1920 started work as an apothecary in ]. He also established and commanded ''Sturmbataillon Niederbayern'' (]: Storm battalion Lower Bavaria). Young ] served as his adjutant. In the middle of March 1920 Strasser's Freicorps was ready for participitation in the failed ]. At the same time his brother Otto commanded a ''Rote Hundertschaft'' (Red Group of a Hundred) to battle against this right wing ].


=== Career in early NSDAP === === Career in early NSDAP ===
In 1921 Gregor Strasser and his ''"] Wehrverband"'' (''"folkish defence union"'') - how ] ] groups called themselves in Germany in the 1920s - joined forces with NSDAP that had been founded in Munich one year earlier. In November 1923 he took an active part in the miscarried '']''. In a special part of the high treason trial against ] he was sentenced to one and a half years of ''Festungshaft'' (''confinement in a fortress'' was regarded as an ''"honorable detention"'' in ]) in ] by ''Volksgericht München I'' in April 1924. Already after few weeeks Strasser was released because he had been elected member of Bavarian Landtag for the Nazi-associated ''Völkischer Block'' on May 4, 1924. On December 7, 1924 he achieved a seat in 3. ] of '']''. He had run for the ''Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei'' (''German Folkish Freedom Party) that served as substitute organization for NSDAP which had been banned temporarily from November 1923 until February 1925. Strasser kept this mandate until December 1932. In 1921 Gregor Strasser and his ''] Wehrverband'' ("folkish defence union") - how ] ] groups called themselves in Germany in the 1920s - joined forces with the ] (Nazi Party), which had been founded in ] one year earlier. In November 1923 he took an active part in the miscarried ]. In a special part of the high treason trial against ], Strasser was sentenced to one and a half years of ''Festungshaft'' (confinement in a fortress, which was regarded as an honorable detention in the ]) in ] by ''Volksgericht München I'' in April 1924. After few weeeks Strasser was released because he had been elected a member of Bavarian Landtag for the Nazi-associated Völkischer Block on ] ], ]. On ] ], ] he attained a seat in 3. ] of '']''. He had run for the ''Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei'' (German Folkish Freedom Party), which served as substitute organization for the NSDAP (which had been banned temporarily from November 1923 until February 1925). Strasser kept this position until December 1932.


After the official refoundation of NSDAP by Adolf Hitler in Munich '']'' on February 26, 1925 Strasser became the first '']'' of ]/] and after the partition of this '']'' Lower Bavarian Gauleiter from October 1, 1928 until 1929. From June 30, 1926 until early 1928 he filled the position of ''NSDAP Reichspropagandaleiter'' (''NSDAP Reich Leader for Propaganda'') and from January 1928 until December 1932 he was ''Reichsorganisationsleiter'' (''Reich Organization Leader'') of the Nazi Party. Gregor Strasser reorganized the whole NSDAP structure, both concerning its regional formation and its vertical management hierarchy. The Nazi Party became a strictly centralist organization with Party's own control machinery and high propaganda capability. Strasser's ideas for restructuring ''Reich Organization Leadership'' had been carried into effect by service regulations called ''Politische Organisation - P.O. -'' of NSDAP (''Political Organization - P.O.'') on July 15, 1932. After the official refoundation of the NSDAP by Adolf Hitler in a Munich '']'' on ] ], ] Strasser became the first ] of ]/] and, after the partition of this ], Lower Bavarian Gauleiter from ] ], ] until 1929. From ] ], ] until early 1928 he was ''NSDAP Reichspropagandaleiter'' (NSDAP Reich Leader for Propaganda) and from January 1928 until December 1932 he was the Nazi ''Reichsorganisationsleiter'' (Reich Organization Leader). Gregor Strasser reorganized the whole NSDAP structure, both in its regional formation and its vertical management hierarchy. The Nazi Party became a strictly centralist organization with the party's own control machinery and high propaganda capability. Strasser's ideas for restructuring the Nazi Reich Organization Leadership had been carried into effect by service regulations called ''Politische Organisation - P.O. -'' (Political Organization - P.O.) of the NSDAP on ] ], ].


=== Strasser's Organizational Reforms === === Strasser's Organizational Reforms ===
NSDAP made a big step from a marginal South German splinter party to a ''großdeutsche'' (''Greater German'') mass party as from 1925 by Strasser's outstanding organizational skill. Its membership increased from ca. 27.000 (1925) to more than 800.000 in 1931. Strasser established NSDAP in Northern an West Germany as a strong political association which disposed quickly of a bigger membership basis than Hitler's southern party section. Moreover he arranged for the foundation of Berlin ] (''Stormtroopers'') under ]n Nazi activist ] in March 1926. The party's own ''Foreign Organization'' (see ]) was formed on Strasser's initiative and Dr. ] was appointed its first leader on May 1, 1931. Together with his brother Otto he founded the Berlin ''Kampf-Verlag'' (''Combat Publishing'') in March 1926 which published amongst others the programmatic weekly journal ''Der Nationale Sozialist'' (''The National Socialist'') from 1926 until 1930. The NSDAP made a big step from a marginal South German splinter party to a nationwide mass party as from 1925 by Strasser's outstanding organizational skill. Its membership increased from about 27,000 in 1925 to more than 800,000 in 1931. Strasser established the NSDAP in northern and western germany as a strong political association which quickly attained a higher membership than Hitler's southern party section. Moreover he arranged for the foundation of the Berlin ] (Stormtroopers) under ]n Nazi activist ] in March 1926. The party's own Foreign Organization (see ]) was formed on Strasser's initiative, and Dr. ] was appointed its first leader on ] ], ]. Together with his brother Otto, Strasser founded the Berlin ''Kampf-Verlag'' (Combat Publishing) arm in March 1926, which published among others the programmatic weekly journal ''Der Nationale Sozialist'' (The National Socialist) from 1926 until 1930.


The ] ruled unchallenged Berlin party organization and developed an independent ideological profile compared with the South German party wing around Adolf Hitler. They advocated - at first together with Gregor Strasser's close collaborator in ] and ] ] - an ], social revolutionary course of NSDAP, that was heavily affected by ] and ] at the same time. With the ''Arbeitsgemeinschaft Nordwest'' (''Syndicate Northwest''), founded in September 1925, a federation of North- and West-German NSDAP Gauleiters under his leadership (managing director was Joseph Goebbels), Gregor Strasser had initially created an instrument to enforce the sociopolitical and economic ideas of left NSDAP wing. But on February 14, 1926 Hitler asserted himself successfully against the ''] faction'' during the ''] Leader Conference''. This earned him absolute leadership within NSDAP. The disbandment of the syndicate had been decreed by directive from Munich on July 1, 1926. The ] ruled the Berlin party organization unchallanged and developed an independent ideological profile from the south German party wing around Adolf Hitler. They advocated - at first together with Gregor Strasser's close collaborator in ] and ] ] - an ], social revolutionary course for NSDAP that was heavily affected by ] and ] at the same time. With the ''Arbeitsgemeinschaft Nordwest'' (Syndicate Northwest), a federation of north and west German NSDAP gauleiters under his leadership (managing director was Joseph Goebbels) founded in 1925, Gregor Strasser had created an instrument to enforce the sociopolitical and economic ideas of the left NSDAP wing. But on ], ] Hitler asserted himself successfully against this "]" faction during the ] Leader Conference. This earned Hitler absolute leadership within the NSDAP. The disbandment of the syndicate was decreed by a directive from Munich on ] ], ].


=== Conflict with Hitler and Perdition === === Conflict with Hitler, and Perdition ===
The programmatic and personal rivalry with Adolf Hitler got worse dramatically when ] ] offered Gregor Strasser vice-chancellorship and the office of the ]n prime minister in December 1932. He hoped to disunite NSDAP with Strasser's help and to pull the ''"left Nazis"'' over to his ] side. The plan failed because of Hitler's intervention and resulted in Strasser's resignation from all party positions. He continued acting as a publicist as he did before his disempowerment. From June 1931 until its ban on February 4, 1933 he published the weekly newspaper ''"Die schwarze Front"'' (''"The black front"'') that made just little impact on contemporaries because of its humble issue (10.000 copies). The programmatic and personal rivalry with Adolf Hitler worsened dramatically when ] ] offered Gregor Strasser the vice-chancellorship and the office of the ]n Prime Minister in December 1932. Von Schleicher hoped to disunite the NSDAP with Strasser's help and to pull the left Nazis over to his ] side. The plan failed because of Hitler's intervention, and resulted in Strasser's resignation from all party positions. He continued acting as a publicist as he did before his disempowerment. From June 1931 until its ban on ] ], ] he published the weekly newspaper ''Die schwarze Front'' (The Black Front), which made little impact on contemporaries because of its small circulation (10,000 copies).


In the course of the Nazi Party purge, which was initiated by Adolf Hitler against his former rivals under the propaganda term ''"Röhm-Putsch"'' (see '']''), Gregor Strasser was assassinated by Berlin ] on June 30, 1934. In the Nazi Party purge (''"Röhm-Putsch"'') of ] ], ] ((see ]), Strasser was assasinated on Hitler's order by the Berlin ].


The Strasser brothers' ''"national revolutionary"'' political theses exert a big influence on modern ]. Although Strasser ultimately failed as a politician, the Strasser brothers' national revolutionary political theses continue to exert influence on modern ].


== Literature == == Literature ==

Revision as of 15:44, 30 July 2006

File:Gregorstrasser.jpg
Gregor Strasser

Gregor Strasser, variant German spelling Straßer (May 31, 1892 in Geisenfeld - June 30, 1934 in Berlin) was a German politician of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP).

Life

Background, Training, and Military Service

Like his younger brother Otto, Gregor Strasser was born into the family of a Catholic judicial officer who lived in the Upper Bavarian market town of Geisenfeld. He attended grammar school and after his final examinations served his apprenticeship as a druggist in the Lower Bavarian village of Frontenhausen from 1910 until 1914. In 1914 he began to study pharmacy at Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, which he suspended in the same year to enlist as a volunteer in the German Imperial Army. Strasser took part in World War I, rising to the rank of First Lieutenant, and was decorated with the Iron Cross, First and Second Class.

In 1918 he continued his interrupted studies at Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg and in 1919 he joined the rightist Freikorps of Franz Ritter von Epp (1968-1946) together with his brother Otto. Also in 1919 he passed his state examination successfully, and in 1920 started work as an apothecary in Landshut. He also established and commanded Sturmbataillon Niederbayern (English: Storm battalion Lower Bavaria). Young Heinrich Himmler served as his adjutant. In the middle of March 1920 Strasser's Freicorps was ready for participitation in the failed Kapp Putsch. At the same time his brother Otto commanded a Rote Hundertschaft (Red Group of a Hundred) to battle against this right wing coup d'état.

Career in early NSDAP

In 1921 Gregor Strasser and his völkischer Wehrverband ("folkish defence union") - how nationalist paramilitarian groups called themselves in Germany in the 1920s - joined forces with the NSDAP (Nazi Party), which had been founded in Munich one year earlier. In November 1923 he took an active part in the miscarried Beer Hall Putsch. In a special part of the high treason trial against Adolf Hitler, Strasser was sentenced to one and a half years of Festungshaft (confinement in a fortress, which was regarded as an honorable detention in the German Empire) in Landsberg Prison by Volksgericht München I in April 1924. After few weeeks Strasser was released because he had been elected a member of Bavarian Landtag for the Nazi-associated Völkischer Block on May 4, 1924. On December 7, 1924 he attained a seat in 3. Reichstag of Weimar Republic. He had run for the Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei (German Folkish Freedom Party), which served as substitute organization for the NSDAP (which had been banned temporarily from November 1923 until February 1925). Strasser kept this position until December 1932.

After the official refoundation of the NSDAP by Adolf Hitler in a Munich Bürgerbräukeller on February 26, 1925 Strasser became the first Gauleiter of Lower Bavaria/Upper Palatinate and, after the partition of this Gau, Lower Bavarian Gauleiter from October 1, 1928 until 1929. From June 30, 1926 until early 1928 he was NSDAP Reichspropagandaleiter (NSDAP Reich Leader for Propaganda) and from January 1928 until December 1932 he was the Nazi Reichsorganisationsleiter (Reich Organization Leader). Gregor Strasser reorganized the whole NSDAP structure, both in its regional formation and its vertical management hierarchy. The Nazi Party became a strictly centralist organization with the party's own control machinery and high propaganda capability. Strasser's ideas for restructuring the Nazi Reich Organization Leadership had been carried into effect by service regulations called Politische Organisation - P.O. - (Political Organization - P.O.) of the NSDAP on July 15, 1932.

Strasser's Organizational Reforms

The NSDAP made a big step from a marginal South German splinter party to a nationwide mass party as from 1925 by Strasser's outstanding organizational skill. Its membership increased from about 27,000 in 1925 to more than 800,000 in 1931. Strasser established the NSDAP in northern and western germany as a strong political association which quickly attained a higher membership than Hitler's southern party section. Moreover he arranged for the foundation of the Berlin SA (Stormtroopers) under Upper Silesian Nazi activist Kurt Daluege in March 1926. The party's own Foreign Organization (see NSDAP/AO) was formed on Strasser's initiative, and Dr. Hans Nieland was appointed its first leader on May 1, 1931. Together with his brother Otto, Strasser founded the Berlin Kampf-Verlag (Combat Publishing) arm in March 1926, which published among others the programmatic weekly journal Der Nationale Sozialist (The National Socialist) from 1926 until 1930.

The Strasser brothers ruled the Berlin party organization unchallanged and developed an independent ideological profile from the south German party wing around Adolf Hitler. They advocated - at first together with Gregor Strasser's close collaborator in Rhineland and Westphalia Joseph Goebbels - an anti-capitalist, social revolutionary course for NSDAP that was heavily affected by anti-Semitism and anti-Marxism at the same time. With the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Nordwest (Syndicate Northwest), a federation of north and west German NSDAP gauleiters under his leadership (managing director was Joseph Goebbels) founded in 1925, Gregor Strasser had created an instrument to enforce the sociopolitical and economic ideas of the left NSDAP wing. But on February 14, 1926 Hitler asserted himself successfully against this "National Bolshevist" faction during the Bamberg Leader Conference. This earned Hitler absolute leadership within the NSDAP. The disbandment of the syndicate was decreed by a directive from Munich on July 1, 1926.

Conflict with Hitler, and Perdition

The programmatic and personal rivalry with Adolf Hitler worsened dramatically when Reichskanzler Kurt von Schleicher offered Gregor Strasser the vice-chancellorship and the office of the Prussian Prime Minister in December 1932. Von Schleicher hoped to disunite the NSDAP with Strasser's help and to pull the left Nazis over to his national conservative side. The plan failed because of Hitler's intervention, and resulted in Strasser's resignation from all party positions. He continued acting as a publicist as he did before his disempowerment. From June 1931 until its ban on February 4, 1933 he published the weekly newspaper Die schwarze Front (The Black Front), which made little impact on contemporaries because of its small circulation (10,000 copies).

In the Nazi Party purge ("Röhm-Putsch") of June 30, 1934 ((see Night of the Long Knives), Strasser was assasinated on Hitler's order by the Berlin Gestapo.

Although Strasser ultimately failed as a politician, the Strasser brothers' national revolutionary political theses continue to exert influence on modern Neo-Nazism.

Literature

  • Diebow, Hans: Gregor Strasser und der Nationalsozialismus. - Berlin : Tell-Verl., 1932/33. - 65 p.
  • Dixon, Joseph Murdock: Gregor Strasser and the organization of the Nazi Party, 1925-32. - V, 251 folios - (Stanford University, Calif., Phil. Diss., 1966)
  • Geismaier, Michael: Gregor Strasser. - Leipzig : Kittler, 1933. - 95 p. - (Maenner und Maechte)
  • Goderbauer-Marchner, Gabriele: Gregor Straßer und die Anfänge der NSDAP in Bayern, insbesondere in Niederbayern und Landshut. - (Munich University,thesis, 1986)
  • Kissenkoetter, Udo: Gregor Strasser und die NSDAP . - Stuttgart : Dt. Verl.-Anst., 1978. - 219 S. - (Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte ; 37) . - ISBN 3-421-01881-2. - (at the same time: Düsseldorf University, Diss., 1975)
  • Richardi, Hans-Günter: Hitler und seine Hintermänner : neue Fakten zur Frühgeschichte der NSDAP. - München : Süddeutscher Verl., 1991. - 446 p. - ISBN 3-7991-6508-8
  • Stachura, Peter D.: Der Fall Strasser : Gregor Strasser, Hitler and national socialism ; 1930 - 1932. - pp. 88-130 in: The shaping of the Nazi state. - London : Croom Helm, 1978. - 304 p. - ISBN 0-06-496492-2
  • Stachura, Peter D.: Gregor Strasser and the rise of Nazism. - London : Allen & Unwin, 1983. - XIV, 178 p. - ISBN 0-04-943027-0
  • Straßer, Bernhard: Gregor und Otto Strasser : Kurze Darst. ihrer Persönlichkeit u. ihres Wollens, hrsg. zum 20. Jahrestag d. dt. Bartholomäusnacht vom 30. Juni 1934. - Külsheim: Harald Stössel, 1954. - 16 p.

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