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/Users/Omar/Desktop/images.jpeg PAKISTAN ARMY SOLDIERS ARE IN KASHMIR WAR 1947/1948 DATE 22 OCTOBER 1947 5 JULY 1949 1 YEAR 3 MONTHS 14 DAYS LOCATION KASHMIR BELLIGERENTS PAKISTAN PAKISTAN ARMY PAKISTAN AIR FORCE PAKISTAN NAVY india indian army indian air force indian navy |
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{{Use British English|date=March 2013}} |
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LT GEN AKBAR KHAN MAG GEN AYUB KHAN AIR MARSHALL MUKHTAR DOGAR VICE ADMIRAL HMS CHOUDRY PAKISTAN 22000 MEN 500 FIGHTER JETS 350 NAVAL SHIP 800 TANKS 150 ARMY SHIP 100 ARMY BOAT 300 ARMY GUNSHIP HELICOPTER 450 AIRFORCE GUNSHIP HELICOPTERS AND 50 NAVAL FIGHTER JETS 100 NAVY HELICOPTER india 41000 men 1500 jets 1000 naval ship 5000 tanks 350 army ship and army boat 1000 amy gunship helicopter 1900 airfoce gunship helicopter 1000 naval jets and 3000 naval helicopter casulites PAKISTAN 1000 MEN MARTYARED 3000 WOUNDED 300 TANK DESTROYED 100 FIGHTER JETS DSTROYED 449 SHIP DESTROYED india 30000 men killed 5000 men wounded 5000 pow 31000 tanks destroyed 900 fighter jets destroyed 553 ship destroyed RESULT DECISIVE PAKISTAN VICTORY UN MANDATED CEASE FIRE india promise in UNITED NATIONS that they would do referendum in JAMU AND KASHMIR BACKGROUND AFTER THE PARTITION THE KASMIR IS DECLARE A STATE the dogra ruler hari sing meets nehru and says you can send indian army in KAHMIR WHEN QUIDE AZAM REHMAT ULA ALEIH LISTEN that india trying to capture KASHMIR QUIDE AZAM SEND PAKISTAN DEFENCE FORCES IN KASHMIR THE WAR STARTED BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND india on 22 OCTOBER 1947 WHEN PAKISTAN DEFENCE FORCES ENTER IN KASMIR AND WAR ENDS ON 31 DECEMBER 1948 ON THE VICTORY OF PAKISTAN |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 |
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| partof = the ] |
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| campaign = |
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| colour_scheme = background:#91ACDA |
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| image = ] |
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| caption = Indian soldiers during the 1947–1948 war. |
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| notes = Conflict started when ] tribal forces, and later Indian and Pakistani Army regulars, entered the ] of ]. |
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| date = 22 October 1947 – 1 January 1949<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=22|year1=1947|month2=1|day2=1|year2=1949}}) |
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| place = ] |
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| result =] mandated ceasefire. |
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* ] dissolved. |
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* UN Ceasefire Line of 1949 (later becomes ] after the ] of 1972) |
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| territory = Pakistan conquered roughly a third of {{nowrap|Kashmir (] and ]),}} whereas India retained control of the rest (], ] and ]). |
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| combatant1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|India|1947}} ] |
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* ] ]}} |
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| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|1947}} ]<br />] Tribal militias<ref name="(Editor)">{{cite book |author=Robert Blackwill, James Dobbins, Michael O'Hanlon, Clare Lockhart, Nathaniel Fick, Molly Kinder, Andrew Erdmann, John Dowdy, Samina Ahmed, Anja Manuel, Meghan O'Sullivan, Nancy Birdsall, Wren Elhai, Nicholas Burns (Editor), Jonathon Price (Editor) |title=American Interests in South Asia: Building a Grand Strategy in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ENyfHXi9wz0C&pg=PT155 |accessdate=3 November 2011 |publisher=Aspen Institute |isbn=978-1-61792-400-2 |pages=155–}}</ref><br />] ]''<ref name="Simon Ross Valentine">{{cite book|title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice|publisher=Hurst Publishers|isbn=978-1850659167|page=204|author=Simon Ross Valentine|accessdate=20 July 2013|date=27 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="Furqan Force">{{cite web |title=Furqan Force |url=http://www.thepersecution.org/50years/kashmir.html#2a |publisher=Persecution.org |accessdate=14 March 2012}}</ref> |
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| commander1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|India|army}} ] ]<br />{{flagicon|India|army}} ] ]<br />{{flagicon|India|army}} ] ]<br />{{flagicon|India|army}} Maj.Gen. ]}}<br />] ] |
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| commander2 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} ] ]<br />{{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} ] ]<br />{{flagicon|Pakistan|air force}} ] ]<br />{{flagicon image|Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg}} ] ]<br />] ] <ref name="Furqan Force"/><ref name="books.google.com">. Columbia University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-231-70094-6, ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8</ref>}} |
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| strength1 = |
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| strength2 = |
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| casualties1 = 1,500 killed<ref>"An incredible war: Indian Air Force in Kashmir war, 1947-48", by Bharat Kumar, Centre for Air Power Studies (New Delhi, India)</ref><ref>By B. Chakravorty, "Stories of Heroism, Volume 1", p. 5</ref><ref name="The Armageddon Factor p. 18">By Sanjay Badri-Maharaj "The Armageddon Factor: Nuclear Weapons in the India-Pakistan Context", p. 18</ref><br>3,500 wounded |
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| casualties2 = 6,000 killed<br />~14,000 wounded<ref name="The Armageddon Factor p. 18"/> |
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| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}} |
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}} |
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The '''Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948''', sometimes known as the '''First Kashmir War''', was fought between ] and ] over the ] of ] from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of ] fought between the two ]. Pakistan precipitated the War a few weeks after independence by launching tribal ''lashkar'' (militia) from ],<ref></ref> in an effort to secure Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. The inconclusive result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both countries. |
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On 22 October 1947, Muslim tribal militias crossed the border of the state,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Who-changed-the-face-of-47-war/articleshow/1200682.cms|title=Who changed the face of '47 war?|publisher=Times of India|date=14 August 2005|accessdate=14 August 2005}}</ref> claiming that they were needed to suppress a rebellion in the southeast of the kingdom.<ref name=Marin/> These local tribal militias and irregular Pakistani forces moved to take ], but on reaching ] they encountered resistance. ] made a plea to India for assistance, and help was offered, but it was subject to his signing an ] to India.<ref name=Marin/> British officers in the sub-continent also took part in stopping the ] from advancing.<ref name=Marin>{{cite book|last=Marin|first=Steve|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598843361|editor=Alexander Mikaberidze|page=394}}</ref> |
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The war was initially fought by the J&K State Forces let by Major-General Scott <ref>Victoria Schofield(2003), ''Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War''</ref> and by tribal militias from the ] (now ]) and the ].<ref name = britannica> in '']'' (2011), online edition</ref> Facing the assault and a Muslim revolution in the Poonch and Mirpur area of Kashmir,<ref name = britannica /><ref name = lamb>Lamb, Alastair (1997), ''Incomplete partition: the genesis of the Kashmir dispute 1947–1948'', Roxford, ISBN=0-907129-08-0</ref> the ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, who was a Hindu, signed an ] to the ]. The Indian and Pakistani armies entered the war after this.<ref name=britannica /> The fronts solidified gradually along what came to be known as the ]. A formal cease-fire was declared at 23:59 on the night of 1/2 January 1949.<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947">{{cite book |title=History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948 |last1=Prasad|first1=S.N.|last2=Dharm Pal |year=1987 |publisher=History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited) |location=New Delhi |isbn= |page=418 |url=|accessdate=}}</ref>{{rp|379}} |
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==Background== |
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Prior to 1815, the area now known as "Jammu and Kashmir" comprised 22 small independent states (16 Hindu and 6 Muslim) carved out of territories controlled by the Amir (King) of ], combined with those of local small rulers. These were collectively referred to as the "Punjab Hill States". These small states, ruled by ], were variously independent, vassals of the ] since the time of ] or sometimes controlled from ] in the Himachal area. Following the decline of the Mughals, turbulence in Kangra and invasions of Gorkhas, the hill states fell successively under the control of the Sikhs under ].<ref name="HutchisonVogel1933">{{cite book|last1=Hutchison|first1=J.|last2=Vogel|first2=Jean Philippe|title=History of the Panjab Hill States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5uXgQwAACAAJ|accessdate=23 October 2011|year=1933|publisher=Superint., Gov. Print., Punjab}}</ref>{{rp|536}} |
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The ] (1845–46) was fought between the ], which asserted sovereignty over ], and the ] Company. In the ] of 1846, the Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region (the Jullundur Doab) between the ] and the ] and required to pay an indemnity of 1.2 million rupees. Because they could not readily raise this sum, the East India Company allowed the ] ruler ] to acquire Kashmir from the Sikh kingdom in exchange for making a payment of 750,000 rupees to the Company. Gulab Singh became the first ] of the newly formed ] of ],<ref name="Srinagar"> www.collectbritain.co.uk.</ref> founding a ], that was to rule the state, the second-largest principality during the ], until India gained its independence in 1947. |
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==Partition of India== |
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{{See also|Kashmir conflict}} |
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The partition of British India and the independence of the new ] of India and Pakistan was the result of the ]. Article 2 (4) of the Act provided for the termination of British ] over the ]s with effect from 15 August 1947, and recognised the right of the states to choose whether to accede to India or to Pakistan or to remain outside them.<ref> (Revised Statute) from The UK Statute Law Database at opsi.gov.uk</ref> Before and after the withdrawal of the ] from India, the ruler of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu came under pressure from both India and Pakistan to agree to ] to one of the newly independent countries. Faced with painful choices, the ] of Kashmir, ], decided to avoid accession to either country. Following a Muslim revolution in the Poonch and Mirpur area<ref name = lamb /> and an allegedly Pakistani backed<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947"/>{{rp|18}} ] tribal intervention from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa aimed at supporting the revolution,<ref name = snl></ref><ref name = nrk></ref> the Maharaja asked for Indian military assistance. India set a condition that Kashmir must accede to India for it to receive assistance. The Maharaja complied, and the ] recognised the accession of the princely state to India. Indian troops were sent to the state to defend it. The ] volunteers aided the ] in its campaign to drive out the Pathan invaders.<ref name="Sayyid Mīr Qāsim">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KNFJKap8YxwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=My+life+and+times+By+Sayyid+M%C4%ABr+Q%C4%81sim&source=bl&ots=QelHViveYB&sig=59zRr-XTYB8srl0zs3A_CyfCabI&hl=en&ei=OAnCTM3rKsT48Aa7rajhCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = My Life and Times|publisher =Allied Publishers Limited|accessdate = 2010-07-01}}</ref> |
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Pakistan was of the view that the Maharaja of Kashmir had no right to call in the Indian Army, because it held that the Maharaja of Kashmir was not a hereditary ruler and was merely a British appointee, after the British defeated Ranjit Singh who ruled the area before the British conquest.<ref name="Srinagar"/> There had been no such position as the "Maharaja of Kashmir" before that. Hence, Pakistan decided to take action, but the Army Chief of Pakistan ], would not send troops to the Kashmir front, refusing to obey the order to do so given by ], ]. Gracey justified his insubordination by arguing that Indian forces occupying Kashmir, like those of Pakistan, had taken an ] to ] —in his roles of ] and ]— and hence he could not engage in a military conflict with Indian forces. Pakistan finally did manage to send troops to Kashmir, but by then the Indian forces had taken control of approximately two thirds of the former principality. The ] and ] territories were secured for Pakistan by the ] and the ] of the state of ], one of the ], which had acceded to Pakistan on 6 October 1947.<ref>Martin Axmann, ''Back to the future: the Khanate of Kalat and the genesis of Baluch Nationalism 1915-1955'' (2008), p. 273</ref> |
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==Stages of the war== |
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===The Rebellion in Poonch=== |
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In the Poonch region, there was a large number of ex-servicemen who had served in the ] and ]. Most of these ex-servicemen were of ] origin and had a long-standing dissident relations with the ] regime. On April 21, 1947, ] was invited to ], where a large number of ex-servicemen turned up and paraded with their weapons. This triggered a series of defensive maneavers by Hari Singh to disarm the locals and enforce stricter military control. The Poonch region had around 60,000 ex-servicemen were organising a 'Home Guard' that would attack the Dogra army at the right time. |
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During the war, this group formed a War Council in Murree and most of the ammunition was smuggled from ] and a large number of fighters from ] and ] were also injected through local contacts and the ].<ref name="reg history">Regimental History Cell, ''History of the Azad Kashmir Regiment, Volume 1 (1947-1949)'', Azad Kashmir Regimental Centre, NLC Printers, Rawalpindi,1997</ref> |
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===Initial invasion=== |
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]<br> |
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The first clash occurred at ] on October 3–4, 1947.<ref name="reg history"/> |
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On October 22 another attack was launched in the Muzaffarabad sector, The state forces stationed in the border regions around ] and ] were quickly defeated by tribal forces (some Muslim state forces mutinied and joined them) and the way to the capital was open. Among the raiders, there were many active Pakistani Army soldiers disguised as tribals. They were also provided logistical help by the Pakistan Army. Rather than advancing toward Srinagar before state forces could regroup or be reinforced, the invading forces remained in the captured cities in the border region engaging in looting and other crimes against their inhabitants.<ref> Air Combat Information Group 29 October 2003</ref> In the ], the state forces retreated into towns where they were besieged.<ref>Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948. (1987). Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi. This is the Indian Official History.</ref> |
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{{-}} |
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] |
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===Indian operation in the Kashmir Valley=== |
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After the accession, India airlifted troops and equipment to Srinagar, where they reinforced the princely state forces, established a defence perimeter and defeated the tribal forces on the outskirts of the city. Initial defense operations included the notable defense of ] holding both the Capital and Airfield overnight against extreme odds. The successful defence included an outflanking manoeuvre by Indian ].<ref>http://www.indiandefencereview.com/interviews/defence-of-srinagar-1947/</ref> during the Battle of Shalateng. The defeated tribal forces were pursued as far as ] and ] and these towns were recaptured. |
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In the Poonch valley, tribal forces continued to besiege state forces. |
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In ], the state paramilitary forces, called the Gilgit Scouts, joined the invading tribal forces, who thereby obtained control of this northern region of the state. The tribal forces were also joined by troops from ], whose ruler, the Mehtar of Chitral, had acceded to Pakistan. |
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{{-}} |
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] |
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===Attempted link-up at Poonch and fall of Mirpur=== |
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Indian forces ceased pursuit of tribal forces after recapturing Uri and Baramula, and sent a ] southwards, in an attempt to relieve Poonch. Although the relief column eventually reached Poonch, the siege could not be lifted. A second relief column reached ], and evacuated the garrisons of that town and others but were forced to abandon it being too weak to defend it. Meanwhile, ] was captured by the tribal forces on 25 November 1947. Hindu women were reportedly abducted by tribal forces and taken into Pakistan. They were sold in the brothels of Rawalpindi. Around 400 women jumped into wells in Mirpur committing suicide to escape from being abducted. <ref>{{cite book |first=Colonel Tej K. |last=Tikoo |chapter=Genesis of Kashmir Problem and how it got Complicated: Events between 1931 and 1947 AD |title=Kashmir: Its Aborigines and their Exodus |publisher=Lancer Publishers |location=New Delhi, Atlanta |year=2013 |ISBN=1935501585}}</ref> <ref>. Criticalppp.com (2012-08-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> |
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{{-}} |
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] |
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===Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri=== |
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The tribal forces attacked and captured Jhanger. They then attacked Naoshera unsuccessfully, and made a series of unsuccessful attacks on Uri. In the south a minor Indian attack secured Chamb. By this stage of the war the front line began to stabilise as more Indian troops became available. |
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{{-}} |
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] |
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===Operation Vijay: counterattack to Jhanger=== |
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The Indian forces launched a counterattack in the south recapturing Jhanger and Rajauri. In the Kashmir Valley the tribal forces continued attacking the Uri ]. In the north Skardu was brought under siege by the Gilgit scouts. |
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{{-}} |
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] |
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===Indian Spring Offensive=== |
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The Indians held onto Jhanger against numerous counterattacks, who were increasingly supported by regular Pakistani Forces. In the Kashmir Valley the Indians attacked, recapturing Tithwail. The Gilgit scouts made good progress in the High Himalayas sector, infiltrating troops to bring ] under siege, capturing ] and defeating a relief column heading for Skardu. |
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{{-}} |
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] |
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===Operations Gulab and Eraze=== |
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The Indians continued to attack in the Kashmir Valley sector driving north to capture Keran and Gurais (]).<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947"/>{{rp|308–324}} They also repelled a counterattack aimed at Tithwal. In the Jammu region, the forces besieged in Poonch broke out and temporarily linked up with the outside world again. The Kashmir State army was able to defend Skardu from the Gilgit Scouts impeding their advance down the Indus valley towards Leh. In August the Chitral Forces under Mata-ul-Mulk besieged Skardu and with the help of artillery were able to take Skardu. This freed the Gilgit Scouts to push further into Ladakh. |
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{{-}} |
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===Operation Bison=== |
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{{Main|Military operations in Ladakh (1948)}} |
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During this time the front began to settle down. The siege of Poonch continued. An unsuccessful attack was launched by ] (Brig Atal) to capture ] pass. Operation Duck, the earlier epithet for this assault, was renamed as Operation Bison by ]. ] of ] were moved in dismantled conditions through Srinagar and winched across bridges while two field companies of the ] converted the mule track across Zoji La into a jeep track. The surprise attack on 1 November by the brigade with armour supported by two regiments of ] and a regiment of ], forced the pass and pushed the tribal/Pakistani forces back to ] and later ]. The brigade linked up on 24 November at ] with Indian troops advancing from ] while their opponents eventually withdrew northwards toward ].<ref name="Rescue">{{cite book |title=Operation Rescue:Military Operations in Jammu & Kashmir 1947–49|last=Sinha |first=Lt. Gen. S.K. |year=1977 |publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7094-012-5 |page=174 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=SMwBAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=4 August 2010}}</ref>{{rp|103–127}}{{-}} |
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===Operation Easy; Poonch link-up=== |
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{{Main|Military operations in Poonch (1948)}} |
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The Indians now started to get the upper hand in all sectors. ] was finally relieved after a siege of over a year. The Gilgit forces in the High Himalayas, who had previously made good progress, were finally defeated. The Indians pursued as far as Kargil before being forced to halt due to supply problems. The ] pass was forced by using tanks (which had not been thought possible at that altitude) and Dras was recaptured. |
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{{-}} |
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] |
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===Moves up to cease-fire=== |
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After protracted negotiations a cease-fire was agreed to by both countries, which came into effect. The terms of the cease-fire as laid out in a United Nations resolution<ref></ref> of 13 August 1948, were adopted by the UN on 5 January 1949. This required Pakistan to withdraw its forces, both regular and irregular, while allowing India to maintain minimum strength of its forces in the state to preserve law and order. On compliance of these conditions a ] was to be held to determine the future of the territory. In all, 1,500 soldiers died on each side during the war<ref></ref> and Pakistan was able to acquire roughly two-fifths of Kashmir, including five of the fourteen ] peaks of the world, while India maintained the remaining three fifths of Kashmir, including the most populous and fertile regions. |
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==Military awards== |
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===Battle honours=== |
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After the war, a total of number of 11 ]s and one ] were awarded to units of the Indian Army, the notable amongst which are:<ref name='Sarbans'>{{cite book |title=Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 – 1971 |last=Singh |first=Sarbans |year=1993 |publisher=Vision Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7094-115-6 |pages=227–238 |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Battle_honours_of_the_Indian_Army_1757_1.html?id=5ATfAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> |
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{{col-begin}} |
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{{col-3}} |
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* Jammu and Kashmir 1947–48 (theatre honour) |
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* Gurais |
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* Kargil |
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{{col-3}} |
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* Naoshera |
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* Punch |
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* Rajouri |
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{{col-3}} |
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* Srinagar |
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* Tithwal |
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* Zoji La |
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{{col-end}} |
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===Gallantry awards=== |
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For bravery, a number of soldiers and officers were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries. Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award ], and the Pakistani award ]: |
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;India |
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* Major ] (Posthumous) |
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* ] ] |
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* ] ] |
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* ] |
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* ] ] |
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;Pakistan |
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* ] |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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*] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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;Major sources: |
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* {{aut|Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}. ''Operations in Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948''. (1987). Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi. This is the Indian Official History. |
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* {{aut|Lamb, Alastair}}. ''Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990''. (1991). Roxford Books. ISBN 0-907129-06-4. |
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* {{aut|Praval, K.C.}} ''The Indian Army After Independence''. (1993). Lancer International, ISBN 1-897829-45-0 |
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* {{aut|Sen, Maj Gen L.P.}} ''Slender Was The Thread: The Kashmir confrontation 1947–1948.'' (1969). Orient Longmans Ltd, New Delhi. |
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* {{aut|Vas, Lt Gen. E. A.}} ''Without Baggage: A personal account of the Jammu and Kashmir Operations 1947–1949''. (1987). Natraj Publishers Dehradun. ISBN 81-85019-09-6. |
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;Other sources: |
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* {{aut|Cohen, Lt Col Maurice}}. ''Thunder over Kashmir''. (1955). Orient Longman Ltd. Hyderabad |
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* {{aut|Hinds, Brig Gen SR}}. ''Battle of Zoji La''. (1962). Military Digest, New Delhi. |
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* {{aut|Sandhu, Maj Gen Gurcharan}}. ''The Indian Armour: History Of The Indian Armoured Corps 1941–1971''. (1987). Vision Books Private Limited, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7094-004-4. |
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* {{aut|Singh, Maj K Brahma}}. ''History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles (1820–1956)''. (1990). Lancer International New Delhi, ISBN 81-7062-091-0. |
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* Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1947–1999. RoseDog Books. ISBN 9780805995947. |
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{{Kashmir conflict}} |
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{{Military of India}} |
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{{Military of Pakistan}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Indo-Pakistani War Of 1947}} |
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