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In ], '''ceramic art''' and ceramics mean ] such as figures, ]s, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials by the process of ]. Some ] products are regarded as ], while others are regarded as ], ] or ] objects, or as ] in ]. They may be made by one individual or in a ] where a group of people design, make and decorate the ware. Decorative ceramics are sometimes called "art pottery". In ], '''ceramic art''' and ceramics mean ] such as figures, ]s, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials by the process of ]. Some ] products are regarded as ], while others are regarded as ], ] or ] objects, or as ] in ]. They may be made by one individual or in a ] where a group of people design, make and decorate the ware. Decorative ceramics are sometimes called "art pottery".

==The Americas==
] ], 19th century, artist unknown. ] collections.]]
] area, ]. Note the T-shaped cut-out in the left mug's handle. Ancestral Puebloan doorways often have this same shape.]]

===Native American pottery===
{{Main|Native American pottery}}
The people in North, Central, and South America continents had a wide variety of pottery traditions before Europeans arrived. The oldest ceramics known in the ] — made from 5,000 to 6,000 years ago — are found in the Andean region, along the Pacific coast of ] at ] and Puerto Hormiga, and in the San Jacinto Valley of ]; objects from 3,800 to 4,000 years old have been discovered in ]. Some archaeologists believe that ceramics know-how found its way by sea to ], the second great cradle of civilization in the ].<ref>The New York Times, Art Review Museum of American Indian's 'Born of Clay' Explores Culture Through Ceramics By GRACE GLUECK, Published: July 1, 2006</ref>

The best-developed styles found in the central and southern ] are the ceramics found near the ceremonial site at ] de Huántar (800–400&nbsp;BC) and ] (1000–400&nbsp;BC). During the same period, another culture developed on the southern coast of Peru, in the area called ]. The Paracas culture (600–100&nbsp;BC) produced marvelous works of embossed ceramic finished with a thick oil applied after firing. This colorful tradition in ceramics and textiles was followed by the ] (AD 1–600), whose potters developed improved techniques for preparing clay and for decorating objects, using fine brushes to paint sophisticated motifs. In the early stage of ] ceramics, potters painted realistic characters and landscapes.

The ] cultures (AD 1–800) that flourished on the northern coast of modern Peru produced modelled clay sculptures and effigies decorated with fine lines of red on a beige background. Their pottery stands out for its ] portrait vases, in which human faces are shown expressing different emotions — happiness, sadness, anger, melancholy — as well for its complicated drawings of wars, human sacrifices, and celebrations.<ref>Born of Clay - Ceramic from the National Museum of the American Indian, 2005 Smithsonian Institution</ref>

The ]ns were a relative latecomer to ceramic development, as their ceramic arts flourished in the ], or the 2nd to 10th century. One important site in southern ] is known as ], that boasts particularly detailed and prolific works. As evidence of the extent to which these ceramic art works were prized, many specimens traced to Lubaantun have been found at distant Mayan sites in ] and ].<ref>C. M.Hogan, ''Comparison of Mayan sites in southern and western Belize'', Lumina Technologies (2006)</ref> Furthermore, the current Mayan people of Lubaantun continue to hand produce copies of many of the original designs found at Lubaantun.

In the United States, the oldest pottery dates to 2500&nbsp;BC. It has been found in the ] in ], and some slightly older along the ] in ].<ref name=FTU>{{cite news |title= The Mocama: New name for an old people|first= Matt|last= Soergel|newspaper= ]|date= 18 Oct 2009 |url= http://jacksonville.com/news/metro/2009-10-18/story/the_mocama_new_name_for_an_old_people|accessdate= May 12, 2010}}</ref>

The ] in Northern Arizona and several other ] including the ], ], and ] people (all in the ]) are renowned for painted pottery in several different styles. ]<ref>, a display of some of Nampeyo's work</ref> and her relatives created pottery that became highly sought after beginning in the early 20th century. Pueblo tribes in the state of ] have styles distinctive to each of the various pueblos (villages). They include ], ], ] Pueblos, ], ] and ] Pueblo, amongst others. Some of the renowned artists of Pueblo pottery include: ], Elva Nampeyo, and ] of the Hopi; ] of San Juan Pueblo; and ] and ] of San Ildefonso Pueblo. In the early 20th century Martinez and her husband Julian rediscovered the method of creating traditional San Ildefonso Pueblo Black-on Black ].

===Mexican ceramics===
] serving tray]]
] are an ancient tradition. ] potters built up their wares with pinching, coiling, or hammer-an-anvil methods and, instead of using glaze, burnished their pots.

===Studio pottery in the United States===
{{See also2|]|l1=Category: American potters| ]}}
There is a strong tradition of studio artists working in ceramics in the United States. It had a period of growth in the 1960s and continues to present times. Many fine art, craft, and contemporary art museums have pieces in their permanent collections. ] was an American artist and studio potter located in ]. She developed a unique form of luster-glaze technique, and was active from the 1930s to her death in 1998 at 105 years old. ] created larger sculptural work, in an abstracted representational style. There are ceramics arts departments at many colleges, universities, and fine arts institutes in the ].


==Sub-Saharan Africa== ==Sub-Saharan Africa==

Revision as of 23:52, 29 July 2015

In art history, ceramic art and ceramics mean art objects such as figures, tiles, and tableware made from clay and other raw materials by the process of pottery. Some ceramic products are regarded as fine art, while others are regarded as decorative, industrial or applied art objects, or as artifacts in archaeology. They may be made by one individual or in a factory where a group of people design, make and decorate the ware. Decorative ceramics are sometimes called "art pottery".

Sub-Saharan Africa

Pottery in Sub-Saharan Africa is traditionally made by coiling and is fired at low temperature. The figurines of the ancient Nok culture, whose function remains unclear, are an example of high-quality figural work, found in many cultures, such as the Benin of Nigeria.

Ladi Kwali, a Nigerian potter who worked in the Gwari tradition, made large pots decorated with incised patterns. Her work is an interesting hybrid of traditional African with western studio pottery. Magdalene Odundo is a Kenyan-born British studio potter whose ceramics are hand built and burnished.

Gallery

See also

References

External links

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