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| {{Infobox ship image | {{Infobox ship image | ||
| |Ship image= ] | |Ship image= ] | ||
| |Ship caption= Monument to the '']'' and ''Mefküre'' in ] | |Ship caption= Monument to the vessels '']'' and ''Mefküre'' in ] | ||
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| {{Infobox ship career | {{Infobox ship career | ||
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| |Header caption= | |Header caption= | ||
| |Ship class= | |||
| |Ship type= motor ]<ref name=WreckSite/> | |Ship type= motor ]<ref name=WreckSite/> | ||
| |Ship tonnage= {{GRT|52}}<ref name=Wertheimer/> or {{GRT|120}};<ref name=Warsailors/> {{NRT|40}}<ref name=Warsailors/> | |Ship tonnage= {{GRT|52}}<ref name=Wertheimer/> or {{GRT|120}};<ref name=Warsailors/> {{NRT|40}}<ref name=Warsailors/> | ||
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| ==Final voyage and sinking== | ==Final voyage and sinking== | ||
| On |
On 3 August 1944 three small old merchant ships, overcrowded with roughly 1,000 Jewish refugees, left the Romanian port of ] at about 8.30 p.m. Sailing instructions from the German naval authorities were for ''Morina'' with 308 passengers to sail first, followed by ''Bulbul'' with 390 people, and at last by ''Mefküre'' with 320 refugees (the exact number may be slightly different) on board. The vessels were ordered to sail from position 43°43’N 29°08’E strictly southward, this course would lead them directly into the Bosphorus.<ref>''The Mefkure Tragedy'' / Albert Finkelstein, 1991, Document No.17</ref> Armed ships of the Romanian navy escorted the convoy and provided signal flags to aid their passage from the harbour and through the mined area of the approaches. | ||
| On 5 August 1944, about 40 minutes after midnight ''Mefküre'' was about 25 |
On 5 August 1944, about 40 minutes after midnight ''Mefküre'' was about {{convert|25|mi}} northeast of ] in Turkey when flares from an unknown vessel illuminated her.<ref name=Wertheimer/> ''Mefküre'' failed to respond and carried on.<ref name=Wertheimer/> In the same night, at 2.00 a.m., the German radio direct finding station at Cape ] in the gulf of Burgas intercepted a radio signal of the Soviet {{sclass2-|Shchuka|submarine}}, {{ship|Soviet submarine|Shch-215||2}}, with a bearing of 116 degrees. “This bearing crossed the course of ''Mefkure'' and the two Turkish vessels almost exactly at the area where ''Mefkure'' was sunk during that night.” <ref>Letter of Jürgen Rohwer to Albert Finkelstein, 1989, cited in: ''The Mefkure Tragedy'' / Albert Finkelstein, 1991, p.5</ref> The German historian Jürgen Rohwer claimed ''Shch-215'' as the vessel which then attacked.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5046.html |title=Shch-215 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |date=1995–2013 |work=uboat.net |publisher=Guðmundur Helgason |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref> ''Shch-215'' fired 90 rounds from her 45-mm guns and 650 rounds from her 7.62 mm machine guns.<ref name=Deepstorm>{{cite web |url= http://www.deepstorm.ru/DeepStorm.files/17-45/sh%20X/Sh-215/Sh-215.htm |last=Nikolaev |first=Aleksandr S |title=Щ-215, С-215 туп "Щ" X серии |work=Энциклопедия отечественного подводного флота |language=Russian |date= |accessdate=27 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=fleet>{{cite web |url= http://flot.sevastopol.info/ship/podlodki/shya215.htm |script-title=ru:Подводная лодка "Щ-215" |work=Черноморский Флот информационный ресурс |language=Russian |date=2000–2013 |accessdate=27 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=Hurley>{{cite web |url= http://hurley.narod.ru/BOATS/sh215.htm |script-title=ru:Щ-215 |work=СОВЕТСКИЕ ПОДВОДНЫЕ ЛОДКИ |language=Russian |date=23 April 2008 |accessdate=27 March 2013}}</ref> ''Mefküre'' caught fire and sank. Her captain, Kazım Turan, and six of his crew escaped in a lifeboat but only five of the refugees survived.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/tarih/karadenizde-batirilan-mefkure.htm |title=UNUTULMUŞ BİR TRAJEDİ: KARADENİZ'DE BATIRILAN MEFKÛRE-II |last=Danacioglu |first=Dr Esra |year=2012 |language=Turkish |accessdate=}}</ref> The number of refugees killed is unknown, but one estimate suggests it includes 37 children.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Hund2GMA/1944b.htm |title=Desastres Maritimos de la 2ª Guerra Mundial 1944 (Esta seccion sera traducida en breve) |work=Historia y Arqueologia Marítima Indice desastres... |publisher=Fundacion Histarmar |language=Spanish |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref> | ||
| On 30 July 1944 submarine ''Shch-215'', under command of Captain 3rd Rang, A.I. Strizhak, had departed from ], operating at the approaches off ]. This submarine, in the night to 5 August, claimed the sinking of a big ] with about 200 armed men aboard,<ref name=Deepstorm/><ref name=Hurley/> answering the attack with rifles and light machine guns, and in addition one ], possibly a live boat. ''Shch-215'' made the attack in position 42.00’N 28°42’E, at a distance of 19 |
On 30 July 1944 submarine ''Shch-215'', under command of Captain 3rd Rang, A.I. Strizhak, had departed from ], operating at the approaches off ]. This submarine, in the night to 5 August, claimed the sinking of a big ] with about 200 armed men aboard,<ref name=Deepstorm/><ref name=Hurley/> answering the attack with rifles and light machine guns, and in addition one ], possibly a live boat. ''Shch-215'' made the attack in position 42.00’N 28°42’E, at a distance of {{convert|19|nmi|lk=in}} westward from the ordered course of ''Mefküre''. | ||
| A fortnight after the sinking a JTA news report alleged that three surface craft had sunk ''Mefküre''. The same report stated that ''Bulbul'' had been intercepted, too, but was allowed to proceed after identifying herself; at daybreak she rescued ''Mefküre''{{'}}s survivors.<ref name=JTA>{{cite news |url= http://archive.jta.org/article/1944/08/22/2864722/war-refugee-board-confirms-report-that-sinking-of-mefkure-by-germans-was-deliberate |title=War Refugee Board Confirms Report That Sinking of "mefkure" by Germans Was Deliberate |agency=] |date=21/22 August 1944 |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>''Bulbul'' continued to İğneada, whence her 395 refugees and the five surviving ''Mefküre'' refugees continued by road and rail to Istanbul. ''Morina'' also reached Turkey, and refugees from both ships continued overland to ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ofer |first=Dalia |title=Escaping the Holocaust: Illegal Immigration to the Land of Israel, 1939-1944 |location=Oxford |publisher=] |year=1990 |isbn=0195063406 |pages=260–266}}</ref> | A fortnight after the sinking a JTA news report alleged that three surface craft had sunk ''Mefküre''. The same report stated that ''Bulbul'' had been intercepted, too, but was allowed to proceed after identifying herself; at daybreak she rescued ''Mefküre''{{'}}s survivors.<ref name=JTA>{{cite news |url= http://archive.jta.org/article/1944/08/22/2864722/war-refugee-board-confirms-report-that-sinking-of-mefkure-by-germans-was-deliberate |title=War Refugee Board Confirms Report That Sinking of "mefkure" by Germans Was Deliberate |agency=] |date=21/22 August 1944 |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref> ''Bulbul'' continued to İğneada, whence her 395 refugees and the five surviving ''Mefküre'' refugees continued by road and rail to Istanbul. ''Morina'' also reached Turkey, and refugees from both ships continued overland to ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ofer |first=Dalia |title=Escaping the Holocaust: Illegal Immigration to the Land of Israel, 1939-1944 |location=Oxford |publisher=] |year=1990 |isbn=0195063406 |pages=260–266}}</ref> | ||
| ==Memorials== | ==Memorials== | ||
| There are memorials to those killed aboard |
There are memorials to those killed aboard ''Mefküre'' at the ] Cemetery in the south of ] in Romania<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/holocaust/0179_Sinking_of_Mefkure.html |last=Leeson |first=Rosanne |title=The Sinking of the Mefkure |date=20 January 2009 |publisher=JewishGen.org |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref> and at ] in Israel. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 09:07, 11 August 2015
 Monument to the vessels Struma and Mefküre in Ashdod, Israel
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Name | MV Mefküre |
| Operator | Jean D Pandelis |
| Port of registry |  Istanbul or Şile |
| Launched | 1929 |
| Out of service | 5 August 1944 |
| Fate | sunk by Soviet submarine |
| Status | wreck |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | motor schooner |
| Tonnage | 52 GRT or 120 GRT; 40 NRT |
| Length | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Beam | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Propulsion | list error: <br /> list (help) diesel engine of about 75 BHP; single screw |
| Speed | list error: <br /> list (help) maximum 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph); cruising speed 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) |
| Crew | 7 |
MV Mefküre (often referred to as Mefkura) was a Turkish wooden-hulled motor schooner chartered to carry Jewish Holocaust refugees from Romania to Istanbul, sailing under the Turkish and Red Cross flags. On 5 August 1944 a Soviet submarine sank her in the Black Sea by shellfire, killing more than 300 refugees.
Final voyage and sinking
On 3 August 1944 three small old merchant ships, overcrowded with roughly 1,000 Jewish refugees, left the Romanian port of Constanța at about 8.30 p.m. Sailing instructions from the German naval authorities were for Morina with 308 passengers to sail first, followed by Bulbul with 390 people, and at last by Mefküre with 320 refugees (the exact number may be slightly different) on board. The vessels were ordered to sail from position 43°43’N 29°08’E strictly southward, this course would lead them directly into the Bosphorus. Armed ships of the Romanian navy escorted the convoy and provided signal flags to aid their passage from the harbour and through the mined area of the approaches.
On 5 August 1944, about 40 minutes after midnight Mefküre was about 25 miles (40 km) northeast of İğneada in Turkey when flares from an unknown vessel illuminated her. Mefküre failed to respond and carried on. In the same night, at 2.00 a.m., the German radio direct finding station at Cape Pomorie in the gulf of Burgas intercepted a radio signal of the Soviet Template:Sclass2-, Shch-215, with a bearing of 116 degrees. “This bearing crossed the course of Mefkure and the two Turkish vessels almost exactly at the area where Mefkure was sunk during that night.” The German historian Jürgen Rohwer claimed Shch-215 as the vessel which then attacked. Shch-215 fired 90 rounds from her 45-mm guns and 650 rounds from her 7.62 mm machine guns. Mefküre caught fire and sank. Her captain, Kazım Turan, and six of his crew escaped in a lifeboat but only five of the refugees survived. The number of refugees killed is unknown, but one estimate suggests it includes 37 children.
On 30 July 1944 submarine Shch-215, under command of Captain 3rd Rang, A.I. Strizhak, had departed from Batum, operating at the approaches off Burgaz. This submarine, in the night to 5 August, claimed the sinking of a big schooner with about 200 armed men aboard, answering the attack with rifles and light machine guns, and in addition one “barkass”, possibly a live boat. Shch-215 made the attack in position 42.00’N 28°42’E, at a distance of 19 nautical miles (35 km; 22 mi) westward from the ordered course of Mefküre.
A fortnight after the sinking a JTA news report alleged that three surface craft had sunk Mefküre. The same report stated that Bulbul had been intercepted, too, but was allowed to proceed after identifying herself; at daybreak she rescued Mefküre's survivors. Bulbul continued to İğneada, whence her 395 refugees and the five surviving Mefküre refugees continued by road and rail to Istanbul. Morina also reached Turkey, and refugees from both ships continued overland to Palestine.
Memorials
There are memorials to those killed aboard Mefküre at the Giurgiului Cemetery in the south of Bucharest in Romania and at Ashdod in Israel.
See also
References
- ^ "מפקורה SS Mefküre Mafkura Mefkura". Haapalah / Aliyah Bet. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Lettens, Jan (24 December 2012). "SV Mefkure (+1944)". The Wreck Site. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Lawson, Siri Holm. "Re: Identity of MEFKURE sunk 1944". Norwegian Merchant Fleet WW II. Warsailors. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- The Mefkure Tragedy / Albert Finkelstein, 1991, Document No.17
- Letter of Jürgen Rohwer to Albert Finkelstein, 1989, cited in: The Mefkure Tragedy / Albert Finkelstein, 1991, p.5
- Helgason, Guðmundur (1995–2013). "Shch-215". uboat.net. Guðmundur Helgason. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Nikolaev, Aleksandr S. "Щ-215, С-215 туп "Щ" X серии". Энциклопедия отечественного подводного флота (in Russian). Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- Подводная лодка "Щ-215". Черноморский Флот информационный ресурс (in Russian). 2000–2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ^ Щ-215. СОВЕТСКИЕ ПОДВОДНЫЕ ЛОДКИ (in Russian). 23 April 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- Danacioglu, Dr Esra (2012). "UNUTULMUŞ BİR TRAJEDİ: KARADENİZ'DE BATIRILAN MEFKÛRE-II" (in Turkish).
- "Desastres Maritimos de la 2ª Guerra Mundial 1944 (Esta seccion sera traducida en breve)". Historia y Arqueologia Marítima Indice desastres... (in Spanish). Fundacion Histarmar. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- "War Refugee Board Confirms Report That Sinking of "mefkure" by Germans Was Deliberate". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 21/22 August 1944. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - Ofer, Dalia (1990). Escaping the Holocaust: Illegal Immigration to the Land of Israel, 1939-1944. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 260–266. ISBN 0195063406.
- Leeson, Rosanne (20 January 2009). "The Sinking of the Mefkure". JewishGen.org. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Further reading
- Rohwer, Jürgen (1964). Die Versenkung der jüdischen Flüchtlingstransporter Struma und Mefkure im Schwarzen Meer (Februar 1942, August 1944). Schriften der Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte, Vol.4 (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Bernard & Graefe. Verlag für Wehrwesen.
- Rohwer, Jürgen (1986). Jüdische Flüchtlingsschiffe im Schwarzen Meer (1934-1944). In: Ursula Büttner (ed.): Das Unrechtsregime, Vol.2. Hamburg: Christians Verlag, p.197-248. ISBN 3-7672-0963-2
- Finkelstein, Albert (ca. 1991). The Mefkure Tragedy: an inquiry into the slayers' identity. 3rd revised edition, self-published; 114 pages. Including 19 documents and a list of 302 passengers (victims) of the Mefkure.
- Finkelstein, Albert (1993). Tragedia "Mefkure": studiu asupra identităt̜ii asasinilor. Publisher A. Finkelstein. 192 pages. ISBN 2-9507-6970-5
- Finkelstein, Albert (1997). Etre ou ne pas naître: chronique de l'Holocauste en Roumanie. Paris: La Pensée Universelle. ISBN 2-214-10354-6
External links
- "Mefkure - Definition". Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary.
- Ozer, Ayfan (February 1992). "The Struma Tragedy". Turkish Jews.
42°03′N 30°20′E / 42.050°N 30.333°E / 42.050; 30.333
Categories:- 1929 ships
- 1944 in Romania
- Aliyah
- History of the Republic of Turkey
- Jewish Romanian history
- Maritime incidents in August 1944
- Rescue of Jews in the Holocaust
- Romania in World War II
- Ships of Turkey
- Ships sunk by Soviet submarines
- Soviet Union–Turkey relations
- Schooners
- World War II shipwrecks in the Black Sea
- Zionism