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{{redirect|Chitrali language|other Chitrali languages|Languages of Chitral}}
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⚫ {{refimprove|date=October 2013}}
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{{Infobox language {{Infobox language
|name=Khowar |name=Khowar
|altname=Chitrali |altname={{lang|khw|کهووار}}
|nativename={{lang|khw|کهووار}} |nativename=
|states=] |states= ], ]<ref>http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khowar.htm</ref>
|region=] |region= ], ], ], ], ], ]
|ethnicity=] |ethnicity=]
|speakers={{sigfig|242,000|2}} |speakers={{sigfig|1000,000|2}}
|date=1992–2000 |date=1992–2004
|ref=e18 |ref=e18
|familycolor=Indo-European |familycolor=Indo-European
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|fam3=] |fam3=]
|fam4=] |fam4=]
|fam5=Chitrali |fam5=
|script=] (]) |script=], (])
|nation= |nation=
|iso3=khw |iso3=khw
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}} }}


'''Khowar''' ({{lang|khw|کهووار}}), also known as '''Chitrali''' ({{lang|khw|چترالي}}) and '''Arniya''', is an ] of the ] branch, spoken by the ] in ] in ], in the ] district of ] (including the ], Phandar ] and Gupis), and in parts of Upper ]. ] have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban centres with ], ], ] and ], having sizeable populations. It is spoken as a second language in the rest of ] and ]. There are believed to be small numbers of Khowar speakers in ], ], ] and ]. '''Khowar''' ({{lang|khw|کهووار}}), also known as '''Chitrali''' ({{lang|khw|چترالي}}) and '''Qashqari''',<ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/language/khw</ref> is an ] of the ] branch, spoken by the ] of Northen ] and ].<ref>http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khowar.htm</ref>


==History==
The word '''kho''' which means mountain's and '''war''' means language in khowar is a group of dardic language while half of words are from Persian and Turkish language. Alot of sanskrit words are also found.
Khowar has been influenced by ] to a greater degree than other ], and less by Sanskrit than ] or the Kohistani languages. ] (''Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh'') was among the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from "Zend" (], Old Persian) and Sanskrit.{{cite quote|date=October 2013}} Khowar has been influenced by ] to a greater degree than other ], and less by Sanskrit than ] or the Kohistani languages. ] (''Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh'') was among the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from "Zend" (], Old Persian) and Sanskrit.{{cite quote|date=October 2013}}


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==Phonology== ==Phonology==

There is a fundamental problem in writing Khowar:
There are 42-44 phonemes in Khowar, but the
Roman alphabet has only 26 letters. There is a
similar problem in writing Khowar in the Arabic/
Urdu alphabet.<ref>http://www.anusha.com/phonemic.htm</ref>


Khowar has a variety of dialects which may vary phonemically.<ref name=Edelman>{{cite book|last=Edelman|first=D. I.|title=The Dardic and Nuristani Languages|year=1983|publisher=Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR)|location=Moscow|pages=210}}</ref> The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.<ref name=Bashir1>{{Citation Khowar has a variety of dialects which may vary phonemically.<ref name=Edelman>{{cite book|last=Edelman|first=D. I.|title=The Dardic and Nuristani Languages|year=1983|publisher=Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR)|location=Moscow|pages=210}}</ref> The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.<ref name=Bashir1>{{Citation
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==Dialects== ==Dialects==
* Afghaniwar (in afghanistan most of words in persian)
* Standard Khowar * Standard Qashqari
* ]
* Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan) * Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
* Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley) * Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley)
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==Writing system== ==Writing system==


Khowar has been written in the ] since the early twentieth century. Prior to that, the administrative and literary language of the region was ] and works such as poetry and songs in Khowar were passed down in ]. Today ] and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960s. Khowar has been written in the ], (]) since the early twentieth century. Prior to that, the administrative and literary language of the region was ] and works such as poetry and songs in Khowar were passed down in ]. Today ] and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960s.


==Khowar media== ==Khowar media==
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| Chitral Vision ({{Nastaliq|چترال وژن}}) | Chitral Vision ({{Nastaliq|چترال وژن}})
| Karachi, ], ] | Karachi, ], ]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
-
|My Chitral
| ], ]
| &nbsp; | &nbsp;
| &nbsp; | &nbsp;
|-
|- |-
| Chitral Today | Chitral Today
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| http://chitraltoday.net | http://chitraltoday.net
|}<!--Do not delete this line. You will break the table.--> |}<!--Do not delete this line. You will break the table.-->

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Allam Iqbal’s poetry’s versified khowar translation by Rahmat Aziz Chitrali.jpg|]'s poetry's versified khowar translation by ]
|'']'', ] and Khowar Language coloured newspaper of ], ]
</gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Khowar}} {{Portal|Khowar}}
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
*]


==References== ==References==
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] ]
] ]
]

Revision as of 14:36, 7 September 2015

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Khowar
کهووار
Native toPakistan, Afghanistan
RegionArandu, Drosh, Laspur, Khot valley, Mirkhani, Chitral District
EthnicityKho people
Native speakers(1,000,000 cited 1992–2004)
Language familyIndo-European
Writing systemKhowar alphabet, (Urdu script)
Language codes
ISO 639-3khw
Glottologkhow1242
ELPKhowar
Linguasphere59-AAB-aa

Khowar (کهووار), also known as Chitrali (چترالي) and Qashqari, is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic branch, spoken by the Kho people of Northen Pakistan and Afghanistan.

History

The word kho which means mountain's and war means language in khowar is a group of dardic language while half of words are from Persian and Turkish language. Alot of sanskrit words are also found. Khowar has been influenced by Iranian languages to a greater degree than other Dardic languages, and less by Sanskrit than Shina or the Kohistani languages. John Biddulph (Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh) was among the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from "Zend" (Avestan, Old Persian) and Sanskrit.

The Norwegian Linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include Kalasha-mondr, Palula, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Yidgha, Burushaski, Gojri, Wakhi, Kyrgyz, and Pashto. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in Urdu, Pakistan's national language.

Khowar is designated as one of 14 regional languages of Chitral, Pakistan.

Phonology

There is a fundamental problem in writing Khowar: There are 42-44 phonemes in Khowar, but the Roman alphabet has only 26 letters. There is a similar problem in writing Khowar in the Arabic/ Urdu alphabet.

Khowar has a variety of dialects which may vary phonemically. The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of long vowels /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, and /uː/. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely." Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language, Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.

Consonants

Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Post-
velar 		Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop voiceless p t ʈ k (q)
voiced b d ɖ g
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
Affricate voiceless ts ʈʂ tʃ
voiced dz ɖʐ dʒ
aspirated tsʰ (?) ʈʂʰ tʃʰ
Fricative voiceless f s ʂ ʃ x h
voiced z ʐ ʒ ɣ
Approximant l(ʲ) ɫ j w
Rhotic ɾ

The phonemic status of /tsʰ/ is unclear in the sources

Tone

Khowar, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.

Comparative Vocabulary

The names of the days of the week, in Khowar, are compared with their equivalents in Shina, Sanskrit, and English.

English Shina Sanskrit Khowar
Sunday Adit Aditya var yak shambey
Monday Tsunduro Som var du shambey
Tuesday Ungaroo Mangal var sey shambey
Wednesday Bodo Budh var char shambey
Thursday Bressput Brihaspati var panch shambey
Friday Shooker Shukra var Adina
Saturday Shimshere Sanisch var shambey

Dialects

  • Afghaniwar (in afghanistan most of words in persian)
  • Standard Qashqari
  • Kohwari
  • Swati Khowar (Swat Kohistan)
  • Lotkuhiwar (Lotkuh Valley)
  • Gherzikwar (Ghizer Valley)
  • Gilgiti Khowar (Gilgit-Baltistan), spoken by a few families in Gilgit city.

Writing system

Khowar has been written in the Khowar Script, (Nasta'liq script) since the early twentieth century. Prior to that, the administrative and literary language of the region was Persian and works such as poetry and songs in Khowar were passed down in oral tradition. Today Urdu and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960s.

Khowar media

Television channels

Main article: Television in Pakistan
TV Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Khyber News TV (خیبر نیوز ٹیلی ویژن) News and current affairs   http://www.khybernews.tv/
AVT Khyber TV (اے وی ٹی خیبر) Entertainment   http://www.avtkhyber.tv/
K2 TV (کے ٹو) Entertainment, news and current affairs   http://www.kay2.tv/

Radio

These are not dedicated Khowar channels but play most programmes in Khowar.

Main article: Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
Radio Channel Genre Founded Official Website
Radio Pakistan Chitral Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Peshawar Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/
Radio Pakistan Gilgit Entertainment http://www.radio.gov.pk/

Newspapers

See also: List of newspapers in Pakistan § Khowar
Newspaper City(ies) Founded Official Website
Chitral Vision (چترال وژن) Karachi, Chitral, Pakistan    

-

My Chitral Chitral, Pakistan    
Chitral Today     http://chitraltoday.net

See also

References

  1. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khowar.htm
  2. Khowar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. http://www.ethnologue.com/language/khw
  4. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/khowar.htm
  5. http://www.anusha.com/phonemic.htm
  6. ^ Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 210.
  7. ^ Bashir, Elena L. (1988), "Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective" (PDF), Ph.d Dissertation, University of Michigan: 37–40
  8. Bashir, Elena L., Maula Nigah and Rahmat Karim Baig, A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6

Additional references

  • Bashir, Elena (2001) Spatial Representation in Khowar. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
  • Decker, D. Kendall (1992). Languages of Chitral. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.
  • L'Homme, Erik (1999) Parlons Khowar. Langue et culture de l'ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan. Paris: L'Harmattan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1936) Iranian Elements in Khowar. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. VIII, London.
  • Badshah Munir Bukhari (2001) Khowar language. University publisher. Pakistan
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) Some Features of Khowar Morphology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) Sanskritic Words in Khowar. Felicitation Volume Presented to S.K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84–98
  • Mohammad Ismail Sloan (1981) Khowar-English Dictionary. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
  • Decker, Kendall D. (1992). Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp. ISBN 969-8023-15-1.

External links

Languages of Pakistan
Official languages
Other languages
(by administrative unit)
Azad Kashmir
Balochistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab
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