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| Social researcher ], founder and current president of ] described the use of the term 'old-stock Canadians' as a deliberate strategy called ] — a term that originated in ] in the mid-1990s, and used by ] in his successful political campaign<ref>Grant Barrett, ''The official dictionary of unofficial English'', McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006, p. 90</ref>{{rp|90}} under the direction of ] Crosby was retained by Harper in September 2015. Graves claimed that this was a "deliberate strategy "to energize the Conservative base' and to sort them from the rest of the electorate. It creates a sense of us versus others." The 'dog-whistle' message analogy refers to the way in which the a political message — which may be in effect be exclusionary, distasteful and even racist, reactionary or inflammatory to some — is not understood as such by those outside the target subgroup of the electorate. The message resonates and energizes this target group and is misheard or misunderstood bu others just as the high pitched sound of the dog whistle is only heard by dogs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Safire|first=William|title=Safire's political dictionary|year=2008|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New York |isbn=0-19-534334-4|page=190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lohrey|first=Amanda|title=Voting for Jesus: Christianity and Politics in Australia|year=2006|publisher=Black Inc.|location=Melbourne, Vic.|isbn=1-86395-230-6|pages=48–58}}</ref><ref name="CBC_deliberate">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/harper-old-stock-canadians-debate-1.3233615 | title=Harper's 'old-stock Canadians' line is part deliberate strategy: pollster Harper reiterates position on health care for genuine refugees | work=CBC News | date=18 September 2015 | accessdate=21 September 2015}}</ref> | Social researcher ], founder and current president of ] described the use of the term 'old-stock Canadians' as a deliberate strategy called ] — a term that originated in ] in the mid-1990s, and used by ] in his successful political campaign<ref>Grant Barrett, ''The official dictionary of unofficial English'', McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006, p. 90</ref>{{rp|90}} under the direction of ] Crosby was retained by Harper in September 2015. Graves claimed that this was a "deliberate strategy "to energize the Conservative base' and to sort them from the rest of the electorate. It creates a sense of us versus others." The 'dog-whistle' message analogy refers to the way in which the a political message — which may be in effect be exclusionary, distasteful and even racist, reactionary or inflammatory to some — is not understood as such by those outside the target subgroup of the electorate. The message resonates and energizes this target group and is misheard or misunderstood bu others just as the high pitched sound of the dog whistle is only heard by dogs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Safire|first=William|title=Safire's political dictionary|year=2008|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=New York |isbn=0-19-534334-4|page=190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lohrey|first=Amanda|title=Voting for Jesus: Christianity and Politics in Australia|year=2006|publisher=Black Inc.|location=Melbourne, Vic.|isbn=1-86395-230-6|pages=48–58}}</ref><ref name="CBC_deliberate">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/harper-old-stock-canadians-debate-1.3233615 | title=Harper's 'old-stock Canadians' line is part deliberate strategy: pollster Harper reiterates position on health care for genuine refugees | work=CBC News | date=18 September 2015 | accessdate=21 September 2015}}</ref> | ||
| Tu Thanh Ha linked the phrase not only to "Québécois de souche" but also to Prime Minister Harper's recent hiring of "], who is known to win elections against great odds in Australia where he masterminded the successful General Election victories for the former Australian prime minister ], in ] and ] and Britain by using "emotionally-charged campaigning tactics." In Canada divisive polarizing issues include "the ban the '''' from citizenship ceremonies and "raising fears about terrorism." Tu Thanh Ha claims that Harper was trying to pitch to minority voters – "by drawing a line between the law-abiding ones, whose social values also happened to be conservative, and the others, those who were portrayed as queue-jumping terrorist-sympathizing bogus asylum seekers."<ref name="Globe_Mail_2015_09_18" /> | Tu Thanh Ha linked the phrase not only to "Québécois de souche" but also to Prime Minister Harper's recent hiring of "], who is known to win elections against great odds in Australia where he masterminded the successful General Election victories for the former Australian prime minister ], in ] and ] and Britain by using "emotionally-charged campaigning tactics." In Canada divisive polarizing issues include "the ban the '']'' from citizenship ceremonies and "raising fears about terrorism." Tu Thanh Ha claims that Harper was trying to pitch to minority voters – "by drawing a line between the law-abiding ones, whose social values also happened to be conservative, and the others, those who were portrayed as queue-jumping terrorist-sympathizing bogus asylum seekers."<ref name="Globe_Mail_2015_09_18" /> | ||
| In an intreview with the '']'' poet and playwright ],{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|ONS}}, a Canadian ] and ] and a 7th-generation descendant of ] said,<ref name="Star_2015_09_18">{{cite news | url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/09/18/who-are-old-stock-canadians.html | title=Who are 'old stock Canadians'? The Star asked some people with deep roots in Canada what they thought of Conservative Leader Stephen Harper's controversial phrase | date=18 September 2015 | agency=Toronto Star | accessdate=21 September 2015 | location=Toronto | author1=Chown, Marco | author2=Otis, Daniel}}</ref> | In an intreview with the '']'' poet and playwright ],{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|ONS}}, a Canadian ] and ] and a 7th-generation descendant of ] said,<ref name="Star_2015_09_18">{{cite news | url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/09/18/who-are-old-stock-canadians.html | title=Who are 'old stock Canadians'? The Star asked some people with deep roots in Canada what they thought of Conservative Leader Stephen Harper's controversial phrase | date=18 September 2015 | agency=Toronto Star | accessdate=21 September 2015 | location=Toronto | author1=Chown, Marco | author2=Otis, Daniel}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 07:48, 22 September 2015
The French term pure laine literally meaning pure wool (and often interpreted as true blue or dyed-in-the-wool) refers to those whose ancestry is exclusively French-Canadian. Another similar term is de souche. (of the base of the tree, or root, old stock as in 'old-stock Canadians).
While most French-Canadians are able to trace their ancestry back to the original settlers of New France, a number are descended from mixed marriages between the French and Irish settlers. When these shared the same Roman Catholic faith, their unions were approved by the once-powerful Roman Catholic Church in Quebec. Another factor was the settlement of many English people in the region, many of whom were ultimately assimilated into the francophone culture. Recently, Quebec has also experienced the effects of a policy of immigration from French-speaking countries, which has changed Quebec's culture.
History
The use of pure laine was brought to the forefront following its controversial usage in the front-page article by Jan Wong in Canada’s nationally distributed newspaper, The Globe & Mail, on September 16, 2006, three days after the shooting at Dawson College in Montreal. In her article entitled "Get under the desk," Wong argued that the frequent and historic use of the term pure laine revealed a uniquely Québécois brand of racism. "Elsewhere, to talk of racial 'purity' is repugnant. Not in Quebec." Furthermore, she suggested that the school shootings might have been related to the fact that the perpetrators were not old-stock French Québécois and they had been alienated by a Quebec society concerned with "racial purity."
Wong's accusations were denounced by National Post journalist, Barbara Kay, then-Premier Jean Charest and the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste (SSJB). SSJB President Jean Dorion declared "There is no obsession for racial purity in Quebec, definitely not. The expression 'pure laine' is absolutely obsolete."
However the term was still frequently used in both English and French media. And in 2007, the Taylor-Bouchard Commission included the recommendation that the use of the expression "Québécois de souche" be ended and replaced with the term "Quebecers of French-Canadian origin." The Commission investigated reasonable accommodation of immigrants into Quebec society.
According to David Austin, author of Fear of a Black Nation, (2013) which was based on Austin's two decades of inquiry including interviews and international archival research,
"Québecois has conventionally been used to signify the descendants of Québec settlers from France, the majority habitants of the province, who are otherwise referred to as pure laine (pure wool) or Québecois de souche (of the base of the tree, or root). However, the changing face of Québec's increasingly diverse population challenges the privileged place of those French descendants and calls for a more inclusive notion of what it means to be Québecois or a Quebecer."
— David Austin
Similar terms in English
Unamerican
According to Gilman and Milton the appellation "Unamerican" favoured by Senator Eugene McCarthy is a version of the terms pure wool, true blue, dyed-in-the-wool, and old stock.
Old-stock Canadians
In the 2015 federal election campaign in Canada, which was taking place against the backdrop of hundreds of thousands of refugees of the Syrian Civil War (2011-) fleeing to Europe, Prime Minister Stephen Harper's use of the appellation 'old-stock Canadians' created a media frenzy.
Social researcher Frank Graves, founder and current president of EKOS Research Associates Inc. described the use of the term 'old-stock Canadians' as a deliberate strategy called dog-whistle politics — a term that originated in Australian politics in the mid-1990s, and used by John Howard in his successful political campaign under the direction of Lynton Crosby Crosby was retained by Harper in September 2015. Graves claimed that this was a "deliberate strategy "to energize the Conservative base' and to sort them from the rest of the electorate. It creates a sense of us versus others." The 'dog-whistle' message analogy refers to the way in which the a political message — which may be in effect be exclusionary, distasteful and even racist, reactionary or inflammatory to some — is not understood as such by those outside the target subgroup of the electorate. The message resonates and energizes this target group and is misheard or misunderstood bu others just as the high pitched sound of the dog whistle is only heard by dogs.
Tu Thanh Ha linked the phrase not only to "Québécois de souche" but also to Prime Minister Harper's recent hiring of "Lynton Crosby, who is known to win elections against great odds in Australia where he masterminded the successful General Election victories for the former Australian prime minister John Howard, in 1998 and 2001 and Britain by using "emotionally-charged campaigning tactics." In Canada divisive polarizing issues include "the ban the niqāb from citizenship ceremonies and "raising fears about terrorism." Tu Thanh Ha claims that Harper was trying to pitch to minority voters – "by drawing a line between the law-abiding ones, whose social values also happened to be conservative, and the others, those who were portrayed as queue-jumping terrorist-sympathizing bogus asylum seekers."
In an intreview with the Toronto Star poet and playwright George Elliott Clarke,OC ONS, a Canadian poet and playwright and a 7th-generation descendant of black refugees of the War of 1812 said,
"The true ‘old-stock’ Canadians are the First Nations and Inuit and Metis, followed by the many divergent ethnicities who were also present in colonial Canada, from African slaves in muddy York to 'German' settlers on the South Shore of Nova Scotia, from the Chinese merchants present in Nouvelle-France to the Portuguese and Basque fishermen of Newfoundland...Personally, I think the current Prime Minister is unsure about his own identity and possibly nervous about the true, multicultural, multilingual, multiple-faiths and multiracial Canada that now beautifully, proudly, lives and flourishes."
— George Elliott Clarke
The Twitter debate on the meaning of 'old-stock Canadians' almost immediately had its own hashtag #OldStockCanadians often used with #globedebate. Tu Thanh Ha's article entitled "Intentional or not, Harper’s words draw a line between us and others" was retweeted and also received over 720 comments on the Globe and Mails site.
See also
References
- ^ Fear of a Black Nation: Race, Sex, and Security in Sixties Montreal. Toronto: Between the Lines. 2013. p. 255. ISBN 9781771130103.
- Wong, Jan (September 16, 2006). "Get under the desk". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 20, 2006.
- "Charest seeks Globe apology over notion culture a factor in school shootings", Canadian Press via The Gazette, September 19, 2006, retrieved September 20, 2006
{{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|work=(help) - ^ Robitaille, Antoine (September 19, 2006), "Les pures laines coupables?", La Presse, retrieved 20 September 2015
- Vastel, Michel (18 September 2006), "Le racisme sournois du Globe & Mail", L'actualité blog
{{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|work=(help) - ^ "Charest seeks Globe apology over notion culture a factor in school shootings", Canadian Press via The Gazette, September 19, 2006, retrieved September 20, 2006
{{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|work=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Ottawa, The (March 20, 2007). "''Don't faint, I'm siding with a separatist''". Canada.com. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- Post, National (September 23, 2006). "''L'affaire Wong' becomes talk of Quebec''". Canada.com. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- Katia Gagnon : La commission Bouchard-Taylor... à l'envers | Actualités | Cyberpresse
- "Leaked accommodation commission report sparks fury in Quebec". CBC News. Montreal. May 19, 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- Gilman, Sander L; Milton, Shane, eds. (1 September 1999). Jewries at the Frontier: Accommodation, Identity, Conflict. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252067924.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ "'Old stock Canadians,' egg timer, creepy set top debate's odd moments Moderator David Walmsley's Irish accent and a ringing bell get reaction on social media". CBC News. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- Muise, Monique (September 18, 2015). "'Old-stock Canadians' are those already here, says Harper spokesman". Global News. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
- Grant Barrett, The official dictionary of unofficial English, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006, p. 90
- Safire, William (2008). Safire's political dictionary. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 190. ISBN 0-19-534334-4.
- Lohrey, Amanda (2006). Voting for Jesus: Christianity and Politics in Australia. Melbourne, Vic.: Black Inc. pp. 48–58. ISBN 1-86395-230-6.
- "Harper's 'old-stock Canadians' line is part deliberate strategy: pollster Harper reiterates position on health care for genuine refugees". CBC News. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ^ Tu Thanh Ha (18 September 2015). "Intentional or not, Harper's words draw a line between us and others". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- Chown, Marco; Otis, Daniel (18 September 2015). "Who are 'old stock Canadians'? The Star asked some people with deep roots in Canada what they thought of Conservative Leader Stephen Harper's controversial phrase". Toronto. Toronto Star. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
Further reading
- Taras Grescoe. Sacre Blues: An Unsentimental Journey Through Quebec. Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 2004. ISBN 1-55199-081-4