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| ] performs on a D-274 in the ]]] | |||
| '''D-274''' (or '''D''') is the model name of a concert ], the ] of the ] line,<ref name=Fine>Fine, Larry, ''The Piano Book: Buying & Owning a New or Used Piano'', Third Edition, Boston: Brookside Press 1994</ref> first built in 1884.<ref>, ''Bluebook of Pianos''. Accessed March 12, 2010.</ref><ref>Katie Hafner: ''A Romance on Three Legs: Glenn Gould's Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Piano'', Bloomsbury Publishing USA: New York, 2008, ISBN 1-59691-525-0 and ISBN 978-1-59691-525-1.</ref> It is generally described as the first choice of most concert pianists.<ref name=Fine/> | |||
| At 274 cm (8′11¾″) long, 156 cm (61¼″) wide and 480 kg (990 pounds),<ref name="Specifications and Features">, ''Steinway & Sons Official Website'', Accessed March 12, 2010.</ref> the D-274 is too large for most domestic situations.<ref name=Fine/> In concert hall settings, on the other hand, the D-274 is a major presence. An example would be the famous ], which traditionally offers contestants a choice of two D-274s owned by the Van Cliburn Foundation, supplemented with another choice from an outside source.<ref name=DallasNews></ref> | |||
| An estimate from 2003 suggested that more than 90% of concert grand pianos worldwide are D-274s.<ref>, ''STEP Inside Design'', issue of November/December 2003, p. 68.</ref><ref>, Report of 5. April, 2010, by ].</ref> | |||
| == Design == | |||
| Virtually all critical design elements of the Steinway 'D' were developed during the 19th century. Among them are the action and string scale designs perfected by Henry Steinway, Jr., the ] son; the hammers, cast iron frame and laminated wooden rim, all originating in designs patented by C.F. Theodor Steinway, another of the founder's sons; the trapwork (pedals), first devised by Albert Steinway, a third son; and most aspects of the ]. Since those early years, only two notable improvements have been made: a concentric shaping of the soundboard, a design patented by younger family member Paul Bilhuber, was introduced in 1936; more recently the Steinway action was changed to provide a greater mechanical advantage to the player, resulting in less touch resistance with no loss of power.<ref name=NYT></ref> | |||
| == History == | |||
| ] taken by the photographer ]]] | |||
| Even before the German-born family emigrated to the United States, the founder, ], had built a grand piano in 1836 (the so-called "kitchen grand"), which today is preserved at the ] in New York City. Such grand pianos with a limited ] of 6 or 6.5 octaves and double ] produce less volume of sound than a D-type concert grand piano.<ref name=ratcliffe>Ronald V. Ratcliffe: ''Steinway.'' Chronicle Books, San Francisco (USA) 1989, ISBN 0-87701-592-9.</ref> | |||
| Concert grand pianos of full size are able to fill a concert hall with sound for 2,000 to 3,000 spectators. This was foreshadowed in the 1860s when grand pianos were given harps or frames of ]. Initially employed to accommodate the cumulative and extraordinary tension of the strings, thereby protecting the wooden structure from destruction, iron frames quickly facilitated a dramatic increase in string tension. With increased string tension came increased power and projection. | |||
| At the 1876 ] in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, there were several manufacturer's competitions, including a piano competition. The Steinway company sent two grand pianos displaying their latest developments, demonstrating the firm's innovative and markedly improved piano quality.<ref name=ratcliffe /> Their determined pursuit of quality was rewarded at the world exhibition with a gold medal. Steinway won the competition against several established, well-known American piano makers, including ] and ]. | |||
| This Steinway concert grand piano, the direct predecessor of today's Model 'D', has become known as the "Centennial grand". It remained in production until 1878, when improvements prompted the Steinways to re-designate their models, replacing numeric designations (Types 1 through 4) with Model letters, i.e., A, B, C and D. These letters still mark the types of Steinway's four largest instruments. | |||
| This was a time of remarkable advance: | |||
| *The open pinblock was discarded in favor of the full frame. | |||
| :Always mindful of production as well as excellence, Steinway realized that covering the pinblock with the plate would save manufacturing costs. Open blocks had necessitated multiple levels (to account for the height difference between the bass and treble bridges), whereas this disparity could be easily compensated for in the full frame casting. Further, the pinblock was no longer visible and as such needed no cosmetic treatment such as an attractive veneer. | |||
| *The capo d'astro bar displaced agraffes in the upper treble sections. | |||
| :While agraffes continue to be used in the bass, tenor and lower treble of modern instruments, earlier pianos also employed them in the upper treble. The massively cast capo bar, an integral part of the plate, greatly enhanced the clarity and power of the upper treble | |||
| *The pedal lyre was strengthened dramatically, and the pedals redesigned as a self-contained unit. | |||
| :Pedaling became more reliable and precise, and withstood violent pedaling that often accompanies violent playing. | |||
| *String lengths and tensions increased dramatically, and hammers were made heavier and employed denser felt. | |||
| :These and other improvements remarkably enhanced the performance, power and brilliance of the new Steinway 'D', enabling it to fill ever-expanding concert venues with sufficient sound. | |||
| <!-- Sources to "History" and "Development of the D-274": | |||
| <ref>Ronald V. Ratcliffe, "Steinway", Chronicle Books, San Francisco, USA, 1989, ISBN 0-87701-592-9</ref> | |||
| <ref>Richard K. Lieberman, "Steinway & Sons", ISBN 0-300-06364-4, Yale University Press, 1995</ref> | |||
| <ref>Theodore E. Steinway, "People and Pianos – A Pictorial History of Steinway & Sons", Clasical Music Today, 2005, Amadeus Press, Newark, New Jersey, ISBN 1-57467-112-X</ref> | |||
| <ref>Edwin M. Good, "Giraffes, Black Dragons and Other Pianos", Stanford University Press, 2001, California, ISBN 0-8047-3316-3</ref> | |||
| <ref>D.W: Fostle, "The Steinway Saga – An American Dynasty", Scribner, New York, 1995, ISBN 0-684-19318-3</ref> | |||
| <ref>Susan Goldenberg, "Steinway – From Glory to Controversy – The Family – The Business – The Piano", Mosaic Press, Oakville, Ontario, CDN, 1996, ISBN 0-88962-607-3</ref> | |||
| <ref>James Barron, "Piano – The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand", Times Books, New York, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8050-7878-7.</ref> | |||
| --> | |||
| == Development of the D-274 == | |||
| ] ], age 11, plays a D-274 with the conductor Moshe Lustig and the Gadna ] in Israel on August 1st, 1953]] | |||
| In 1880, Steinway began producing their small Model 'A' with a laminated ] cabinet, creating the modern "rim" case: Very long, thin (3.5 mm) planks of maple were slathered with hide glue, bent around a form, clamped together and allowed to dry. This process made rim fabrication quicker, and the resultant structure stronger and more stable. It also was cheaper, requiring fewer man-hours and being less wasteful of hardwoods that need several years of storage and precise ]. This speedier production method was of great advantage in a time of huge demand for good pianos. | |||
| After the concert success of an 1883 prototype 'D'<ref>http://lidstrompiano.com/'D'%2047562.htm</ref> that featured a laminated case, radically higher string tension and capo bar (which began at note 36 yet retained vestigial agraffes all the way to note 88), Steinway unveiled the 1884 'D', a fully realized new model with a redesigned scale (including a 20-note instead of a 17-note bass), a capo bar in both upper treble sections, a newly designed pedal lyre, and a multi-laminated case.<ref name=barron>James Barron: ''Piano - The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand.'' Times Books, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-8050-7878-7.</ref> | |||
| In subsequent years few changes occurred, though the instrument's length increased slightly (the "rim type" D concert grand pianos from 1884 to about 1895 were only 272 cm long). However, in 1936 a ] based on a patent of Paul Bilhuber, an "in-law" member of the Steinway family, was introduced. Bilhuber had created a soundboard that tapered evenly from the thickest central point to a thinner perimeter, and it was judged to provide greater response and longevity. | |||
| Not all Steinway innovations were successful. In 1961, ] bushings for the playing mechanism were incorporated into U.S.-built grand pianos – a modification that the piano makers at the ] branch did not adopt despite much pressure from the New York-based company. They were able to resist only because the profits of the Hamburg plant were greater than those of the New York factory. | |||
| The Teflon bushings were intended to lessen friction problems that might occur because of seasonal humidity changes, but they themselves caused excessive friction. Further, because they were a hard and dimensionally stable substance (fixed into wood, which is not), at certain times of the year they would loosen in their holes and cause clicking during play. After years of complaints from pianists and technicians, in 1982 the New York makers re-introduced the classic ] bushings with an infused dry-grease fluid made with Teflon particles that allowed them to keep using the word Teflon in their advertising.<ref>Susan Goldenberg: ''Steinway - From Glory to Controversy - The Family - The Business - The Piano.'' Mosaic Press, Oakville (Ontario, CDN) 1996, ISBN 0-88962-607-3.</ref> | |||
| The Steinway Model 'D' represents about 5% of all Steinway grand pianos produced, a significantly larger share of concert-grand output than the 1-2% that other manufacturers produce. An explanation is found not only in their exceptional quality but in their sophisticated marketing programs – the ] program and the ] in New York City, London, and Hamburg have virtually guaranteed the loyalty of concert artists worldwide. On U.S. stages, more than 90% of performances using a concert grand use a Steinway 'D'. | |||
| Of the approximately 600,000 pianos Steinway has built (as of 2010), about 25,000 are Models 'D'. Only 424 of the predecessor "Centennial D" pianos were built; about 30 are still known to exist.<ref></ref> | |||
| <!-- Sources to "History" and "Development of the D-274": | |||
| <ref>Ronald V. Ratcliffe, "Steinway", Chronicle Books, San Francisco, USA, 1989, ISBN 0-87701-592-9</ref> | |||
| <ref>Richard K. Lieberman, "Steinway & Sons", ISBN 0-300-06364-4, Yale University Press, 1995</ref> | |||
| <ref>Theodore E. Steinway, "People and Pianos – A Pictorial History of Steinway & Sons", Clasical Music Today, 2005, Amadeus Press, Newark, New Jersey, ISBN 1-57467-112-X</ref> | |||
| <ref>Edwin M. Good, "Giraffes, Black Dragons and Other Pianos", Stanford University Press, 2001, California, ISBN 0-8047-3316-3</ref> | |||
| <ref>D.W: Fostle, "The Steinway Saga – An American Dynasty", Scribner, New York, 1995, ISBN 0-684-19318-3</ref> | |||
| <ref>Susan Goldenberg, "Steinway – From Glory to Controversy – The Family – The Business – The Piano", Mosaic Press, Oakville, Ontario, CDN, 1996, ISBN 0-88962-607-3</ref> | |||
| <ref>James Barron, "Piano – The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand", Times Books, New York, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8050-7878-7.</ref> | |||
| --> | |||
| == Artists' preference – geographic origin and specific instruments == | |||
| ] | |||
| Steinway manufactures the 'D' in two factories, one in New York and one in Hamburg, Germany. Outwardly, New York and Hamburg 'D's differ most noticeably in finish, with the former displaying traditional satin lacquer and the latter high-gloss polyester.<ref name=Allen></ref> Differences in the respective instruments' tone and playing character, however, have led particular pianists to gravitate to the output of one factory or the other; ], for instance, preferred a New York 'D', whereas ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] were partial to the Hamburg product. Garrick Ohlsson preferred the brilliance of the Hamburg instrument in his youth, but the warmth of the New York 'D' as he matured. ] bought three 'D's, all New York products, for his homes in the United States, but he installed a Hamburg 'D' in his Swiss villa. The difference between the New York and Hamburg Steinway pianos is less noticeable today.<ref name="Barron"/> Pianist and ] ] says that "... the differences have more to do with individual instruments than with where they were made."<ref name="Barron">, ''The New York Times'', August 27, 2003. Accessed March 25, 2010.</ref> | |||
| Several artists have developed documented association with particular 'D's. Examples would include the following: | |||
| *] recorded all his sessions for ] in New York on 'D' SN 147,681 and SN 194,597.<ref name=Rachmaninoff></ref> When Zenph Studios undertook to recreate those recordings through modern computer playback technology, the company chose a 1909 'D', SN 133,291, as the underlying instrument; the restored piano is prominently featured at the company's Internet site.<ref name=Zenph></ref> | |||
| *] favored a 'D' that he called "Beauty." When the instrument became unserviceably worn, he retained piano technician ] to rebuild it completely.<ref name=Pramberger></ref> | |||
| *] maintained a well-known preference for CD (Concert 'D') number 318-C (SN 317,194) that he found, much worn and awaiting shipment back to the factory for decommissioning, in the auditorium of a Toronto department store in 1946. He retained technician Verne Edquist to restore and maintain the instrument and had it shipped to any auditorium in which he was to play. The piano sustained a cracked plate during such a shipment in 1971, when Gould had scheduled a recording session with the Cleveland orchestra; for years thereafter, Edquist attempted to repair the damage, and his inability to do so was a source of great distress to Gould.<ref name=CanEncy></ref> The CD 318-C still exists in its damaged state, preserved at ] in Ottawa, which also houses the Glenn Gould Archive.<ref name=CanEncy2></ref> | |||
| *To circumvent company policy that would have compelled her to record on a smaller instrument, ] purchased a 'D' on which to make her recordings for Victor late in the acoustic era. Later, finding the size of the instrument to present storage difficulties, she purchased a dwelling in Seal Harbor, Maine with a studio large enough to house it.<ref name=Samaroff>Samaroff-Stokowski, Olga, ''An American Musician's Story'', New York: W.W. Norton and Co., Inc., 1939</ref> | |||
| ==Special editions and price record== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] | |||
| Over the years, Steinway has produced a small number of special or limited editions of the D-274. The differences in these pianos can range from ornately carved bodywork to large changes in the colour scheme.<ref>E.g.: , ''Steinway & Sons Official Website''. Accessed March 12, 2010.</ref><ref>E.g.: , ''Steinway & Sons Official Website''. Accessed March 12, 2010.</ref><ref>E.g.: , ''Steinway & Sons Official Website''. Accessed March 12, 2010.</ref><ref>E.g.: , ''Tallahassee Antique Car Museum''. Accessed March 13, 2010.</ref> Custom-built D-274s have also been made; for example the "fully crystallized" D-274s with over a million individually positioned ] ]s covering each piano.<ref>, ''CrystalRoc Official Website''. Accessed December 1, 2010.</ref><ref>, ''Luxury-Insider.com Official Website''. Accessed December 1, 2010.</ref> | |||
| The ] has a specially designed D-274, which is normally placed in the largest room of the White House, the ].<ref>, ''The White House Historical Association''. Accessed March 18, 2010.</ref><ref>, ''The New York Times''. Accessed March 18, 2010.</ref><ref>Steinway & Sons – 150 Years, p. 65.</ref><ref>, ''The New York Times''. Accessed March 18, 2010.</ref> The 2002 White House Christmas card features this piano.<ref>, '']''. Accessed March 18, 2010.</ref><ref>Article: "Hallmark Designs 2002 Presidential Holiday Card", ''PR Newswire'', December 6, 2002. See a part of the article here: </ref> | |||
| The world's most expensive grand piano sold at auction is a specially designed D-274 named ''Steinway Alma Tadema'';<ref>Article: "Lawrence Alma-Tadema and the modern city of ancient Rome. (Critical Essay)". ''Gale''. March 01, 2002. See a part of the article here: .</ref> it sold for ]1.2 million in 1997 at ] in London,<ref name="Alma-Tadema">, ''Steinway & Sons Website''. Accessed April 5, 2011.</ref> breaking Steinway's own 1997 price record of $390,000.<ref>Eight Keys to Buying a Piano – A guide to selecting the perfect instrument, p. 10.</ref> The D-274 was built in 1883-87 and designed by Sir ]. It is displayed at the art museum ].<ref>, ''Clark Art Institute''. Accessed March 14, 2010.</ref> In 2006, Steinway recreated an exacting replica of this piano.<ref name="Alma-Tadema"/> | |||
| == Recordings == | |||
| The D-274 has featured in numerous recordings spanning a wide array of genres and the whole of the history of sound recording. The following list includes some relatively recent examples in a variety of mostly advanced formats, including ], ], ], and ] ]s; one ] test disc; and a celebrated fraud: | |||
| *] – '']: ]'' (Hamburg Steinway D-274; with ], ] cond.); '']: Etudes'' (New York Steinway D-274). Telarc ] 60582.<ref name=LangLang>; Lozier indicates that the recording venues' acoustics obscure distinctions between the instruments</ref> | |||
| *Piano Duo Trenkner/Speidel – ] (arr. ]): ]. (Four-hands arrangements performed on a 1901 Steinway D-274) MD&G 330 0635-2.<ref name=MDG>Specified in booklet accompanying the album</ref> | |||
| *] – ]: '']''. Turtle Records hybrid SACDs TRSA 0029<ref name=Ish1>, accessed August 5, 2010</ref> (books I and II) and TR75530<ref name=Ish2>, accessed August 5, 2010</ref> (books III and IV). | |||
| *''Rachmaninoff Plays Rachmaninoff''. ] 748971 (Recreations by Zenph Studios of performances by Sergei Rachmaninoff drawn from earlier conventional records; the company's Internet site prominently features the instrument used, a 1909 Steinway D-274, no. 133,201, retrofitted with a computerized self-playing mechanism).<ref name=Zenph>, accessed March 18, 2010</ref> | |||
| *Antoine Rebstein – ''Piano Left Hand Recital''. Claves 50-2502 (Compositions for left hand alone by J.S. Bach arr. ], ], ], ], ], and ] arr. ], recorded on Steinway D 479 580).<ref name=Rebstein>, accessed August 8, 2010</ref> | |||
| *] – ''A Gypsy Life'' (piano performances by ]). ] ] 83053 (video and ]).<ref name=Gorka>, accessed August 5, 2010</ref> | |||
| *Marcel Worms – ''Red White & Blues: 32 New Dutch Blues Pieces (1996-2006)'' (all tracks feature the Hamburg Steinway D-274), Attacca Records 27103-4.<ref name=Worms>, accessed August 5, 2010</ref> | |||
| *Gary Girouard – ''The Naked Piano'' volumes I-III, Galileo Music Corporation.<ref name=Galileo>, accessed August 5, 2010</ref> | |||
| *Robert Silverman – Johannes Brahms: Intermezzo in E-Flat major, op. 117 no. 1; Mozart: Minuet in G (both on a New York Steinway D-274). Tracks 11 and 12 of ''] Test CD 2''.<ref name=Silverman>, accessed August 5, 2010</ref> | |||
| *] – Recordings issued under her name on the ] label were said to be recorded on a 1923 Hamburg Steinway D, Serial No 217355, but in fact were unauthorized dubs of recordings by other pianists.<ref name=Hatto>, accessed August 5, 2010</ref> | |||
| The D-274 has also featured in many television programs, including: | |||
| *The ] on February 7, 2010, was opened with a ] with a performance by ], ], ] and the Rutgers Symphony Orchestra. The D-274, which is heard and seen especially in the beginning of the music video, was supplied from the Concert & Artist division of Steinway, located at ] on Manhattan, New York City.<ref>, ''YouTube''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref> | |||
| *In the ] for ] ] on December 10, 2009, ] ] performed on a D-274 ] by ].<ref>, ''YouTube''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref> | |||
| *The ] ceremony for ] ] on January 20, 2009, featured a performance of ]'s composition '']'' by cellist ], violinist ], pianist ] and clarinetist ]. Gabriela Montero played on a D-274.<ref>, ''YouTube''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref> | |||
| *On ] on November 17, 2008, seven-year-old ] ] played on a D-274 her own composition called ''Once Upon A Wish'' dedicated for ]'s and ]'s wedding.<ref>, ''YouTube''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref> | |||
| *In ]'s ] on October 18, 2007, ] played a D-274.<ref>, ''Rice University''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref><ref>, ''Lola Astanova Official Website''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref> | |||
| *In a nationally ] aired in Fall 2007, ] uses its status as an ] to promote itself. The commercial shows a D-274.<ref>, ''YouTube''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref> | |||
| *In an ] nominated ] for ] produced by Gerard De Thame in 2001, a new modern ] is shown.<ref>, ''Moggach''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref> This new Noah's Ark has been loaded with two of different sorts of animals, but also with ]s from the world of today. One of these luxury products is a D-274 filmed from an angle so that the Steinway logo is clearly seen.<ref>, ''YouTube''. Accessed January 14, 2011.</ref> | |||
| == Concert grand piano banks == | |||
| For the convenience of touring performers<ref name=Steinway150>''Steinway & Sons – 150 Years'', p. 32.</ref> and in the belief that every D-274 is somewhat different in character,<ref name=Lenehan></ref> Steinway maintains a collection of D-274s in "concert grand piano banks" across the world;<ref name=Steinway150/> for instance, the company maintains more than 40 in the basement of ] in Manhattan. Such pianos are given "CD" designators, and they receive replacement stencils calculated for greater visibility at a distance.<ref name=Lenehan/> A pianist visiting one of these banks may sample and choose from a range of D-274s, according to taste, for public performance or recording; Steinway prepares and transports the chosen instrument,<ref name=Steinway150/> although the artist bears the cost of these services.<ref name=Lenehan/> As noted above, some artists have developed affinities for particular instruments included in this program; the requirement that instruments so supplied be credited to Steinway led to Olga Samaroff's above-mentioned purchase of a D-274 on which to make records.<ref name=Samaroff/> | |||
| == Popular accounts of manufacture == | |||
| At least three independent accounts have detailed the process by which Steinway manufactures the D-274. In 1982, Michael Lenehan published an article in '']'' in which he followed the construction of a D-274, designated as K 2571 during manufacture and later, after its adoption into the piano bank program, as CD-129. A somewhat revised version of the article posted to the Internet includes information updated in 1997. The original article, dating to approximately the time of the company's sale to CBS, described many practices held over from the 19th century, mostly personalized by focusing on individual employees tasked with performing them, but it also touched on what then were prospective changes under consideration to modernize certain aspects of production. The 1997 update continues that approach, updating the various personal stories but also detailing the company's subsequent ownership history and adoption of selected new production methods.<ref name=Lenehan/> | |||
| More recently, '']'' ran a series of articles,<ref name=NYT/> ultimately published in book form,<ref name=NYTbook>Barron, James, ''Piano: The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand'', New York: Times Books, 2006 (ISBN 0-8050-7878-9)</ref> following the construction of a D-274 designated K 0862. More recently still, an independent ] entitled '']'' followed the construction of a D-274 for more than a year, from the search for wood in Alaska to display of the finished instrument at Manhattan's ]. The film received its first theatrical screening at New York's Film Forum in November, 2007<ref>, ''Film Forum''. Accessed March 13, 2010.</ref><ref>, '']''. Accessed March 13, 2010.</ref> and played to generally favorable notices.<ref>, '']''. Accessed February 15, 2008.</ref> Featured are discussions and demonstrations of Steinway instruments generally, and the D-274 in particular, by Steinway family member ] and pianists ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>, ''IMDb.com''. Accessed March 12, 2010.</ref><ref>, ''The New York Times''. Accessed March 12, 2010.</ref> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| *] | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| *{{cite book |first=James |last=Barron |title=Piano: The Making of a Steinway Concert Grand |location=New York |publisher=Holt |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8050-7878-7}} | |||
| *{{cite book |first=Miles |last=Chapin |title=88 keys: The making of a Steinway piano |location=New York |publisher= Potter |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-517-70356-4}} | |||
| *{{cite book |first=Max |last=Matthias |title=Steinway Service Manual: Guide to the care and maintenance of a Steinway |edition=3rd |location=Bergkirchen, Germany |publisher=PPV-Medien/Bochinsky |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-923639-15-1}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{Steinway & Sons}} | |||
| ] | |||
