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== Irish Republican Army == == Irish Republican Army ==
The name has also been used by ] since 1922. These groups each claim to be the sole ] modern successors to the original Irish Volunteers and Irish Republican Army, and they have refused to recognise the authority of (variously) the Defence Forces, ] and the ]; as such, each of these groups claims the sole right to use the name ''Óglaigh na hÉireann''. Such groups have included the ],<ref>. Cfr.org.</ref> the ]<ref>. Globalsecurity.org.</ref> and the ].<ref>{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> The name has also been used by ] since 1922. These groups each claim to be the sole ] modern successors to the original Irish Volunteers and Irish Republican Army, and they have refused to recognise the authority of (variously) the Defence Forces, ] and the ]; as such, each of these groups claims the sole right to use the name ''Óglaigh na hÉireann''. Such groups have included the ],<ref>. Cfr.org.</ref> the ]<ref>. Globalsecurity.org.</ref> and the ].<ref> {{wayback|url=http://www.tribune.ie/news/home-news/article/2009/apr/12/statement-from-the-real-ira-to-be-read-out-at-the-/ |date=20090415040726 |df=y }}</ref>


Since the 2000s, some ] groups have begun using ''Óglaigh na hÉireann'' as their primary title in both Irish- and English-language contexts. These include a ], first reported on by the ] in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/special/2006/imcfeb1/index.pdf |title=Eighth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission |accessdate=6 June 2010 |publisher=The Irish Times |date=January 2006 }}</ref> and a ] which began claiming responsibility for attacks in 2009. Since the 2000s, some ] groups have begun using ''Óglaigh na hÉireann'' as their primary title in both Irish- and English-language contexts. These include a ], first reported on by the ] in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/special/2006/imcfeb1/index.pdf |title=Eighth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission |accessdate=6 June 2010 |publisher=The Irish Times |date=January 2006 }}</ref> and a ] which began claiming responsibility for attacks in 2009.

Revision as of 14:00, 10 January 2016

Óglaigh na hÉireann (Irish pronunciation: [ˈoːɡɫ̪iː n̪ˠə ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ] ), abbreviated ÓnahÉ, is an Irish-language idiom that can be translated variously as soldiers of Ireland, warriors of Ireland, volunteers of Ireland or Irish volunteers. In traditional Gaelic script, it is written Óglaıġ na hÉıreann.

Origins, Irish Volunteers

Óglach, the singular of óglaigh, comes from the Old Irish word óclach, meaning a young male. The phrase Óglaigh na hÉireann was coined as an Irish-language title for the Irish Volunteers of 1913, and it was retained when the Volunteers became known in English as the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the War of Independence of 1919–1922.

National Army

In 1922, the Anglo-Irish Treaty created the Irish Free State, and its Provisional Government formed the National Army. To establish itself as carrying on the tradition of the pre-independence movement, the Army adopted Óglaigh na hÉireann as its Irish language name, and also adopted the cap badge and buttons of the Irish Volunteers; the badge incorporates the title in its design.

Defence Forces

Since 1924, Óglaigh na hÉireann has remained the official Irish-language title for the Defence Forces, which are recognised by the Irish Government as the only legitimate armed forces of the independent state on the island of Ireland.

Irish Republican Army

The name has also been used by several other paramilitary groups calling themselves the Irish Republican Army since 1922. These groups each claim to be the sole legitimist modern successors to the original Irish Volunteers and Irish Republican Army, and they have refused to recognise the authority of (variously) the Defence Forces, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland; as such, each of these groups claims the sole right to use the name Óglaigh na hÉireann. Such groups have included the Provisional IRA, the Continuity IRA and the Real IRA.

Since the 2000s, some dissident republican groups have begun using Óglaigh na hÉireann as their primary title in both Irish- and English-language contexts. These include a Continuity IRA splinter group, first reported on by the Independent Monitoring Commission in 2006, and a Real IRA splinter group which began claiming responsibility for attacks in 2009.

A suppression order made by the Irish state in June 1939 under the Offences Against the State Act 1939 stated that "the organisation styling itself the Irish Republican Army (also the I.R.A. and Oglaigh na hÉireann)" was to be considered an unlawful organisation within the context of the Act.

Notes

  1. A Pictorial History of Óglaigh na hÉireann, the Defence Forces of Ireland, Irish Defence Forces
  2. White, Robert William. Provisional Irish republicans: an oral and interpretive history. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1993. p 33.
  3. Pollard, Tony. Scorched Earth: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict. BRILL, 2007. p 84.
  4. ^ O'Leary, Brendan. Terror, insurgency, and the state: ending protracted conflicts. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. p 190.
  5. English, Richard. Armed struggle: the history of the IRA. Pan Macmillan, 2004. p 10.
  6. Gerry White, Brendan O'Shea, Bill Younghusband. Irish Volunteer soldier 1913–23. Osprey Publishing, 2003. p 8.
  7. Coogan, Tim Pat. The IRA. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. p 45.
  8. Richard English, 2003, Armed struggle: the history of the IRA, Oxford University Press: Oxford
  9. Defence Forces Headquarters – History. Military.ie.
  10. Arm – Óglaigh na hÉireann — use on the official website of the Irish Defence Forces, retrieved 29 November 2006.
  11. From 1922 to 1937, this state was the Irish Free State, and since 1937 was Ireland or Éire. The Irish Government passed an act in 1948 under which the name Republic of Ireland can also be used in English-language legal documents as a description of the state.
  12. Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) (aka, PIRA, "the provos," Óglaigh na hÉireann) (UK separatists) – Council on Foreign Relations. Cfr.org.
  13. Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA). Globalsecurity.org.
  14. Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
  15. "Eighth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission" (PDF). The Irish Times. January 2006. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
  16. S.I. No. 162/1939 – Unlawful Organisation (Suppression) Order, 1939. Irishstatutebook.ie (30 June 2007).
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