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| {{Infobox philosopher | |||
| | region = ] | |||
| | era = ]/] | |||
| | image = Umberto Eco 1984.jpg | |||
| | caption = Umberto Eco in 1984 | |||
| | name = Umberto Eco | |||
| | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|1|5}} | |||
| | birth_place = ], ], Italy | |||
| | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|2|19|1932|1|5}} | |||
| | death_place = ], ], Italy | |||
| | alma_mater = ] | |||
| | school_tradition = ] | |||
| | main_interests = ] | |||
| | notable_ideas = The "open work" (''opera aperta''), the "intention of the reader" ("intentio lectoris"), the "limits" of interpretation | |||
| | influences = ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
| | influenced = | |||
| | signature = Umberto Eco signature.svg | |||
| | spouse = Renate Ramge (2 children) | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Semiotics}} | |||
| '''Umberto Eco''' <small>]</small> ({{IPA-it|umˈbɛrto ˈɛːko|lang}}; 5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian ], ]ist, ], ] and ]. He is best known for his groundbreaking 1980 ] novel ''Il nome della rosa'' ('']''), an intellectual mystery combining ] in ], ] analysis, medieval studies and ]. He later wrote other novels, including ''Il pendolo di Foucault'' ('']'') and ''L'isola del giorno prima'' ('']''). His novel ''Il cimitero di Praga'' ('']''), released in 2010, was a ]. | |||
| Eco also wrote academic texts, children's books and essays. He was founder of the Dipartimento di Comunicazione (Department of Media Studies) at the ], President of the Scuola Superiore di Studi Umanistici (Graduate School for the Study of the Humanities), ], member of the ] and an honorary fellow of ]. | |||
| ==Life== | |||
| Eco was born in the city of ], in ] in northern Italy. His father, Giulio, one of thirteen children, was an accountant before the government called him to serve in three wars. During ], Umberto and his mother, Giovanna (Bisio), moved to a small village in the Piedmontese mountainside.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/topics/umberto-eco|title=Umberto Eco Biography|work=eNotes}}</ref> Eco received a ] education and made references to the order and its founder in his works and interviews.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.sdb.ph/sdb4/N7/20040644ENG.doc|title=Don Bosco in Umberto Eco's latest book|journal=N7: News publication for the Salesian community|page=4|date=June 2004|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090306042413/http://www.sdb.ph/sdb4/N7/20040644ENG.doc|archivedate=6 March 2009}}</ref> His family name is supposedly an acronym of ''ex caelis oblatus'' (from Latin: a gift from the heavens), which was given to his grandfather (a ]) by a city official.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco_biography.html|title=A Short Biography of Umberto Eco|accessdate=22 March 2004|publisher=The modern world}}</ref> | |||
| Umberto's father urged him to become a lawyer, but he entered the ] to take up medieval philosophy and literature, writing his thesis on ] and earning a ] in ] in 1954. During his university studies, Eco stopped believing in God and left the ].<ref name="Time05">{{Citation|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1069054-2,00.html|title=A Resounding Eco|newspaper=Time|date=13 June 2005|quote=His new book touches on politics, but also on faith. Raised Catholic, Eco has long since left the church. ‘Even though I'm still in love with that world, I stopped believing in God in my 20s after my doctoral studies on St. Thomas Aquinas. You could say he miraculously cured me of my faith,…’}}</ref><ref name="Liukkonen03">{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ueco.htm|title=Umberto Eco|website=Books and Writers ''(kirjasto.sci.fi)''|first=Petri|last=Liukkonen|publisher=] Public Library|location=Finland|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ueco.htm|archivedate=10 February 2015|dead-url=yes}}</ref> After that, Eco worked as a cultural editor for the state broadcasting station ] (RAI) and lectured at the University of Turin (1956–1964). A group of ] artists, painters, musicians and writers, whom he had befriended at RAI (Gruppo 63), became an important and influential component in Eco's writing career. This was especially true after the publication of his first book in 1956, ''Il problema estetico in San Tommaso'', which was an extension of his Laurea thesis. This also marked the beginning of his lecturing career at his ]. | |||
| In September 1962 he married Renate Ramge, a German art teacher with whom he had a son and a daughter. | |||
| He divided his time between an apartment in ] and a vacation house near ]. He had a 30,000 volume ] in the former and a 20,000 volume library in the latter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3642577/Heavyweight-champion.html|title=Heavyweight champion|accessdate=23 October 2009|last=Farndale|first=Nigel|date=24 May 2005|publisher=]}}</ref> He was a visiting professor at ] several times in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1992–1993 Eco was the Norton professor at ]. On 8 May 1993, Eco received an honorary ] (D.H.L.) from ] in recognition of his over fifteen-year association with the university's Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies. Six books that were authored, co-authored, or co-edited by Eco were published by the Indiana University Press. He frequently collaborated with his friend ], semiotician and Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at Indiana University. On 23 May 2002, Eco received an honorary ] (D.Litt.) from ] in ], ]. In 2009, the ] in Serbia awarded him an ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php|publisher=University of Belgrade|title=Honorary Doctors|location=Serbia|accessdate=11 June 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20120503231449/http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php|archivedate=3 May 2012}}</ref> Eco was a member of the Italian skeptic organization ''Comitato Italiano per il Controllo delle Affermazioni sulle Pseudoscienze'' (Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims of the Pseudosciences) ].<ref name="GuardianNaples2005">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/06/worlddispatch.italy|title=No blood, sweat or tears|first=Barbara|last=McMahon|newspaper=]|date=6 October 2005|accessdate=28 July 2009}}</ref> | |||
| Eco died at his Milanese home of ],<ref>{{cite news|title=Umberto Eco stroncato da un tumore al pancreas. Martedì omaggio al Castello Sforzesco|url=http://spettacoliecultura.ilmessaggero.it/libri/umberto_eco_tumore_pancreas_omaggio_castello_sforzesco-1563954.html|accessdate=20 February 2016|publisher=Il Messaggero|date=20 February 2016|language=Italian}}</ref> from which he had been suffering for two years, on the night of 19 February 2016.<ref name="Death">{{cite news|last = Gerino|first = Claudio|title = Morto lo scrittore Umberto Eco. Ci mancherà il suo sguardo sul mondo|newspaper = ]|language = it|publisher = ]|date = 19 February 2016|url = http://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2016/02/20/news/morto_lo_scrittore_umberto_eco-133816061/|access-date = 19 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-italy-eco-idUKKCN0VT037|title=Umberto Eco, Italian author of 'The Name of the Rose,' dies at 84 |author=|date=20 February 2015|work=]|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> At the time of his death at the age of 84, he was a professor emeritus at the ], a position that he had held since 2008.<ref name="Death"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/feb/20/italian-author-umberto-eco-dies-aged-84|title=Italian author Umberto Eco dies aged 84|date=20 February 2016|work=The Guardian|accessdate=20 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="D">{{cite news|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/02/umberto-eco-dies/470235 |title=Remembering Umberto Eco|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> | |||
| {{wikinews|Italian writer Umberto Eco dies, age 84}} | |||
| ==Professional and academic activity== | |||
| ===Studies on medieval aesthetics=== | |||
| In 1959 Eco published his second book, ''Sviluppo dell'estetica medievale'' (''The Development of Medieval Aesthetics''), on ]. After 18 months' military service in the ], he left RAI in 1959 to become the senior non-fiction editor of the ] publishing house in Milan, a position he occupied until 1975. | |||
| ===Literary criticism=== | |||
| Eco began seriously developing his ideas on the "open" text and on semiotics, writing many essays on these subjects, and in 1962 he published ''Opera aperta'' (translated into English as "The Open Work"). In it, Eco argued that literary texts are fields of meaning, rather than strings of meaning, that they are understood as open, internally dynamic and psychologically engaged fields. Literature which limits one's potential understanding to a single, unequivocal line, the ''closed text'', remains the least rewarding, while texts that are the most active between mind, society and life (]s) are the liveliest and best—although valuation terminology is not his primary focus. Eco came to these positions through study of language and from semiotics, rather than from psychology or historical analysis (as did theorists such as ], on the one hand, and ], on the other). | |||
| ===Studies on media culture=== | |||
| Eco's short 1961 essay "]" ("Phenomenology of ]", on the most popular ] host in Italy) received much notoriety among the general public and has drawn endless questions by journalists at every public appearance by Eco; the essay was later included in the collection ''Diario minimo'' (1963). His book ''Apocalittici e integrati'' (1964) analyzes the phenomenon of mass communication from a sociological perspective. | |||
| In 1967 he gave the influential<ref>{{cite book|last=Strangelove|first=Michael|date=2005|title=The Empire of Mind: Digital Piracy and the Anti-Capitalist Movement|publisher=University of Toronto Press|pages=104–5|isbn=0802038182}}</ref> lecture "Towards a Semiological Guerrilla Warfare", which coined the influential term "]," and influenced the theorization of guerrilla tactics against ] ], such as ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} Among the expressions used in the essay are "communications guerrilla warfare" and "cultural guerrilla."<ref name="Eco67Guerrilla">Eco (1967)</ref><ref name="Bondanella05">Bondanella (2005) pp. 53, 88–9.</ref> The essay was later included in Eco's book '']''. | |||
| In 2012, Eco and ] published a book of conversations on the future of information carriers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/27/end-book-eco-carriere-review|title=This is Not the End of the Book by Umberto Eco and Jean-Claude Carrière – review|last=Clee|first=Nicholas|date=27 May 2012|work=]|accessdate=21 February 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ===Semiotics=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Eco founded and developed one of the most important approaches in contemporary semiotics, usually referred to as interpretative semiotics. The main books in which he elaborates his theory are ''La struttura assente'' (1968; literally: ''The Absent Structure''), ''A Theory of Semiotics'' (1975), ''The Role of the Reader'' (1979), ''Semiotics and Philosophy of Language'' (1984), ''The Limits of Interpretation'' (1990), '']'' (1997), and ''From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation'' (2014). | |||
| Eco co-founded '']'' (known as ''VS ''among Italian academics), an influential semiotic journal. ''VS'' has become an important publication platform for many scholars whose work is related to signs and signification. The journal's foundation and activities have contributed to the growing influence of semiotics as an academic field in its own right, both in Italy and in the rest of Europe. Most of the well-known European semioticians, including Eco, ], ], and ], as well as philosophers and linguists like ] and ], have published original articles in ''VS''. His work with Serbian and Russian scholars and writers included thought on ] and a meeting with ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Genis|first1=Daniel|title=Driving Umberto Eco|url=http://airshipdaily.com/blog/10172014-umberto-eco-writer-writing|website=www.airshipdaily.com|accessdate=2 May 2015}}</ref> | |||
| ===Anthropology=== | |||
| In 1988, at the University of Bologna, Eco created an unusual program called ''Anthropology of the West'' from the perspective of non-Westerners (African and Chinese scholars), as defined by their own criteria. Eco developed this transcultural international network based on the idea of ] in ]. The Bologna program resulted in a first conference in ], in 1991 entitled "Frontiers of Knowledge." The first event was soon followed by an Itinerant Euro-Chinese seminar on "Misunderstandings in the Quest for the Universal" along the silk trade route from ] to Beijing. The latter culminated in a book entitled ''The Unicorn and the Dragon'',<ref>''The Unicorn and the Dragon'', Le Pichon, Alain; Yue Dayun (eds.) (1996), Beijing University Press. (bilingual French/English edition)</ref> which discussed the question of the creation of knowledge in China and in Europe. Scholars contributing to this volume were from China, including ], Wang Bin and ], as well as from Europe: ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://carbon.ucdenver.edu/~mryder/itc/eco/intro.html|title=A Conversation on Information|type=interview|first=Patrick|last=Coppock|date=February 1995|publisher=UC|place=Denver}}</ref> | |||
| In 2000 a seminar in ], ], was followed up with another gathering in Bologna to reflect on the conditions of reciprocal knowledge between East and West. This in turn gave rise to a series of conferences in ], ] and ], culminating in Beijing in 2007. The topics of the Beijing conference were "Order and Disorder","New Concepts of War and Peace", "Human Rights" and "Social Justice and Harmony". Eco presented the opening lecture. Among those giving presentations were anthropologists ], ], and ] from India, Moussa Sow from Africa, ] and ] from Europe, ] from Korea, and ] and ] from China. Also on the program were scholars from the fields of law and science including ], ] and ].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/665/bo3.htm|title=Vegetal and mineral memory|date=November 2003|publisher=Ahgram|place=EG}} Considers, among other things, ]s.</ref> Eco's interest in East-West dialogue to facilitate international communication and understanding also correlates with his related interest in the international auxiliary language ]. | |||
| ==Style and works== | |||
| ===Themes=== | |||
| Eco's fiction has enjoyed a wide audience around the world, with many translations. His novels are full of subtle, often multilingual, references to literature and history. Eco's work illustrates the concept of ], or the inter-connectedness of all literary works. Eco cited ] and ] as the two modern authors who have influenced his work the most.<ref>Eco (2006) ''On Literature'' Vintage</ref> | |||
| ===Selected narrative works=== | |||
| Eco employed his education as a medievalist in his first novel '']'' (1980), a historical mystery set in a 14th-century monastery. Franciscan friar ], aided by his assistant Adso, a ] ], investigates a series of murders at a monastery that is to host an important religious debate. The novel contains many direct or indirect ] references to other sources, requiring the detective work of the reader to 'solve'. The title is unexplained in the book. As a symbol, the rose is ubiquitous enough to not confer any single meaning.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eco|first=Umberto|title=Reflections on The Name of the Rose|year=1985|publisher=Martin Secker & Warburg Limited|location=London|others=W. Weaver (trans.)|language=English, translated from Italian.}}</ref> There is a tribute to ], a major influence on Eco, in the blind monk and librarian Jorge of Burgos: Borges, like the character Jorge, lived a celibate life consecrated to his passion for books, and also went blind in later life. ] is a logically-minded Englishman who is a monk and a detective, and his name evokes both ] and ] (by way of '']''); several passages describing him are strongly reminiscent of ]'s descriptions of Holmes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eco|first=Umberto|title=The Name of the Rose|year=1986|publisher=Warner Books|location=New York|isbn=0-446-34410-9|pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Doyle|first=Arthur Conan|title=Sherlock Holmes: The Complete Novels and Stories Vol 1|year=2003|publisher=Bantam Books|location=New York|isbn=0-553-21241-9|pages=11}}</ref> The underlying mystery of the murder is borrowed from the "]". ''The Name of the Rose'' was later made into ] starring ], ], ] and ], which employs the plot, but, not the philosophical and historical themes from the novel. | |||
| In '']'' (1988), three under-employed editors who work for a minor publishing house decide to amuse themselves by inventing a conspiracy theory. Their conspiracy, which they call "The Plan", is about an immense and intricate plot to take over the world by a secret order descended from the ]. As the game goes on, the three slowly become obsessed with the details of this plan. The game turns dangerous when outsiders learn of The Plan, and believe that the men have really discovered the secret to regaining the lost treasure of the Templars. | |||
| '']'' (1994) was Eco's third novel. The book, set in the seventeenth century, is about a man ] on a ship within sight of an island which he believes is on the other side of the international date-line. The main character is trapped by his inability to swim and instead spends the bulk of the book reminiscing on his life and the adventures that brought him to be marooned. | |||
| '']'' was published in 2000. Baudolino is a knight who saves the Byzantine historian ] during the sack of Constantinople in the ]. Claiming to be an accomplished liar, he confides his history, from his childhood as a peasant lad endowed with a vivid imagination, through his role as adopted son of ], to his mission to visit the mythical realm of ]. Throughout his retelling, Baudolino brags of his ability to swindle and tell tall tales, leaving the historian (and the reader) unsure of just how much of his story was a lie. | |||
| '']'' (2005) is about Giambattista Bodoni, an old bookseller specializing in antiques who emerges from a coma with only some memories to recover his past. Bodoni is pressed to make a very difficult choice, one between his past and his future. He must either abandon his past to live his future or regain his past and sacrifice his future. | |||
| '']'', Eco's sixth novel, was published in 2010. It is the story of a secret agent who "weaves plots, conspiracies, intrigues and attacks, and helps determine the historical and political fate of the European Continent." The book is a narrative of the rise of Modern-day ], by way of the ], ] and other important 19th century events which gave rise to hatred and hostility toward the ] people. | |||
| '']'' was published in 2015. Set in 1992 and narrated by Colonna, a hack journalist working on a Milan newspaper, it offers a satire of Italy's kickback and bribery culture<ref>Ian Thomson, Evening Standard, 12 November 2015.</ref> as well as, among many things, the legacy of ]. | |||
| ==Selected bibliography== | |||
| {{Refbegin|2}} | |||
| {{Main|Bibliography of Umberto Eco}} | |||
| ===Novels=== | |||
| *''Il nome della rosa'' (1980; English translation: '']'', 1983) | |||
| *''Il pendolo di Foucault'' (1988; English translation: '']'', 1989) | |||
| *''L'isola del giorno prima'' (1994; English translation: '']'', 1995) | |||
| *''Baudolino'' (2000; English translation: '']'', 2001) | |||
| *''La misteriosa fiamma della regina Loana'' (2004; English translation: '']'', 2005) | |||
| *''Il cimitero di Praga'' (2010; English translation: '']'', 2011) | |||
| *''Numero zero'' (2015; English translation: '']'', 2015) | |||
| ===Non-fiction books=== | |||
| *''La ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea'', 1993(]) | |||
| *''Il problema estetico in San Tommaso'' (1956 – English translation: ''The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas'', 1988, revised) | |||
| *"Sviluppo dell'estetica medievale", in ''Momenti e problemi di storia dell'estetica'' (1959 – '']'', 1985) | |||
| *''Opera aperta'' (1962, rev. 1976 – English translation: ''The Open Work'' (1989) | |||
| *''Diario Minimo'' (1963 – English translation: ''Misreadings'', 1993) | |||
| *''Apocalittici e integrati'' (1964 – Partial English translation: ''Apocalypse Postponed'', 1994) | |||
| *''Le poetiche di Joyce'' (1965 – English translations: ''The Middle Ages of James Joyce'', ''The Aesthetics of Chaosmos'', 1989) | |||
| *''La Struttura Assente'' (1968 – ''The Absent Structure'') | |||
| *''Il costume di casa'' (1973 – English translation: '']: Travels in Hyperreality'', 1986) | |||
| *''Trattato di semiotica generale'' (1975 – English translation: ''A Theory of Semiotics'', 1976) | |||
| *''Il Superuomo di massa'' (1976) | |||
| *''Dalla periferia dell'impero'' (1977) | |||
| *''Lector in fabula'' (1979) | |||
| *''A semiotic Landscape. Panorama sémiotique''. Proceedings of the Ist Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Den Haag, Paris, New York: Mouton (=Approaches to Semiotics, 29) (with Seymour Chatman and ]). | |||
| *''The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts'' (1979 – English edition containing essays from ''Opera aperta'', ''Apocalittici e integrati'', ''Forme del contenuto'' (1971), ''Il Superuomo di massa'', ''Lector in Fabula''). | |||
| *''Sette anni di desiderio'' (1983) | |||
| *''Postille al nome della rosa'' (1983 – English translation: ''Postscript to The Name of the Rose'', 1984) | |||
| *''Semiotica e filosofia del linguaggio'' (1984 – English translation: ''Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language'', 1984) | |||
| *''De Bibliotheca'' (1986 – in Italian and French) | |||
| *''Lo strano caso della Hanau 1609'' (1989 – French translation: ''L'Enigme de l'Hanau 1609'', 1990) | |||
| *''I limiti dell'interpretazione'' (1990 – ''The Limits of Interpretation'', 1990) | |||
| *''Interpretation and Overinterpretation'' (1992 – with R. Rorty, J. Culler, C. Brooke-Rose; edited by S. Collini) | |||
| *''La ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea'' (1993 – English translation: ''] (The Making of Europe)'', 1995) | |||
| *'']'' (1994) | |||
| *''Incontro – Encounter – Rencontre'' (1996 – in Italian, English, French) | |||
| *''In cosa crede chi non crede?'' (with ]), 1996 – English translation: '']: A Dialogue'', 2000) | |||
| *''Cinque scritti morali'' (1997 – English translation: ''Five Moral Pieces'', 2001) | |||
| *''Kant e l'ornitorinco'' (1997 – English translation: '']'', 1999) | |||
| *'']: Language and Lunacy'' (1998) | |||
| *''How to Travel with a Salmon & Other Essays'' (1998 – Partial English translation of ''Il secondo diario minimo'', 1994) | |||
| *''La bustina di Minerva'' (1999) | |||
| *''Experiences in Translation'', ] (2000) | |||
| *''Sulla letteratura'', (2003 – English translation by ]: ''On Literature'', 2004) | |||
| *''Mouse or Rat?: Translation as negotiation'' (2003) | |||
| *''Storia della bellezza'' (2004, co-edited with Girolamo de Michele – English translation: ''History of Beauty''/''On Beauty'', 2004) | |||
| *''A passo di gambero. Guerre calde e populismo mediatico'' (Bompiani, 2006 – English translation: ''Turning Back the Clock: Hot Wars and Media Populism'', 2007, Alastair McEwen) | |||
| *''Storia della bruttezza'' (Bompiani, 2007 – English translation: ''On Ugliness'', 2007) | |||
| *''Dall'albero al labirinto: studi storici sul segno e l'interpretazione'' (Bompiani, 2007 – English translation: "From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation", 2014, Anthony Oldcorn) | |||
| *''La Vertigine della Lista'' (Rizzoli, 2009) – English translation: '']'' | |||
| *''Costruire il nemico e altri scritti occasionali'' (Bompiani, 2011) – English translation by Richard Dixon: ''Inventing the Enemy'' (2012) | |||
| *''Storia delle terre e dei luoghi leggendari'' (Bompiani, 2013) – English translation by Alastair McEwen: ''The Book of Legendary Lands'' (2013) | |||
| ===Anthologies=== | |||
| *{{Citation | |||
| | editor-last=Eco | |||
| | editor-first=Umberto | |||
| | editor-link=Umberto Eco | |||
| | editor2-last=Sebeok | |||
| | editor2-first=Thomas A. | |||
| | editor2-link=Thomas Sebeok | |||
| | publication-date=1984 | |||
| | title=The Sign of Three: Dupin, Holmes, Peirce | |||
| | publisher=''History Workshop'', Indiana University Press | |||
| | publication-place=Bloomington, IN | |||
| | isbn=978-0-253-35235-4}} | |||
| Ten essays on methods of ] inference in ]'s ], ]'s ], ] and many others, 236 pages. | |||
| ===Books for children=== | |||
| (Art by Eugenio Carmi) | |||
| *''La bomba e il generale'' (1966, Rev. 1988 – English translation: ''The Bomb and the General'' Harcourt Children's Books (J); 1st edition (February 1989) ISBN 978-0152097004) | |||
| *''I tre cosmonauti'' (1966 – English translation: ''The Three Astronauts'' Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd; First edition (3 April 1989) ISBN 978-0436140945) | |||
| *''Gli gnomi di Gnu'' (1992 – English translation: ''The Gnomes of Gnu'' Bompiani; 1. ed edition (1992) ISBN 978-8845218859) | |||
| {{Refend}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons|Umberto Eco}} | |||
| {{Wikiquote|Umberto Eco}} | |||
| * | |||
| *: An extensive Umberto Eco resource. | |||
| * – wiki annotation guide to Eco's works | |||
| *{{cite journal|url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5856/the-art-of-fiction-no-197-umberto-eco|title=Umberto Eco, The Art of Fiction No. 197|work=Paris Review|date=Summer 2008|author=Lila Azam Zanganeh| authorlink=Lila Azam Zanganeh}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * interview by Susanne Beyer and Lothar Gorris. | |||
| *{{C-SPAN|Umberto Eco}} | |||
| {{Umberto Eco}} | |||
| {{Navboxes | |||
| |title=Awards received by Umberto Eco | |||
| |list1= | |||
| {{Bancarella Prize}} | |||
| {{Strega Prize}} | |||
| {{Austrian State Prize for European Literature}} | |||
| {{The VIZE 97 Prize}} | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Portal bar|Italy|Literature|Linguistics|Philosophy|Biography}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Eco, Umberto}} | |||
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| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||