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	\| caption = Hertha Ayrton		\| caption = Hertha Ayrton
	\| birth_name = Phoebe Sarah Marks		\| birth_name = Phoebe Sarah Marks
	\| birth_date = {{birth date\|1854\|4\|28~~\|df=y~~}}		\| birth_date = {{birth date\|df=yes\|1854\|4\|28}}
	\| birth_place = ], ], United Kingdom		\| birth_place = ], Hampshire, United Kingdom
	\| death_date = {{death date and age\|1923\|8\|23\|1854\|4\|28~~\|df=y~~}}		\| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1923\|8\|23\|1854\|4\|28}}
	\| death_place = ], ], United Kingdom		\| death_place = ], Sussex, United Kingdom
	\| death_cause =		\| death_cause =
	\| residence =		\| residence =
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	\| known_for =		\| known_for =
	\| education = ]		\| education = ]
	\| occupation = ], ], ], ]		\| occupation = Engineer, mathematician, ], ]
	\| ethnicity =		\| ethnicity =
	\| nationality = ]		\| nationality = British
	\| title =		\| title =
	\| salary =		\| salary =
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	\| awards = ] (1906)		\| awards = ] (1906)
	}}		}}
	'''Phoebe Sarah Hertha Ayrton''' (28 April 1854 – 23 August 1923), was a British ], ], ], and ]. Known in adult life as '''Hertha Ayrton''', born Phoebe Sarah Marks, she was awarded the ] by the ] for her work on ]s and ripples in sand and water.		'''Phoebe Sarah Hertha Ayrton''' (28 April 1854 – 23 August 1923), was a British engineer, mathematician, ], and ]. Known in adult life as '''Hertha Ayrton''', born Phoebe Sarah Marks, she was awarded the ] by the ] for her work on ]s and ripples in sand and water.

	== Early life and education ==		== Early life and education ==

	Hertha Ayrton was born Phoebe Sarah Marks in ], ], ], on 28 April 1854. She was the third child of a ] watchmaker named Levi Marks, an immigrant from ]; and Alice Theresa Moss, a ], the daughter of Joseph Moss, a glass merchant of Portsea.<ref name="JWA Encyc Ayrton">{{Cite encyclopedia		Hertha Ayrton was born Phoebe Sarah Marks in ], Hampshire, England, on 28 April 1854. She was the third child of a ] watchmaker named Levi Marks, an immigrant from ]; and Alice Theresa Moss, a ], the daughter of Joseph Moss, a glass merchant of Portsea.<ref name="JWA Encyc Ayrton">{{Cite encyclopedia
	\|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/ayrton-hertha-marks		\|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/ayrton-hertha-marks
	\|title=Hertha Ayrton		\|title=Hertha Ayrton
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	\|isbn=0-262-15031-X\|edition=3rd}}</ref> Her cousins introduced Ayrton to science and mathematics. By age 16, she was working as a ].		\|isbn=0-262-15031-X\|edition=3rd}}</ref> Her cousins introduced Ayrton to science and mathematics. By age 16, she was working as a ].

	Ayrton attended ], ], where she studied mathematics and was coached by physicist ]. ] supported Ayrton's application to Girton College. Eliot was writing her novel '']'' at the time. One of the novel's characters, Mirah, was said{{by whom\|date=April 2016}} to be based on Ayrton, but this is not accepted as fact.<ref name="IET Ayrton Bio"/> During her time at Cambridge, Ayrton constructed a ], led the choral society, founded the Girton ], and, together with ], formed a mathematical club.<ref name=oxdnb/> In 1880, Ayrton passed the ], but Cambridge did not grant her an ] because, at the time, Cambridge gave only certificates and not full degrees to women. Ayrton passed an external examination at the ], which awarded her a ] degree in 1881.<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton">{{cite web		Ayrton attended ], Cambridge, where she studied mathematics and was coached by physicist ]. ] supported Ayrton's application to Girton College. Eliot was writing her novel '']'' at the time. One of the novel's characters, Mirah, was said{{by whom\|date=April 2016}} to be based on Ayrton, but this is not accepted as fact.<ref name="IET Ayrton Bio"/> During her time at Cambridge, Ayrton constructed a ], led the choral society, founded the Girton ], and, together with ], formed a mathematical club.<ref name=oxdnb/> In 1880, Ayrton passed the ], but Cambridge did not grant her an ] because, at the time, Cambridge gave only certificates and not full degrees to women. Ayrton passed an external examination at the ], which awarded her a Bachelor of Science degree in 1881.<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton">{{cite web
	\|last=Riddle\|first=Larry		\|last=Riddle\|first=Larry
	\|title=Hertha Marks Ayrton		\|title=Hertha Marks Ayrton
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	== Mathematics and electrical engineering work ==		== Mathematics and electrical engineering work ==

	Upon her return to London, Ayrton earned money by teaching and embroidery, ran a club for working girls, and cared for her invalid sister.<ref name=oxdnb/> She also put her mathematical skills to practical use – she taught at Notting Hill and Ealing High School, and was also active in devising and solving mathematical problems, many of which were published in "Mathematical Questions and Their Solutions" from the ''Educational Times''. In 1884 Ayrton patented a line-divider, an engineering drawing instrument for dividing a line into any number of equal parts and for enlarging and reducing figures.<ref name="JWA Encyc Ayrton"/><ref name=oxdnb/> The line-divider was her first major invention and, while its primary use was likely for artists for enlarging and diminishing, it was also useful to architects and engineers. Ayrton's patent application was financially supported by ] and feminist ], who together advanced her enough money to take out patents; the invention was shown at the Exhibition of ~~Women’s~~ Industries and received much press attention. Ayrton's 1884 patent was the first of many – from 1884 until her death, Hertha registered 26 patents: five on mathematical dividers, 13 on arc lamps and electrodes, the rest on the propulsion of air.		Upon her return to London, Ayrton earned money by teaching and embroidery, ran a club for working girls, and cared for her invalid sister.<ref name=oxdnb/> She also put her mathematical skills to practical use – she taught at Notting Hill and Ealing High School, and was also active in devising and solving mathematical problems, many of which were published in "Mathematical Questions and Their Solutions" from the ''Educational Times''. In 1884 Ayrton patented a line-divider, an engineering drawing instrument for dividing a line into any number of equal parts and for enlarging and reducing figures.<ref name="JWA Encyc Ayrton"/><ref name=oxdnb/> The line-divider was her first major invention and, while its primary use was likely for artists for enlarging and diminishing, it was also useful to architects and engineers. Ayrton's patent application was financially supported by ] and feminist ], who together advanced her enough money to take out patents; the invention was shown at the Exhibition of Women's Industries and received much press attention. Ayrton's 1884 patent was the first of many – from 1884 until her death, Hertha registered 26 patents: five on mathematical dividers, 13 on arc lamps and electrodes, the rest on the propulsion of air.

	In 1884 Ayrton began attending evening classes on electricity at Finsbury Technical College, delivered by ], a pioneer in ] and ] education and a fellow of the ]. On 6 May 1885 she married her former teacher, and thereafter assisted him with experiments in physics and electricity.<ref name=oxdnb/> She also began her own investigation into the characteristics of the electric arc.<ref name="IET Ayrton Bio"/>		In 1884 Ayrton began attending evening classes on electricity at Finsbury Technical College, delivered by ], a pioneer in ] and ] education and a fellow of the ]. On 6 May 1885 she married her former teacher, and thereafter assisted him with experiments in physics and electricity.<ref name=oxdnb/> She also began her own investigation into the characteristics of the electric arc.<ref name="IET Ayrton Bio"/>
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	\|work=The Repository		\|work=The Repository
	\|publisher=Royal Society \|location=London		\|publisher=Royal Society \|location=London
	\|access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> However, in 1904, she became the first woman to read a paper before the Royal Society when she was allowed to read her paper "The Origin and Growth of Ripple Marks" and this was later published in the ].<ref name=Ogilvie/><ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/><ref>{{cite journal		\|access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> However, in 1904, she became the first woman to read a paper before the Royal Society when she was allowed to read her paper "The Origin and Growth of Ripple Marks" and this was later published in the ].<ref name=Ogilvie/><ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/><ref>{{cite journal
	\|first=Hertha \|last=Ayrton		\|first=Hertha \|last=Ayrton
	\|date=21 October 1910		\|date=21 October 1910
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	\|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London		\|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
	\|series= A \|volume=84 \|issue=571 \|pages=285–310 \|DOI=10.1098/rspa.1910.0076 \|jstor=93297		\|series= A \|volume=84 \|issue=571 \|pages=285–310 \|DOI=10.1098/rspa.1910.0076 \|jstor=93297
	\|access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> In 1906, she was awarded the Royal Society's prestigious ] "for her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples."<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/> She was the fifth recipient of this prize, awarded annually since 1902, in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications, and as of 2015, one of only two women so honoured,<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/> the other being ] in 2008.<ref></ref>		\|access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> In 1906, she was awarded the Royal Society's prestigious ] "for her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples."<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/> She was the fifth recipient of this prize, awarded annually since 1902, in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications, and as of 2015, one of only two women so honoured,<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/> the other being ] in 2008.<ref></ref>

	== Later life and research ==		== Later life and research ==

	Ayrton delivered papers on the subject again before the Royal Society in 1908 and 1911; she also presented the results of her research before audiences at the ] and the ]. Ayrton's interest in vortices in water and air inspired the Ayrton fan, or flapper, used in the trenches in the First World War to dispel poison gas. Ayrton fought for its acceptance and ~~organized~~ its production, over 100,000 being used on the Western Front.<ref name=oxdnb/>		Ayrton delivered papers on the subject again before the Royal Society in 1908 and 1911; she also presented the results of her research before audiences at the ] and the ]. Ayrton's interest in vortices in water and air inspired the Ayrton fan, or flapper, used in the trenches in the First World War to dispel poison gas. Ayrton fought for its acceptance and organised its production, over 100,000 being used on the Western Front.<ref name=oxdnb/>

	Ayrton helped found the International Federation of University Women in 1919 and the National Union of Scientific Workers in 1920. She died of ] (resulting from an insect bite) on 26 August 1923 at New Cottage, North Lancing, Sussex.<ref name=oxdnb/>		Ayrton helped found the International Federation of University Women in 1919 and the National Union of Scientific Workers in 1920. She died of ] (resulting from an insect bite) on 26 August 1923 at New Cottage, North Lancing, Sussex.<ref name=oxdnb/>
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	== Personal life ==		== Personal life ==

	Hertha Ayrton was ]. In her teens she adopted the name "Hertha" after the ]ous heroine of a ] by ] that ~~criticized~~ ].<ref name="NNDB-Ayrton">{{cite web		Hertha Ayrton was agnostic. In her teens she adopted the name "Hertha" after the ]ous heroine of a ] by ] that criticised ].<ref name="NNDB-Ayrton">{{cite web
	\|title=Hertha Ayrton		\|title=Hertha Ayrton
	\|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/034/000167530/		\|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/034/000167530/
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	\|work=]}}</ref>		\|work=]}}</ref>

	In 1885, Ayrton married the widower ], a physicist and electrical engineer who was supportive of her scientific endeavours. Ayrton honoured ] by naming her first child, a daughter born in 1886, ] (1886–1950). The daughter was called "Barbie", and she later became a ~~Member~~ of ~~Parliament~~ for the ].<ref name=Ogilvie/> Her daughter's son was the artist, ].		In 1885, Ayrton married the widower ], a physicist and electrical engineer who was supportive of her scientific endeavours. Ayrton honoured ] by naming her first child, a daughter born in 1886, ] (1886–1950). The daughter was called "Barbie", and she later became a member of parliament for the ].<ref name=Ogilvie/> Her daughter's son was the artist, ].

	== Commemoration ==		== Commemoration ==

	*Two years after her death in 1923, Ayrton's lifelong friend ] endowed the Hertha Ayrton Research Fellowship at ].<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/> This fellowship continues today.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Girton College – Fellows\|url=http://www.girton.cam.ac.uk/contacts/people/fellows\|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>		*Two years after her death in 1923, Ayrton's lifelong friend ] endowed the Hertha Ayrton Research Fellowship at ].<ref name="Riddle agnesscott Ayrton"/> This fellowship continues today.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Girton College – Fellows\|url=http://www.girton.cam.ac.uk/contacts/people/fellows\|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>
	*A ] unveiled in 2007 commemorates Ayrton at 41 Norfolk Square in Paddington.<ref name='EngHet'>{{cite web		*A ] unveiled in 2007 commemorates Ayrton at 41 Norfolk Square in Paddington.<ref name='EngHet'>{{cite web
	\|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/ayrton-hertha-1854-1923		\|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/ayrton-hertha-1854-1923
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	* {{cite journal\|last=Johnson\|first=James\|title=Women Inventors and Discoverers\|journal=]\|year=1909\|pages=548–553\|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-5EEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA550&dq=hertha+ayrton}}		* {{cite journal\|last=Johnson\|first=James\|title=Women Inventors and Discoverers\|journal=]\|year=1909\|pages=548–553\|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-5EEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA550&dq=hertha+ayrton}}
	* Joan Mason (2006) in Nina Byers and Gary Williams, ed., Cambridge University Press.		* Joan Mason (2006) in Nina Byers and Gary Williams, ed., Cambridge University Press.
	* {{cite journal\|title=Hertha Ayrton — first lady of the IEE\|author=Glenis Moore\|journal=Electronics and Power\|year=1986\|volume=32\|issue=8\|pages=583\|doi=10.1049/ep.1986.0353}}		* {{cite journal\|title=Hertha Ayrton – first lady of the IEE\|author=Glenis Moore\|journal=Electronics and Power\|year=1986\|volume=32\|issue=8\|pages=583\|doi=10.1049/ep.1986.0353}}
	* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBQbKDDpX-s		* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBQbKDDpX-s

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	* Hertha Marks Ayrton in		* Hertha Marks Ayrton in
	*		*
	* Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of ~~women’s~~ intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.		* Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women's intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.

	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~October~~ ~~2012~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}

	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 21:40, 3 May 2016

Template:Google Doodle

Hertha Marks Ayrton
Hertha Ayrton
Born	Phoebe Sarah Marks (1854-04-28)28 April 1854 Portsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Died	23 August 1923(1923-08-23) (aged 69) Bexhill-on-sea, Sussex, United Kingdom
Nationality	British
Education	Girton College, Cambridge
Occupation(s)	Engineer, mathematician, physicist, inventor
Awards	Hughes Medal (1906)

Phoebe Sarah Hertha Ayrton (28 April 1854 – 23 August 1923), was a British engineer, mathematician, physicist, and inventor. Known in adult life as Hertha Ayrton, born Phoebe Sarah Marks, she was awarded the Hughes Medal by the Royal Society for her work on electric arcs and ripples in sand and water.

Early life and education

Hertha Ayrton was born Phoebe Sarah Marks in Portsea, Hampshire, England, on 28 April 1854. She was the third child of a Polish Jewish watchmaker named Levi Marks, an immigrant from Tsarist Poland; and Alice Theresa Moss, a seamstress, the daughter of Joseph Moss, a glass merchant of Portsea. Her father died in 1861, leaving Sarah's mother with seven children and an eighth expected. Sarah then took up some of the responsibility for caring for the younger children.

At the age of nine, Sarah was invited by her aunts, who ran a school in northwest London, to live with her cousins and be educated with them. She was known to her peers and teachers as a fiery, occasionally crude personality. Her cousins introduced Ayrton to science and mathematics. By age 16, she was working as a governess.

Ayrton attended Girton College, Cambridge, where she studied mathematics and was coached by physicist Richard Glazebrook. George Eliot supported Ayrton's application to Girton College. Eliot was writing her novel Daniel Deronda at the time. One of the novel's characters, Mirah, was said to be based on Ayrton, but this is not accepted as fact. During her time at Cambridge, Ayrton constructed a sphygmomanometer, led the choral society, founded the Girton fire brigade, and, together with Charlotte Scott, formed a mathematical club. In 1880, Ayrton passed the Mathematical Tripos, but Cambridge did not grant her an academic degree because, at the time, Cambridge gave only certificates and not full degrees to women. Ayrton passed an external examination at the University of London, which awarded her a Bachelor of Science degree in 1881.

Mathematics and electrical engineering work

Upon her return to London, Ayrton earned money by teaching and embroidery, ran a club for working girls, and cared for her invalid sister. She also put her mathematical skills to practical use – she taught at Notting Hill and Ealing High School, and was also active in devising and solving mathematical problems, many of which were published in "Mathematical Questions and Their Solutions" from the Educational Times. In 1884 Ayrton patented a line-divider, an engineering drawing instrument for dividing a line into any number of equal parts and for enlarging and reducing figures. The line-divider was her first major invention and, while its primary use was likely for artists for enlarging and diminishing, it was also useful to architects and engineers. Ayrton's patent application was financially supported by Louisa Goldsmid and feminist Barbara Bodichon, who together advanced her enough money to take out patents; the invention was shown at the Exhibition of Women's Industries and received much press attention. Ayrton's 1884 patent was the first of many – from 1884 until her death, Hertha registered 26 patents: five on mathematical dividers, 13 on arc lamps and electrodes, the rest on the propulsion of air.

In 1884 Ayrton began attending evening classes on electricity at Finsbury Technical College, delivered by Professor William Edward Ayrton, a pioneer in electrical engineering and physics education and a fellow of the Royal Society. On 6 May 1885 she married her former teacher, and thereafter assisted him with experiments in physics and electricity. She also began her own investigation into the characteristics of the electric arc.

In the late nineteenth century, electric arc lighting was in wide use for public lighting. The tendency of electric arcs to flicker and hiss was a major problem. In 1895, Hertha Ayrton wrote a series of articles for the Electrician, explaining that these phenomena were the result of oxygen coming into contact with the carbon rods used to create the arc. In 1899, she was the first woman ever to read her own paper before the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE). Her paper was entitled "The Hissing of the Electric Arc". Shortly thereafter, Ayrton was elected the first female member of the IEE; the next woman to be admitted to the IEE was in 1958. She petitioned to present a paper before the Royal Society but was not allowed because of her sex and "The Mechanism of the Electric Arc" was read by John Perry in her stead in 1901. Ayrton was also the first woman to win a prize from the Society, the Hughes Medal, awarded to her in 1906 in honour of her research on the motion of ripples in sand and water and her work on the electric arc. By the late nineteenth century, Ayrton's work in the field of electrical engineering was recognised more widely, domestically and internationally. At the International Congress of Women held in London in 1899, she presided over the physical science section. Ayrton also spoke at the International Electrical Congress in Paris in 1900. Her success there led the British Association for the Advancement of Science to allow women to serve on general and sectional committees.

In 1902, Ayrton published The Electric Arc, a summary of her research and work on the electric arc, with origins in her earlier articles from the Electrician published between 1895 and 1896. With this publication, her contribution to the field of electrical engineering began to be cemented. However, initially at least, Ayrton was not well received by the more prestigious and traditional scientific societies such as the Royal Society. In the aftermath of the publication of The Electric Arc, Ayrton was proposed as a Fellow of the Royal Society by renowned electrical engineer John Perry in 1902. Her application was turned down by the Council of the Royal Society, who decreed that married women were not eligible to be Fellows. However, in 1904, she became the first woman to read a paper before the Royal Society when she was allowed to read her paper "The Origin and Growth of Ripple Marks" and this was later published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. In 1906, she was awarded the Royal Society's prestigious Hughes Medal "for her experimental investigations on the electric arc, and also on sand ripples." She was the fifth recipient of this prize, awarded annually since 1902, in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications, and as of 2015, one of only two women so honoured, the other being Michele Dougherty in 2008.

Later life and research

Ayrton delivered papers on the subject again before the Royal Society in 1908 and 1911; she also presented the results of her research before audiences at the British Association and the Physical Society. Ayrton's interest in vortices in water and air inspired the Ayrton fan, or flapper, used in the trenches in the First World War to dispel poison gas. Ayrton fought for its acceptance and organised its production, over 100,000 being used on the Western Front.

Ayrton helped found the International Federation of University Women in 1919 and the National Union of Scientific Workers in 1920. She died of blood poisoning (resulting from an insect bite) on 26 August 1923 at New Cottage, North Lancing, Sussex.

Personal life

Hertha Ayrton was agnostic. In her teens she adopted the name "Hertha" after the eponymous heroine of a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne that criticised organised religion.

In 1885, Ayrton married the widower William Edward Ayrton, a physicist and electrical engineer who was supportive of her scientific endeavours. Ayrton honoured Barbara Bodichon by naming her first child, a daughter born in 1886, Barbara Bodichon Ayrton (1886–1950). The daughter was called "Barbie", and she later became a member of parliament for the Labour Party. Her daughter's son was the artist, Michael Ayrton.

Commemoration

Two years after her death in 1923, Ayrton's lifelong friend Ottilie Hancock endowed the Hertha Ayrton Research Fellowship at Girton College. This fellowship continues today.
A blue plaque unveiled in 2007 commemorates Ayrton at 41 Norfolk Square in Paddington.

In 2009, the Panasonic Trust inaugurated the Hertha Marks Ayrton Fellowship to mark the trust's 25th anniversary. Its purpose is to promote the further education of under-represented groups in the engineering profession by supporting a suitably qualified engineer to study a full-time master's degree course specifically related to sustainable development or some other environmental technology.

In 2010, a panel of female Fellows of the Royal Society and science historians selected Ayrton as voted one of the ten most influential British women in the history of science.

In 2015, the British Society for the History of Science created the Ayrton Prize prize for web projects and digital engagement in history of science. It awarded the inaugural prize to Voices of Science (http://www.bl.uk/voices-of-science), a project of the British Library.

On 28 April 2016, Google commemorated Ayrton's 162nd birthday with a Google Doodle on its homepage.

References

^ Hirsch, Pam (1 March 2009). "Hertha Ayrton". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Brookline, Massachusetts: Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ "Hertha Ayrton". Archives Biographies. Stevenage, Herts, United Kingdom: Institution of Engineering and Technology. n.d. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ Mason, Joan. "Sarah Ayrton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37136. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century (3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 0-262-15031-X.
^ Riddle, Larry (25 February 2016). "Hertha Marks Ayrton". Biographies of Women Mathematicians. Atlanta, Georgia: Agnes Scott College. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Henderson, Felicity (8 March 2012). "Hertha Ayrton and an Embarrassing Episode in the History of the Royal Society". The Repository. London: Royal Society. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Ayrton, Hertha (21 October 1910). "The Origin and Growth of Ripple-Mark". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. 84 (571): 285–310. doi:10.1098/rspa.1910.0076. JSTOR 93297. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
List of 21st century winners of the Hughes Medal
"Hertha Ayrton". NNDB. n.d. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
"Girton College – Fellows". Retrieved 17 April 2014.
"Ayrton, Hertha (1854–1923)". English Heritage. n.d. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
"Hertha Marks Ayrton Fellowship". Panasonic Trust Fellowships. London: Royal Academy of Engineering. n.d.
Royal Society (21 March 2010). "Most Influential British Women in the History of Science Selected by Panel of Female Fellows of the Royal Society and Science Historians". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
British Society for the History of Science (n.d.). "Aryton Prize". Retrieved 28 April 2016.
"Google Doodle Honors Scientist Hertha Marks Ayrton". Time. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.

External links

Hertha Marks Ayrton in CWP at UCLA
Digital copy of the Electric Arc (1902)
Project Continua: Biography of Hertha Ayrton Project Continua is a web-based multimedia resource dedicated to the creation and preservation of women's intellectual history from the earliest surviving evidence into the 21st Century.

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