| Revision as of 20:31, 3 May 2016 editAarp65 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users12,635 editsmNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 23:05, 6 June 2016 edit undoParamandyr (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers49,864 edits removed unreliable source used to write original research, Tucker, Ivan Biliarsky, Ovidiu Cristea and Anca Oroveanu, show no military operations in the Caucasus pertinent to this war.Next edit → | ||
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| {{more footnotes|date=September 2014}} | |||
| {{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| |conflict=Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) | |conflict=Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) | ||
| |image=] | |image=] | ||
| |caption= ] 1788, by |
|caption= ] 1788, by Russian painter ] | ||
| |date=1787–1792 | |date=1787–1792 | ||
| |partof= | |partof= | ||
| Line 22: | Line 21: | ||
| {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} ]<br> | {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} ]<br> | ||
| {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} ]<br> | {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} ]<br> | ||
| {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} ] | {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} ] | ||
| |strength1=100,000 | |strength1=100,000 | ||
| |strength2=? | |strength2=? | ||
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| {{Campaignbox Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792)}} | {{Campaignbox Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792)}} | ||
| {{Campaignbox Russo-Ottoman Wars}} | {{Campaignbox Russo-Ottoman Wars}} | ||
| The ''' |
The '''Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792''' involved an unsuccessful attempt by the ] to regain lands lost to ] in the course of the previous ]. It took place concomitantly with the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | In the spring of |
||
| ==Background== | |||
| In 1788, war was declared and the Russian ambassador to the Ottomans, ], was thrown into prison, but Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance, a fact of which the Ottomans became aware only when the ] were planted for the campaign. The Ottomans drove back the Austrians from ] and overran the ] (1789); but in ], Field Marshal ] captured ] and ]. After a long winter siege, ] fell to Prince ]. This news affected the Sultan, ], so deeply as to cause his death.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} | |||
| ⚫ | In the spring of 1786, ] ] through ] and the annexed ] in company with ], ].<ref>Bailey Stone, ''The Genesis of the French Revolution: A Global Historical Interpretation'', (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 134.</ref> These events, the rumors about Catherine's ]<ref>''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond'', Vol. I, ed. Timothy C. Dowling, (ABC-CLIO, 2015), 744.</ref> and the friction caused by the mutual complaints of infringements of the ], which had ended the previous war, stirred up public opinion in ], while the British and French ambassadors lent their unconditional support to the Ottoman war party. | ||
| ==War== | |||
| Accordingly, the ] was signed with Russia on 9 January 1792, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the ]. ] (] and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia, and the ] was made the frontier in Europe, while the Asiatic frontier—the ]—remained unchanged. The Ottoman generals were incompetent and the army mutinous; expeditions for the relief of ] and ] failed, ] was taken by ] of ], the supposedly impenetrable fortress of ] was captured by ] by surprise attacks using combined infantry and artillery, ] shattered the Ottoman fleet at ], ], ], and ], and the fall of ] to ] in 1791 completed the series of Ottoman disasters. | |||
| On 19 August 1787, war was declared and the Russian ambassador to the Ottomans, ], was thrown into prison,<ref>Allan Cunningham, ''Anglo-Ottoman Encounters in the Age of Revolution: Collected Essays'', Volume 1, ed. Edward Ingram, (Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, 1993), 2.</ref> but Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance.<ref name="TuckerVol3.959">''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 3, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 959.</ref> | |||
| The Ottoman Empire opened their offensive with an attack on the two fortresses near Kinburn.<ref name="TuckerVol3.959" /> Russian General Alexander Suvorov holds off these two Ottoman sea-borne attacks, securing the Crimea.<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 2, 863.</ref> While in Moldavia, Russian troops take the Ottoman cities of ] and ].<ref name="TuckerVol3.959" /> Ochakov, situated at the mouth of the Dnieper, falls on 6 Dec 1788 after a six-month siege by Prince Grigori Potemkin and Suvorov.<ref name="TuckerVol3.959" /> All civilians in the captured cities are massacred on the orders of Potemkin.<ref name="TuckerVol3.959-960">''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 3, 959-960.</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | The young Sultan ] was anxious to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his troops made this hope impossible. On 31 January 1790, ] signed an offensive treaty with the Ottoman Empire, but instead of directly joining the war with the Turkish side, Prussia pressed Sweden into ] despite ]. Russia in turn pressed ] into ]. | ||
| Although, losing ground to the Russians, the Ottoman Empire finds some success against the Austrians, led by Emperor Joseph II, in Serbia and Transylvania.<ref name="TuckerVol3.959-960" /> | |||
| ==Caucasus front== | |||
| {{unreliable sources|date=October 2015}} | |||
| By 1789, the Ottoman Empire is being pressed back in Moldavia by Russian and Austrian forces.<ref name="TuckerVol3.963">''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 3, 963.</ref> Furthering this demise, on 1 August the Russians under Suvorov score a victory against the Ottomans at Focsani, followed by a Russian victory at Rimnik on 22 September.<ref name="TuckerVol3.963" /> The Ottomans suffer more losses when the Austrians under General Gideon E. von Laudon defeat an Ottoman invasion of Bosnia and the Austrian counterattack takes Belgrade.<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 3, 964.</ref> | |||
| As in the ], fighting on the eastern front was a sideshow. Russia now had more troops in the area, but fighting was confined to the far northwest. | |||
| Due to a Greek revolt which draws off Ottoman military resources, the Ottoman Empire and Austria sign a truce which would last from July to September 1790.<ref name="TuckerVol3.965">''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 3, 965.</ref> Suvorov captures the Ottoman fortress of Ismail, located at the entrance of the Danube, in December 1790.<ref name="TuckerVol3.965" /> | |||
| By 1791, Russian concerns about Prussia entering the war, coupled with Austria's truce, leads to a peace treaty at Jassy.<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict'', Vol. 3, 966.</ref> | |||
| ==Aftermath== | |||
| Accordingly, the ] was signed on 9 January 1792, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the ]. ] (] and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia,<ref name="TuckerVol3.965" /> and the ] was made the frontier in Europe, while the Asiatic frontier—the ]—remained unchanged. | |||
| ⚫ | The young Sultan ] was anxious to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his troops made this hope impossible. On 31 January 1790, ] signed an offensive treaty with the Ottoman Empire, but instead of directly joining the war with the Turkish side, Prussia pressed Sweden into ] despite ]. Russia in turn pressed ] into ]. | ||
| <ref>This section from John F. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, 1908, Chapter III{{unreliable source?|date=October 2015}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2015}} Before 1774 the Turks dominated the Crimean Khanate and the Crimeans dominated the Nogai nomads north of the Caucasus. The Turks also held some ports on the Black Sea coast and influenced the mountaineers in the interior. With the final loss of Crimea in 1783 the main Turkish base became ] about 60 km southeast of the Kerch Strait. With the help of French engineers they turned it into a first-class fort . The Russians weakly held a line along the ] and were fighting the mountaineers under ]. The main events in the war were the following. 1. In the autumn of 1788 Tekelli marched to Anapa, saw no hope of taking it and returned to the Kuban. 2. Next January Bibikov marched on Anapa, harassed all the way by the Circassians. An attempted storm failed and he led a disastrous winter retreat. He lost between 1000 and 5000 of his 8000 men and they had to carry back 1000 sick and wounded, most of whom never recovered. 3. In 1790 Admiral ] fought a Turkish flotilla ]. 4. In the autumn of 1789 Batal Pasha landed somewhere on the coast and marched inland, gathering the tribes. The Russian response was disorganized and the full weight fell on ] who had 3600 men and six guns. It is claimed that he defeated 40000-50000 enemy with a loss of 150 men killed and wounded.<ref>Baddeley, page 51, with no footnote as to his source</ref> Batal Pasha was captured and no prisoners were taken. The remnant of the beaten army was demolished by Baron Rosen. The site of the battle later became the Cossack stanitsa of ].<ref>The sources are not very good here. Batalpashinsk is 150km from the Black Sea over 8000-foot mountains. He might have landed at Anapa and marched 400km east across flat and roadless country north of the mountains. Baddeley says that the Russians on the Laba River were unaware of his presence, which makes no sense unless he somehow crossed the mountains, which would be difficult.</ref> 6. On 22 June 1790 ] stormed Anapa. The 15000-man garrison was annihilated and the Russians lost 4000 men, about half those engaged. They captured 83 cannon and, most importantly, Sheikh Mansur. Anapa was apparently returned by the ] since it had to be re-taken in 1807 and again in 1828. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{commons category|Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)}} | |||
| * | |||
| * {{EB1911}} | |||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
Revision as of 23:05, 6 June 2016
| Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) | |||||||||
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 Siege of Ochakov 1788, by Russian painter January Suchodolski | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Russian Empire |
 Ottoman Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
 John Paul Jones |
Husayn Pasha | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 100,000 | ? | ||||||||
| Russo-Turkish Wars | |
|---|---|
| Turco-Mongol raids |
The Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to Russia in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). It took place concomitantly with the Austro-Turkish War of 1787–91.
Background
In the spring of 1786, Catherine II of Russia made a triumphal procession through New Russia and the annexed Crimea in company with her ally, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. These events, the rumors about Catherine's Greek Plan and the friction caused by the mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had ended the previous war, stirred up public opinion in Constantinople, while the British and French ambassadors lent their unconditional support to the Ottoman war party.
War
On 19 August 1787, war was declared and the Russian ambassador to the Ottomans, Yakov Bulgakov, was thrown into prison, but Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance.
The Ottoman Empire opened their offensive with an attack on the two fortresses near Kinburn. Russian General Alexander Suvorov holds off these two Ottoman sea-borne attacks, securing the Crimea. While in Moldavia, Russian troops take the Ottoman cities of Chocim and Jassy. Ochakov, situated at the mouth of the Dnieper, falls on 6 Dec 1788 after a six-month siege by Prince Grigori Potemkin and Suvorov. All civilians in the captured cities are massacred on the orders of Potemkin.
Although, losing ground to the Russians, the Ottoman Empire finds some success against the Austrians, led by Emperor Joseph II, in Serbia and Transylvania.
By 1789, the Ottoman Empire is being pressed back in Moldavia by Russian and Austrian forces. Furthering this demise, on 1 August the Russians under Suvorov score a victory against the Ottomans at Focsani, followed by a Russian victory at Rimnik on 22 September. The Ottomans suffer more losses when the Austrians under General Gideon E. von Laudon defeat an Ottoman invasion of Bosnia and the Austrian counterattack takes Belgrade.
Due to a Greek revolt which draws off Ottoman military resources, the Ottoman Empire and Austria sign a truce which would last from July to September 1790. Suvorov captures the Ottoman fortress of Ismail, located at the entrance of the Danube, in December 1790.
By 1791, Russian concerns about Prussia entering the war, coupled with Austria's truce, leads to a peace treaty at Jassy.
Aftermath
Accordingly, the Treaty of Jassy was signed on 9 January 1792, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate. Yedisan (Odessa and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia, and the Dniester was made the frontier in Europe, while the Asiatic frontier—the Kuban River—remained unchanged.
The young Sultan Selim III was anxious to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his troops made this hope impossible. On 31 January 1790, Prussia signed an offensive treaty with the Ottoman Empire, but instead of directly joining the war with the Turkish side, Prussia pressed Sweden into war against Russia despite opposition from military officers stationed in Finland. Russia in turn pressed Denmark–Norway into war against Sweden.
References
- Bailey Stone, The Genesis of the French Revolution: A Global Historical Interpretation, (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 134.
- Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond, Vol. I, ed. Timothy C. Dowling, (ABC-CLIO, 2015), 744.
- Allan Cunningham, Anglo-Ottoman Encounters in the Age of Revolution: Collected Essays, Volume 1, ed. Edward Ingram, (Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, 1993), 2.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 959.
- A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 2, 863.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 959-960.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 963.
- A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 964.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 965.
- A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 966.
- Conflicts in 1787
- Conflicts in 1788
- Conflicts in 1789
- Conflicts in 1790
- Conflicts in 1791
- Conflicts in 1792
- Russo-Turkish Wars
- Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate
- 18th century in Ukraine
- 18th century in Russia
- 18th century in the Ottoman Empire
- 1787 in the Ottoman Empire
- 1787 in Russia
- 1792 in the Ottoman Empire
- 1792 in Russia
- 1780s in the Ottoman Empire
- 1780s in Russia
- 1790s in the Ottoman Empire
- 1790s in Russia
- Military history of Ukraine
- Catherine the Great