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| ] town center after the German ] bombing raid on the morning of 1 September 1939]] | ] town center after the German ] bombing raid on the morning of 1 September 1939]] | ||
| The '''bombing of Wieluń''' refers to air raids on the Polish town of ] by the ] ] on 1 September 1939. The Luftwaffe started bombing Wieluń at |
The '''bombing of Wieluń''' refers to air raids on the Polish town of ] by the ] ] on 1 September 1939. The Luftwaffe started bombing Wieluń at 04:40, five minutes before the shelling of ], which has traditionally been considered the beginning of ]. The air raid on the town was one of the ].<ref name=commentators/> It killed an estimated 1,300 civilians, injured hundreds more and destroyed 90 per cent of the town centre. There were no military targets of any importance in the area.<ref name=nobel>{{Cite web|url=http://www.um.wielun.pl/index.php?page=nobel-peace-prize |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120415092239/http://www.um.wielun.pl/index.php?page=nobel-peace-prize |archivedate=2012-04-15|title=Nomination Letter for Nobel Peace Prize for Wieluń |work=Portal Gminy Wieluń}}</ref> The casualty rate was more than twice as high as ].<ref name=commentators>{{Cite web|first=Norman |last=Davies |authorlink=Norman Davies |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/we-must-not-forget-the-real-causes-of-the-war-1778973.html |title=We must not forget the real causes of the war |publisher=The Independent |date= 29 August 2009|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> | ||
| ==Events== | ==Events== | ||
| According to German military records, 29 ] “Stukas” of '']'' under the command of Captain ] started from ] airfield at |
According to German military records, 29 ] “Stukas” of '']'' under the command of Captain ] started from ] airfield at 05:02 on 1 September 1939.<ref name=Trenkner1>{{cite journal | last =Trenkner | first =Joachim | date =1 September 2009 | title = Ziel vernichtet| trans_title =Target destroyed | journal =Die Zeit | volume =2003 | issue =7 | series = | pages = | publisher = | location =Hamburg| pmid = | pmc = | doi = | bibcode = | oclc = | id = | url =http://www.zeit.de/2003/07/A-Wielun?page=all | language =German | format = | accessdate =4 June 2010}}</ref> Some twenty minutes later they reached the town of Wieluń unopposed and dropped 29 bombs of 500 kg and 112 bombs of 50 kg.<ref name=Trenkner1 /> Among the first places hit was the hospital, though it had ] markings;<ref>Trenkner, p. 3</ref> 26 patients and 6 nurses were killed.<ref name="Słomińska"/> The attack on the hospital was investigated by German prosecutors in 1978 and 1983, but the charges were dropped, since prosecutors felt that the pilots could not make out the nature of the target due to poor lighting conditions at dawn.<ref name=Trenkner1 /> Within the hour all 29 aircraft landed at Nieder-Ellguth, where Sigel reported "no noteworthy observation of the enemy."<ref name=Trenkner1 /> | ||
| A second wave of 29 Stukas of ] commanded by Major ] attacked the town shortly afterwards,<ref name=Trenkner1 /> followed by a third wave at about |
A second wave of 29 Stukas of ] commanded by Major ] attacked the town shortly afterwards,<ref name=Trenkner1 /> followed by a third wave at about 14:00. In all, 380 bombs totalling 46,000 kg had been dropped on the town, hitting the hospital, killing more than 1,200 inhabitants and destroying 70 per cent of the buildings, up to 90 per cent in the center.<ref name=Trenkner1 /> According to German documents the town was burning at 06:00 – "Wielun brennt" - Wieluń is burning.<ref name="Słomińska"/> | ||
| Journalist ] and ] director ] (author of German 1989 TV documentary about the bombing of Wieluń) stated in the documentary that there were no military or industrial targets in the area,<ref name="Słomińska">{{Cite web|first=Sylwia |last= Słomińska |url=http://www.historia.wielunia.webpark.pl/1wrzesnia2.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090105195335/http://www.historia.wielunia.webpark.pl/1wrzesnia2.html |archivedate=2009-01-05 |title=Wieluń, 1 września 1939 r |language=Polish}}</ref><ref name="Trenkner">{{Cite journal |last=Trenkner |first=Joachim |url=http://www.schron.szczecin.pl/files/artykul-wielun.pdf |title=Wieluń, czwarta czterdzieści |trans_title=Wieluń, four |
Journalist ] and ] director ] (author of German 1989 TV documentary about the bombing of Wieluń) stated in the documentary that there were no military or industrial targets in the area,<ref name="Słomińska">{{Cite web|first=Sylwia |last= Słomińska |url=http://www.historia.wielunia.webpark.pl/1wrzesnia2.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090105195335/http://www.historia.wielunia.webpark.pl/1wrzesnia2.html |archivedate=2009-01-05 |title=Wieluń, 1 września 1939 r |language=Polish}}</ref><ref name="Trenkner">{{Cite journal |last=Trenkner |first=Joachim |url=http://www.schron.szczecin.pl/files/artykul-wielun.pdf |title=Wieluń, czwarta czterdzieści |trans_title=Wieluń, four forty am |date=2008-08-29 |language=Polish |format=PDF file, direct download 67.9 KB}}</ref> except for a small sugar factory in the outskirts of the town. Furthermore, Trenkner stated that German bombers destroyed the town's hospital first.<ref name="Trenkner"/> | ||
| German aviation historian ] claims that a Polish cavalry brigade and a Polish infantry division had been located in the town by German reconnaissance the day before the attack. From reports of ], ], I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 76 and I./] he concludes that the bomb attacks had been directed against these military formations and |
German aviation historian ] claims that a Polish cavalry brigade and a Polish infantry division had been located in the town by German reconnaissance the day before the attack. From reports of ], ], I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 76 and I./] he concludes that the bomb attacks had been directed against these military formations and therefore can not be considered terror bombings. Due to ], he argues, the German pilots missed their targets and mistakenly bombed the town.<ref>Boog, p. 136</ref> | ||
| British aviation historian Peter C. Smith<ref name=autogenerated3>Smith, 2007. p. 23</ref> too, describes the bombing as ] from bombs that missed their targets during ground support of the ] operations.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Polish historian Jerzy B. Cynk, author of ''The Polish Air Force at War. The |
British aviation historian Peter C. Smith<ref name=autogenerated3>Smith, 2007. p. 23</ref> too, describes the bombing as ] from bombs that missed their targets during ground support of the ] operations.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Polish historian Jerzy B. Cynk, author of ''The Polish Air Force at War. The Official History 1939-1943'', is believed to have also written about these events.<ref>Cynk, p. 74. {{failed verification|date=June 2014}}</ref> | ||
| At 13:00 a ], I./StG 2 led by Major ] via ], were directed against this unit, followed a few hours later by ] with sixty ] Stukas of ''I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 77''<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Weather conditions were unfavourable during the day, with a visibility of only one kilometre and a practically closed layer of fog at 50 metres altitude.<ref name=autogenerated1>Smith, 2007. p. 20</ref> Fog, mist and poor visibility thwarted many of the Luftwaffe's sorties planned for the morning of the first day of the invasion.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The dive bombers, facing intense anti aircraft fire, inflicted heavy losses on the Polish cavalry{{When|date=June 2009}}, and the advance was turned into a rout by 90 Stukas.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> On their return home, four of the German ] bombers were shot down by the Polish ] stationed nearby.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Three waves of attacks were carried out during the day.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> The town was captured by the German Army on the first day of the invasion.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> | At 13:00 a ], I./StG 2 led by Major ] via ], were directed against this unit, followed a few hours later by ] with sixty ] Stukas of ''I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 77''<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Weather conditions were unfavourable during the day, with a visibility of only one kilometre and a practically closed layer of fog at 50 metres altitude.<ref name=autogenerated1>Smith, 2007. p. 20</ref> Fog, mist and poor visibility thwarted many of the Luftwaffe's sorties planned for the morning of the first day of the invasion.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The dive bombers, facing intense anti aircraft fire, inflicted heavy losses on the Polish cavalry{{When|date=June 2009}}, and the advance was turned into a rout by 90 Stukas.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> On their return home, four of the German ] bombers were shot down by the Polish ] stationed nearby.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Three waves of attacks were carried out during the day.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> The town was captured by the German Army on the first day of the invasion.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> | ||
Revision as of 04:07, 12 July 2016
The bombing of Wieluń refers to air raids on the Polish town of Wieluń by the German Luftwaffe on 1 September 1939. The Luftwaffe started bombing Wieluń at 04:40, five minutes before the shelling of Westerplatte, which has traditionally been considered the beginning of World War II. The air raid on the town was one of the first aerial bombings of the war. It killed an estimated 1,300 civilians, injured hundreds more and destroyed 90 per cent of the town centre. There were no military targets of any importance in the area. The casualty rate was more than twice as high as Guernica.
Events
According to German military records, 29 Junkers Ju 87B “Stukas” of Sturzkampfgeschwader 76 under the command of Captain Walter Sigel started from Nieder-Ellguth airfield at 05:02 on 1 September 1939. Some twenty minutes later they reached the town of Wieluń unopposed and dropped 29 bombs of 500 kg and 112 bombs of 50 kg. Among the first places hit was the hospital, though it had Red Cross markings; 26 patients and 6 nurses were killed. The attack on the hospital was investigated by German prosecutors in 1978 and 1983, but the charges were dropped, since prosecutors felt that the pilots could not make out the nature of the target due to poor lighting conditions at dawn. Within the hour all 29 aircraft landed at Nieder-Ellguth, where Sigel reported "no noteworthy observation of the enemy."
A second wave of 29 Stukas of Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 Immelmann commanded by Major Oskar Dinort attacked the town shortly afterwards, followed by a third wave at about 14:00. In all, 380 bombs totalling 46,000 kg had been dropped on the town, hitting the hospital, killing more than 1,200 inhabitants and destroying 70 per cent of the buildings, up to 90 per cent in the center. According to German documents the town was burning at 06:00 – "Wielun brennt" - Wieluń is burning.
Journalist Sylwia Słomińska and Sender Freies Berlin director Joachim Trenkner (author of German 1989 TV documentary about the bombing of Wieluń) stated in the documentary that there were no military or industrial targets in the area, except for a small sugar factory in the outskirts of the town. Furthermore, Trenkner stated that German bombers destroyed the town's hospital first.
German aviation historian Horst Boog claims that a Polish cavalry brigade and a Polish infantry division had been located in the town by German reconnaissance the day before the attack. From reports of Luftflotte 4, 2nd Air Division, I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 76 and I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 he concludes that the bomb attacks had been directed against these military formations and therefore can not be considered terror bombings. Due to ground fog, he argues, the German pilots missed their targets and mistakenly bombed the town. British aviation historian Peter C. Smith too, describes the bombing as collateral damage from bombs that missed their targets during ground support of the Wehrmacht operations. Polish historian Jerzy B. Cynk, author of The Polish Air Force at War. The Official History 1939-1943, is believed to have also written about these events.
At 13:00 a German dive bomber wing, I./StG 2 led by Major Oskar Dinort via Nieder-Ellguth, were directed against this unit, followed a few hours later by Günter Schwartzkopff with sixty Ju 87 Stukas of I./Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 Weather conditions were unfavourable during the day, with a visibility of only one kilometre and a practically closed layer of fog at 50 metres altitude. Fog, mist and poor visibility thwarted many of the Luftwaffe's sorties planned for the morning of the first day of the invasion. The dive bombers, facing intense anti aircraft fire, inflicted heavy losses on the Polish cavalry, and the advance was turned into a rout by 90 Stukas. On their return home, four of the German Junkers Ju 87 bombers were shot down by the Polish 36 Academic Legion Infantry Regiment stationed nearby. Three waves of attacks were carried out during the day. The town was captured by the German Army on the first day of the invasion.
See also
Notes
- ^ Davies, Norman (29 August 2009). "We must not forget the real causes of the war". The Independent. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
- "Nomination Letter for Nobel Peace Prize for Wieluń". Portal Gminy Wieluń. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15.
- ^ Trenkner, Joachim (1 September 2009). "Ziel vernichtet". Die Zeit (in German). 2003 (7). Hamburg. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Trenkner, p. 3
- ^ Słomińska, Sylwia. "Wieluń, 1 września 1939 r" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2009-01-05.
- ^ Trenkner, Joachim (2008-08-29). "Wieluń, czwarta czterdzieści" (PDF file, direct download 67.9 KB) (in Polish).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Boog, p. 136
- ^ Smith, 2007. p. 23
- Cynk, p. 74.
- ^ Smith, 2007. p. 20
References
- Boog, Horst (1 October 2002). "50. Bombardierung der polnischen Grenzstadt Wielun am 1.9.1939". In Franz Wilhelm Seidler; Alfred M. De Zayas (eds.). Kriegsverbrechen in Europa und im Nahen Osten im 20. Jahrhundert (in German). Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: E.S. Mittler. p. 136. ISBN 3-8132-0702-1.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_chapter=ignored (|trans-chapter=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Cynk, Jerzy (1998). The Polish Air Force at War. Atglen: Schiffer Pub. ISBN 978-0-7643-0559-7.
Search word - Wielun - did not match any documents.
- Smith, C. Peter. (2007). Ju 87 Stuka Volume One: Luftwaffe Ju 87 Dive-bomber Units 1939-1941. Classic Publications. ISBN 978-1-903223-69-7
Further reading
- Bekker, Cajus. (1994). The Luftwaffe War Diaries. pp. 31–3. OCLC 30353222 ISBN 978-0-306-80604-9
- Bojarska B., Zniszczenie miasta Wielunia w dniu 1 września 1939 r., „Przegląd Zachodni” 1962, nr 2.
- Kulesza W., Pierwszy był Wieluń, „Rzeczpospolita” 1999, nr 211, 9 IX 1999.
- Olejnik T., Wieluń – na pięć minut przed Westerplatte. Pierwsi zginęli cywile, „Tygodnik Powszechny” nr 35, 31 VIII 2003 r.
- Olejnik T., Wieluń. Zniszczenie miasta 1 IX 1939 r., Kępno 1979.
- Olejnik T., Wieluń – polska Guernica, das polnische Guernica, Wieluń 2004.
- Pięciak W., Wieluń 1 września 1939 r., „Tygodnik Powszechny” nr 2, 12 I 2003.
External links
- Template:Pl icon Sylwia Słomińska, September the 1st,(mirror1, mirror2)
- Template:De icon Summary of a German TV report making the case for the bombing of Wielun as a war crime
- Agence France-Presse article on the bombing, entitled "World War II: Where did combat start?", of August 18, 2009, by Jonathan Fowler
- Polish-German documentary “Hitler’s Assault – How World War Two Began”