| Revision as of 18:23, 14 May 2016 editMarcocapelle (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Page movers555,672 edits category merged per Misplaced Pages:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2016_April_29#Late_Roman_Greece_and_Anatolia← Previous edit | Revision as of 05:13, 9 August 2016 edit undo24.214.213.74 (talk) →Background: Fixed grammarTags: canned edit summary Mobile app editNext edit → | ||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| The emperor ] converted to Christianity in 312. By 325 ], a |
The emperor ] converted to Christianity in 312 and, together with his eastern counterpart ], issued the ], which granted ] and ] for persecuted Christians. By 325 ], a school of ] which contended that Christ the Word did not possess the divine essence of the Father but was rather a primordial creation and an entity subordinate to God, had become so sufficiently widespread and controversial in ] that Constantine called the ] in an attempt to end the controversy by establishing an empire-wide, i.e., "ecumenical" ]. The council produced the ] of the ], which rejected the Arian confession and upheld that Christ is "true God" and "of one essence with the Father."<ref name="EmpireBay">Williams & Friell, (1994) pp. 46–53</ref> | ||
| However, the strife within the Church did not end with Nicaea. Constantine, while urging tolerance, began to think that he had come down on the wrong side, and that the Nicenes — with their fervid persecution of Arians — were actually perpetuating strife within the Church. Constantine was not baptized until he was near death (337), choosing |
However, the strife within the Church did not end with Nicaea, and the Nicene creedal formulation remained contentious even among anti-Arian churchmen. Constantine, while urging tolerance, began to think that he had come down on the wrong side, and that the Nicenes — with their fervid, reciprocal persecution of Arians — were actually perpetuating strife within the Church. Constantine was not baptized until he was near death (337), choosing a bishop moderately sympathetic to ], ], to perform the baptism.<ref name="EmpireBay" /> | ||
| Constantine's son and successor in the |
Constantine's son and successor in the eastern empire, ] was partial to the Arian party, and even exiled pro-Nicene bishops such as ]. Constantius' successor ] (later called "The Apostate") was the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine to reject Christianity, attempting to fragment the Church and erode its influence by encouraging a revival of religious diversity, calling himself a "]" and supporting forms of ]. He championed the ] as well as Judaism, and furthermore declared toleration for all the various unorthodox Christian sects and schismatic movements. Julian's successor ], a Christian, reigned for only eight months and never entered the city of Constantinople. He was succeeded in the east by ], an Arian.<ref name="EmpireBay" /> | ||
| By 379, when Valens was succeeded by ], Arianism was widespread in the eastern |
By 379, when Valens was succeeded by ], Arianism was widespread in the eastern half of the Empire, while the west had remained steadfastly Nicene. Theodosius, who had been born in ], was himself a Nicene Christian and very devout. In August, his western counterpart ] promoted persecution of ]s in the west.<ref name="EmpireBay" /> | ||
| ==Edict== | ==Edict== | ||
Revision as of 05:13, 9 August 2016
The Edict of Thessalonica, also known as Cunctos populos, was issued on 27 February 380 AD. It ordered all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria, making Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire.
Background
The emperor Constantine I converted to Christianity in 312 and, together with his eastern counterpart Licinius, issued the Edict of Milan, which granted religious toleration and freedom for persecuted Christians. By 325 Arianism, a school of christology which contended that Christ the Word did not possess the divine essence of the Father but was rather a primordial creation and an entity subordinate to God, had become so sufficiently widespread and controversial in Early Christianity that Constantine called the Council of Nicaea in an attempt to end the controversy by establishing an empire-wide, i.e., "ecumenical" orthodoxy. The council produced the original text of the Nicene Creed, which rejected the Arian confession and upheld that Christ is "true God" and "of one essence with the Father."
However, the strife within the Church did not end with Nicaea, and the Nicene creedal formulation remained contentious even among anti-Arian churchmen. Constantine, while urging tolerance, began to think that he had come down on the wrong side, and that the Nicenes — with their fervid, reciprocal persecution of Arians — were actually perpetuating strife within the Church. Constantine was not baptized until he was near death (337), choosing a bishop moderately sympathetic to Arius, Eusebius of Nicomedia, to perform the baptism.
Constantine's son and successor in the eastern empire, Constantius II was partial to the Arian party, and even exiled pro-Nicene bishops such as Athanasius of Alexandria. Constantius' successor Julian (later called "The Apostate") was the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine to reject Christianity, attempting to fragment the Church and erode its influence by encouraging a revival of religious diversity, calling himself a "Hellene" and supporting forms of Hellenistic religion. He championed the traditional religious cultus of Rome as well as Judaism, and furthermore declared toleration for all the various unorthodox Christian sects and schismatic movements. Julian's successor Jovian, a Christian, reigned for only eight months and never entered the city of Constantinople. He was succeeded in the east by Valens, an Arian.
By 379, when Valens was succeeded by Theodosius I, Arianism was widespread in the eastern half of the Empire, while the west had remained steadfastly Nicene. Theodosius, who had been born in Hispania, was himself a Nicene Christian and very devout. In August, his western counterpart Gratian promoted persecution of heretics in the west.
Edict
The Edict of Thessalonica was jointly issued by Theodosius I, Gratian, and Valentinian II on 27 February 380. Contrary to a common tradition, the edict came before Theodosius had been baptized by the bishop Acholius of Thessalonica upon suffering a severe illness in Thessalonica.
IMPPP. GR(ATI)IANUS, VAL(ENTINI)ANUS ET THE(O)D(OSIUS) AAA. EDICTUM AD POPULUM VRB(IS) CONSTANTINOP(OLITANAE).
Cunctos populos, quos clementiae nostrae regit temperamentum, in tali volumus religione versari, quam divinum Petrum apostolum tradidisse Romanis religio usque ad nunc ab ipso insinuata declarat quamque pontificem Damasum sequi claret et Petrum Aleksandriae episcopum virum apostolicae sanctitatis, hoc est, ut secundum apostolicam disciplinam evangelicamque doctrinam patris et filii et spiritus sancti unam deitatem sub pari maiestate et sub pia trinitate credamus. Hanc legem sequentes Christianorum catholicorum nomen iubemus amplecti, reliquos vero dementes vesanosque iudicantes haeretici dogmatis infamiam sustinere ‘nec conciliabula eorum ecclesiarum nomen accipere’, divina primum vindicta, post etiam motus nostri, quem ex caelesti arbitro sumpserimus, ultione plectendos.
DAT. III Kal. Mar. THESSAL(ONICAE) GR(ATI)ANO A. V ET THEOD(OSIO) A. I CONSS.
EMPERORS GRATIAN, VALENTINIAN AND THEODOSIUS AUGUSTI. EDICT TO THE PEOPLE OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
— Codex Theodosianus, xvi.1.2
It is our desire that all the various nations which are subject to our Clemency and Moderation, should continue to profess that religion which was delivered to the Romans by the divine Apostle Peter, as it has been preserved by faithful tradition, and which is now professed by the Pontiff Damasus and by Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, a man of apostolic holiness. According to the apostolic teaching and the doctrine of the Gospel, let us believe in the one deity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, in equal majesty and in a holy Trinity. We authorize the followers of this law to assume the title of Catholic Christians; but as for the others, since, in our judgment they are foolish madmen, we decree that they shall be branded with the ignominious name of heretics, and shall not presume to give to their conventicles the name of churches. They will suffer in the first place the chastisement of the divine condemnation and in the second the punishment of our authority which in accordance with the will of Heaven we shall decide to inflict.
GIVEN IN THESSALONICA ON THE THIRD DAY FROM THE CALENDS OF MARCH, DURING THE FIFTH CONSULATE OF GRATIAN AUGUSTUS AND FIRST OF THEODOSIUS AUGUSTUS
Importance
The edict was issued under the influence of Acholius, and thus of Pope Damasus I, who had appointed him. It re-affirmed a single expression of the Apostolic Faith as legitimate in the Roman Empire, "catholic" (that is, universal) and "orthodox" (that is, correct in teaching). After the edict, Theodosius spent a great deal of energy suppressing all non-Nicene forms of Christianity, especially Arianism, and in establishing Nicene orthodoxy throughout his realm.
The edict was followed in 381 by the First Council of Constantinople, which affirmed the Nicene Symbolum and gave final form to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. In 383, the Emperor ordered the various non-Nicene sects (Arians, Anomoeans, Macedonians, and Novatians) to submit written creeds to him, which he prayerfully reviewed and then burned, save for that of the Novatians. The other sects lost the right to meet, ordain priests, or spread their beliefs. Theodosius forbade heretics to reside within Constantinople, and in 392 and 394 confiscated their places of worship.
References
- ^ Ehler, Sidney Zdeneck; Morrall, John B (1967). Church and State Through the Centuries: A Collection of Historic Documents with Commentaries. p. 6. ISBN 9780819601896.
- ^ Williams & Friell, (1994) pp. 46–53
- Codex Theodosianus XVI.1.2
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Theodosius I" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Boyd (1905), p. 45
- Boyd (1905), p. 47
- Boyd (1905), p. 50
Sources
- Boyd, William Kenneth (1905). "The Ecclesiastical Edicts of the Theodosian Code". Columbia University Press.
- Ehler, Sidney Zdeneck; Morrall, John B (1967). Church and State Through the Centuries: A Collection of Historic Documents with Commentaries. ISBN 9780819601896.
- Ferguson, Everett; McHugh, Michael P.; Norris, Frederick W. (1999). "Encyclopedia of Early Christianity". Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8153-3319-6.
- Williams, Stephen; Friell, Gerard (1994). Theodosius: The Empire at Bay. B.T. Batsford Ltd. ISBN 0-300-06173-0.