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| ==Massive blooms== | ==Massive blooms== | ||
| In late 2008 and early 2009 (November–February) there was a massive bloom of ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides'' in the ], off the coast of ] in the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Matsuoka, Kazumi|year=2010|title=Study on ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides'' Margalef (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf from August 2008 to August 2009|journal=Current Development in Oceanography|volume=1|issue=3|pages=153–171|url=http://www.pphmj.com/abstract/5535.htm|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Richlen, M. L. |author2=Morton, S. L. |author3=Jamali, E. A. |author4=Rajian, A. |author5=Anderson, D. M. |year=2010|title=The catastrophic 2008-2009 red tide in the Arabian Gulf region, with observations on the identification and phyloheny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides''|journal=Harmful Algae|volume=9|pages=163–172|doi=10.1016/j.hal.2009.08.013}}</ref> It was notable for being based on ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides'' rather than the '']'' (''Noctiluca miliaris'') that had been more usual in the immediately previous years.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Parab, Sushma G. |author2=Matondkar, S. G. Prabhu |author3=Gomes, H. do R. |author4=Goes, J. I. |year=2006 |title=Monsoon driven changes in phytoplankton populations in the eastern Arabian Sea as revealed by microscopy and HPLC pigment analysis|journal=Continental Shelf Research|volume=26|issue=20|pages=2538–2558|doi=10.1016/j.csr.2006.08.004}}</ref><ref name="Al-Azri">{{Cite journal|author=Al-Azri, Adnan R.,|year=2014|title=Mesoscale and Nutrient Conditions Associated with the Massive 2008 ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides'' Bloom in the Sea of Oman/Arabian Gulf |journal=Estuaries and Coasts|volume=37|issue=2|pages=325–338|url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/256456482_TitleMesoscale_and_Nutrient_Conditions_Associated_with_the_Massive_2008_Cochlodinium_polykrikoides_Bloom_in_the_Sea_of_OmanArabian_Gulf/file/9c96052762918f18b4.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The bloom resulted in massive dying off of fish, damage to coral | In late 2008 and early 2009 (November–February) there was a massive bloom of ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides'' in the ], off the coast of ] in the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Matsuoka, Kazumi|year=2010|title=Study on ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides'' Margalef (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf from August 2008 to August 2009|journal=Current Development in Oceanography|volume=1|issue=3|pages=153–171|url=http://www.pphmj.com/abstract/5535.htm|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Richlen, M. L. |author2=Morton, S. L. |author3=Jamali, E. A. |author4=Rajian, A. |author5=Anderson, D. M. |year=2010|title=The catastrophic 2008-2009 red tide in the Arabian Gulf region, with observations on the identification and phyloheny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides''|journal=Harmful Algae|volume=9|pages=163–172|doi=10.1016/j.hal.2009.08.013}}</ref> It was notable for being based on ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides'' rather than the '']'' (''Noctiluca miliaris'') that had been more usual in the immediately previous years.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Parab, Sushma G. |author2=Matondkar, S. G. Prabhu |author3=Gomes, H. do R. |author4=Goes, J. I. |year=2006 |title=Monsoon driven changes in phytoplankton populations in the eastern Arabian Sea as revealed by microscopy and HPLC pigment analysis|journal=Continental Shelf Research|volume=26|issue=20|pages=2538–2558|doi=10.1016/j.csr.2006.08.004}}</ref><ref name="Al-Azri">{{Cite journal|author=Al-Azri, Adnan R.,|year=2014|title=Mesoscale and Nutrient Conditions Associated with the Massive 2008 ''Cochlodinium polykrikoides'' Bloom in the Sea of Oman/Arabian Gulf |journal=Estuaries and Coasts|volume=37|issue=2|pages=325–338|url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/256456482_TitleMesoscale_and_Nutrient_Conditions_Associated_with_the_Massive_2008_Cochlodinium_polykrikoides_Bloom_in_the_Sea_of_OmanArabian_Gulf/file/9c96052762918f18b4.pdf|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The bloom resulted in massive dying off of fish, damage to coral | ||
| reefs, and interference with desalinization plants.<ref name="Al-Azri" /> | reefs, and interference with desalinization plants.<ref name="Al-Azri" /> | ||
Revision as of 10:11, 17 August 2016
| Cochlodinium polykrikoides | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Chromalveolata |
| Superphylum: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Dinoflagellata |
| Class: | Dinophyceae |
| Family: | Gymnodiniaceae |
| Genus: | Cochlodinium |
| Species: | C. polykrikoides |
| Binomial name | |
| Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef, 1961 | |
Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a red tide producing marine dinoflagellate known for causing fish kills around the world, and well known for fish kills in marine waters of Southeast Asia.
Massive blooms
In late 2008 and early 2009 (November–February) there was a massive bloom of Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the Sea of Oman, off the coast of Oman in the Arabian Sea. It was notable for being based on Cochlodinium polykrikoides rather than the Noctiluca scintillans (Noctiluca miliaris) that had been more usual in the immediately previous years. The bloom resulted in massive dying off of fish, damage to coral reefs, and interference with desalinization plants.
References
- Guiry, M .D. & G. M. Guiry. 2013. Cochlodinium polykrikoides. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed 10 June 2013.
- Kim, Chang Sook; Sam Geun Lee; Chang Kyu Lee; Hak Gyoon Kim; Jin Jung (1999). "Reactive oxygen species as causative agents in the ichthyotoxicity of the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides". Journal of Plankton Research. 21 (11): 2105–2115. doi:10.1093/plankt/21.11.2105.
- Gobler, Christopher J.; Dianna L. Berry; O. Roger Anderson; Amanda Burson; Florian Koch; Brooke S. Rodgers; Lindsay K. Moore; Jennifer A. Goleski; Bassem Allam; Paul Bowser; Yingzhong Tang; Robert Nuzzi (2008). "Characterization, dynamics, and ecological impacts of harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms on eastern Long Island, NY, USA". Harmful Algae. 7 (3): 293–307. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2007.12.006.
- Matsuoka, Kazumi; et al. (2010). "Study on Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf from August 2008 to August 2009". Current Development in Oceanography. 1 (3): 153–171.
- Richlen, M. L.; Morton, S. L.; Jamali, E. A.; Rajian, A.; Anderson, D. M. (2010). "The catastrophic 2008-2009 red tide in the Arabian Gulf region, with observations on the identification and phyloheny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides". Harmful Algae. 9: 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2009.08.013.
- Parab, Sushma G.; Matondkar, S. G. Prabhu; Gomes, H. do R.; Goes, J. I. (2006). "Monsoon driven changes in phytoplankton populations in the eastern Arabian Sea as revealed by microscopy and HPLC pigment analysis". Continental Shelf Research. 26 (20): 2538–2558. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2006.08.004.
- ^ Al-Azri, Adnan R.,; et al. (2014). "Mesoscale and Nutrient Conditions Associated with the Massive 2008 Cochlodinium polykrikoides Bloom in the Sea of Oman/Arabian Gulf [sic]" (PDF). Estuaries and Coasts. 37 (2): 325–338.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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