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'''Psychobiotics''' are defined by Dinan et al.<ref name="pmid23759244">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF | title=Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2013 | volume= 74 | issue= 10 | pages= 720–6 | pmid=23759244 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23759244 }}</ref> as those living organisms that on sufficient ingestion produces a health benefit in those patients with ], or ], illnesses.<ref name="pmid25834446">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhou L, Foster JA | title=Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness. | journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 715–23 | pmid=25834446 | doi=10.2147/NDT.S61997 | pmc=4370913 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25834446 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25722529">{{cite journal| author=Gnanavel S| title=Psychobiotics: the latest psychotropics. | journal=Indian J Psychol Med | year= 2015 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 110 | pmid=25722529 | doi=10.4103/0253-7176.150862 | pmc=4341301 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25722529 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26598580">{{cite journal|vauthors=Evrensel A, Ceylan ME | title=The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression. | journal=Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 239–244 | pmid=26598580 | doi=10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239 | pmc=4662178 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26598580 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26528128">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP | title=Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. | journal=Front Cell Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 392 | pmid=26528128 | doi=10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 | pmc=4604320 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26528128 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25309394">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smythies LE, Smythies JR | title=Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated. | journal=Front Hum Neurosci | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 720 | pmid=25309394 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720 | pmc=4163975 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25309394 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24422720">{{cite journal|vauthors=Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC | title=Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry. | journal=J Physiol Anthropol | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= | pages= 2 | pmid=24422720 | doi=10.1186/1880-6805-33-2 | pmc=3904694 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24422720 }}</ref> Research to understand the mechanisms of psychobiotics on the ] and ] is currently under way. Preliminary evidence suggests modulation of ], ], and ] pathways. Other possible mechanisms identified include modulation of the ], the ], ], ], and ] ].<ref name="pmid27045844">{{cite journal|author1=Hoban AE |author2=Stilling RM |author3=Ryan FJ |author4=Shanahan F |author5=Dinan TG |author6=Claesson MJ | title=Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. | journal=Transl Psychiatry | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= e774 | pmid=27045844 | doi=10.1038/tp.2016.42 | pmc= 4872400 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> '''Psychobiotics''' are defined by Dinan et al.<ref name="pmid23759244">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF | title=Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2013 | volume= 74 | issue= 10 | pages= 720–6 | pmid=23759244 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23759244 }}</ref> as those living organisms that on sufficient ingestion produces a health benefit in those patients with ], or ], illnesses.<ref name="pmid25834446">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhou L, Foster JA | title=Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness. | journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 715–23 | pmid=25834446 | doi=10.2147/NDT.S61997 | pmc=4370913 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25834446 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25722529">{{cite journal| author=Gnanavel S| title=Psychobiotics: the latest psychotropics. | journal=Indian J Psychol Med | year= 2015 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 110 | pmid=25722529 | doi=10.4103/0253-7176.150862 | pmc=4341301 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25722529 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26598580">{{cite journal|vauthors=Evrensel A, Ceylan ME | title=The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression. | journal=Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 239–244 | pmid=26598580 | doi=10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239 | pmc=4662178 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26598580 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26528128">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP | title=Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. | journal=Front Cell Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 392 | pmid=26528128 | doi=10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 | pmc=4604320 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26528128 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25309394">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smythies LE, Smythies JR | title=Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated. | journal=Front Hum Neurosci | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 720 | pmid=25309394 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720 | pmc=4163975 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25309394 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24422720">{{cite journal|vauthors=Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC | title=Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry. | journal=J Physiol Anthropol | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= | pages= 2 | pmid=24422720 | doi=10.1186/1880-6805-33-2 | pmc=3904694 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24422720 }}</ref> Research to understand the mechanisms of psychobiotics on the ] and ] is currently under way. Research suggests modulation of ], ], ], and ] systems. Other possible mechanisms identified include modulation of the ], the ], ], ], and ] ].<ref name="pmid27045844">{{cite journal|author1=Hoban AE |author2=Stilling RM |author3=Ryan FJ |author4=Shanahan F |author5=Dinan TG |author6=Claesson MJ | title=Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. | journal=Transl Psychiatry | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= e774 | pmid=27045844 | doi=10.1038/tp.2016.42 | pmc= 4872400 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>


Additionally, research has correlated the oral microbiome to cognitive function.<ref name="pmid23963608">{{cite journal|vauthors=Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN | title=Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 384 | pmid=23963608 | doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23963608 }}</ref> Additionally, research has correlated the oral microbiome to cognitive function.<ref name="pmid23963608">{{cite journal|vauthors=Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN | title=Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 384 | pmid=23963608 | doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23963608 }}</ref>

Revision as of 00:42, 25 August 2016

Psychobiotics are defined by Dinan et al. as those living organisms that on sufficient ingestion produces a health benefit in those patients with psychiatric, or neurological, illnesses. Research to understand the mechanisms of psychobiotics on the gut–brain axis and enteric nervous system is currently under way. Research suggests modulation of neuroimmunologic, neuroinflammatory, neurohormonal, and gasotransmitter systems. Other possible mechanisms identified include modulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, the vagus nerve, microglia, myelination, and prefrontal cortex gene expression.

Additionally, research has correlated the oral microbiome to cognitive function.

Psychobiotics can also be defined as microbes that have negative neurological interactions. Recently it was shown microbes may play a role in the formation of amyloid-β.

Clinical significance

A systematic review from 2016 found that certain commercially available strains of probiotic bacteria from the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera (B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis, L. helveticus, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, and L. casei), when taken by mouth in daily doses for 1–2 months, possess treatment efficacy (i.e., improved behavioral outcomes) in certain central nervous system disorders – including anxiety disorder, depression, autism spectrum disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder – and improved certain aspects of memory.

See also

2

References

  1. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF (2013). "Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic". Biol Psychiatry. 74 (10): 720–6. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001. PMID 23759244.
  2. Zhou L, Foster JA (2015). "Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 11: 715–23. doi:10.2147/NDT.S61997. PMC 4370913. PMID 25834446.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. Gnanavel S (2015). "Psychobiotics: the latest psychotropics". Indian J Psychol Med. 37 (1): 110. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.150862. PMC 4341301. PMID 25722529.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. Evrensel A, Ceylan ME (2015). "The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression". Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 13 (3): 239–244. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239. PMC 4662178. PMID 26598580.
  5. Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP (2015). "Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders". Front Cell Neurosci. 9: 392. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00392. PMC 4604320. PMID 26528128.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. Smythies LE, Smythies JR (2014). "Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated". Front Hum Neurosci. 8: 720. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720. PMC 4163975. PMID 25309394.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC (2014). "Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry". J Physiol Anthropol. 33: 2. doi:10.1186/1880-6805-33-2. PMC 3904694. PMID 24422720.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. Hoban AE; Stilling RM; Ryan FJ; Shanahan F; Dinan TG; Claesson MJ; et al. (2016). "Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota". Transl Psychiatry. 6: e774. doi:10.1038/tp.2016.42. PMC 4872400. PMID 27045844.
  9. Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN (2013). "Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 13 (10): 384. doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x. PMID 23963608.
  10. Kumar DK, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J; et al. (2016). "Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease". Sci Transl Med. 8 (340): 340ra72. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059. PMID 27225182.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. Wang H, Lee IS, Braun C, Enck P (July 2016). "Effect of probiotics on central nervous system functions in animals and humans - a systematic review". J. Neurogastroenterol Motil. doi:10.5056/jnm16018. PMID 27413138. These probiotics showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorder-related behaviors including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and memory abilities, including spatial and non-spatial memory. Because many of the basic science studies showed some efficacy of probiotics on central nervous system function, this background may guide and promote further preclinical and clinical studies. ... According to the qualitative analyses of current studies, we can provisionally draw the conclusion that B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis, L. helveticus, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, and L. casei were most effective in improving CNS function, including psychiatric disease-associated functions (anxiety, depression, mood, stress response) and memory abilities
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