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Missouri Executive Order 44, also known as the Extermination Order, was an executive order issued on October 27, 1838, by the Governor of Missouri, Lilburn Boggs. The order was issued in the aftermath of the Battle of Crooked River, a clash between Latter-day Saints and a unit of the Missouri State Guard in northern Ray County, Missouri, during the 1838 Mormon War. Claiming that Latter-day Saints had committed open and avowed defiance of the law and had made war upon the people of Missouri, Governor Boggs directed that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description". The militia and other state authorities—General John B. Clark, among them—would use the executive order to expel the Latter-day Saints from their lands in the state following their capitulation, which in turn led to the Latter-day Saint migration to Nauvoo, Illinois.

Background

Executive Order 44 was issued during the 1838 Mormon War, which was caused by friction between the Latter-day Saints and their neighbors due to the economic and electoral growth of the Latter-day Saint community and their Prophet Joseph Smith's vocal opposition to slavery.

Tensions had been steadily rising due to 1833 newspaper articles written in Independence, Missouri, which culminated in a manifesto published by many Missouri public officials.

We, the undersigned, citizens Jackson County, believing that an important crisis is at hand, as regards our civil society, in consequence a pretended religious sect of people that have settled, and are still settling in our County, styling themselves Mormons; and intending, as we do, to rid our society, "peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must," and believing as we do, that the arm of the civil law does not afford us a guarantee, or at least a sufficient one against the evils which are now inflicted upon us, and seem to be increasing, by the said religious sect, deem it expedient, and of the highest importance, to form ourselves into a company for the better and easier accomplishment of our purpose — a purpose which we deem it almost superfluous to say, is justified as well by the law of nature, as by the law of self-preservation.

It is more than two years since the first of these fanatics, or knaves, (for one or the other they undoubtedly are) made their first appearance among us, and pretended as they did, and now do, to hold personal communication and converse face-to-face with the Most High God; to receive communications and revelations direct from heaven; to heal the sick by laying on hands; and, in short, to perform all the wonder-working miracles wrought by the inspired Apostles and Prophets of old.

We believe them deluded fanatics, or weak and designing knaves, and that they and their pretensions would soon pass away; but in this we were deceived. The arts of a few designing leaders amongst them have less far succeeded in holding to them together as a society; and since the arrival of the first of them, they have been daily increasing numbers; and if they had been respectable citizens in society and thus deluded it would have been entitled to our pity rather than to our contempt and hatred; but from their parents, from their manners, and from their conduct since their coming among us, we have every reason to fear that, with but very few exceptions, they were of the very drags of that society from which they came, lazy, idle, and vicious. This we can see it is not idle assertion, they fact susceptible of proof, or with these few exceptions above-named, they brought into our country little or no property with them and left less behind them, and we infer that those only yoked themselves to the "Mormon" car who had nothing earthly or heavenly to lose by the change; and we fear that of some of the leaders amongst them, had paid to forfeit due to crime, instead of being chosen ambassadors of the Most High, they would have been inmates of solitary cells. But their conduct here stands their characters in their true colors. More than a year since, it was ascertained that they had been tampering with our slaves, and endeavoring to sow dissensions and raise seditions amongst them. Of this their "Mormon" leaders were informed, and they said they would deal with any of their members who should again in like case offend. But how spacious are appearances. In a late number of the Star, published in Independence by the leaders of the sect, there is an article inviting free Negroes and mulattoes from other states to become "Mormons," and remove and settle among us. This exhibits them in still more odious colors. It manifests a desire on the part of their society, to inflict on our society an injury that they know would be to us entirely insupportable, and one of the surest means of driving us from the country; for it would require none of the supernatural gifts that they pretend to, to see that the introduction of such a caste among us would corrupt our blacks, and instigate them to bloodshed.

They openly blaspheme the Most High God, and cast contempt on His holy religion, by pretending to receive revelations direct from heaven, by pretending to speak unknown tongues, by direct inspiration, and by diverse pretenses derogatory to God and religion, and to the utter subversion of human reason.

They declare openly that their God hath given them this country of land, and that sooner or later they must and will have possession of our lands for inheritance; and, in fine, they have conducted themselves on many other occasions, and such a manner, that we believe it a duty we owe to ourselves, our wives, and children, to the cause of public morals, to remove them from among us, as we are not prepared to give up our pleasant places and goodly possessions to them or to receive into the bosom of our families, as fit companions for wives and daughters, the degraded and corrupted free Negroes and mulattos that are now invited to settle among us.

Under such a state of things, even our beautiful country would cease to be a desirable residence, and our situation intolerable. We, therefore agree (that after timely warning, and receiving an adequate compensation for what little property they cannot take with them, they refuse to leave us in peace, as they found us — we agree to use such means as may be sufficient to remove them, and to that and we each pledge to each other are bodily powers, our lives, fortunes and sacred honors.

We will meet at the courthouse, at the town of Independence, on Saturday next, the 20th inst., , to consult on subsequent movements.

Among the hundreds of names attached to the document were:

Louis Franklin, jailer
Samuel C. Owens, County Clerk
Russel Hicks, Deputy County Clerk
R.W. Cummins, Indian agent
James H. Flournoy, Postmaster
S.D. Lucas, Colonel and judge of the court
Henry Chiles, attorney-at-law
N.K. Olmstead, M.D.
John Smith, justice in peace
Samuel Westin, justice of the peace
William Brown, Constable
Abner F. Staples, Captain
Thomas Pitcher, Deputy Constable
Moses G. Wilson and Thomas Wilson, merchants

On the same day, July 20th 1833, the W.W. Phelphs printing press, which published The Evening and the Morning Star in Independence, was destroyed by a mob.

The destruction was also in retaliation for the publication of portions of the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible, particularly that of the book of Genesis, in The Evening and the Morning Star in August 1832 and in March and April 1833.

Early July 1833, the Star announced: “At no very distant period, we shall print the book of Mormon and the Testament, and bind them in one volume.” However, hopes for this were postponed when the printing press in Independence was destroyed.

The 1838 Mormon War ended with the expulsion of nearly all Latter-day Saints from the state of Missouri.

Executive Order 44 is often referred to as the "Extermination Order" due to the phrasing used by Governor Boggs.

The Latter-day Saints had been given a county of their own (Caldwell County) in 1836, following their expulsion from Jackson County in 1833. However, the increasing influx of new church converts moving to northwestern Missouri led them to begin settling in adjacent counties. Other settlers, who had operated under the assumption that the Latter-day Saints would remain confined to Caldwell County, became angry due to these new settlements.

On 4 July 1838, church leader Sidney Rigdon delivered an oration in Far West, the county seat of Caldwell County. While not desiring or intending to start any trouble with his non-church neighbors, Rigdon wanted to make clear that the Latter-day Saints would meet any attacks on them—such as had already occurred in Jackson County during the summer and fall of 1833, resulting in their forced expulsion from their homes in that locale—with force:

We take God and all the holy angels to witness this day, that we warn all men in the name of Jesus Christ, to come on us no more forever. For from this hour, we will bear it no more, our rights shall no more be trampled on with impunity. The man or the set of men, who attempts it, does it at the expense of their lives. And that mob that comes on us to disturb us; it shall be between us and them a war of extermination; for we will follow them till the last drop of their blood is spilled, or else they will have to exterminate us: for we will carry the seat of war to their own houses, and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed.—Remember it then all MEN.

Far from settling tensions, Rigdon's oration had the opposite effect: it terrified and inflamed the residents of surrounding counties. By the Fall of that same year these tensions escalated into open conflict, culminating in the looting and burning of several Latter-day Saint farms and homes, the sacking and burning of Gallatin by the "Danites", and the taking of hostages by Cpt. Samuel Bogart and his militia, operating in northern Ray County (to the south of Caldwell). When the Latter-day Saint militia from the town of Far West moved south to the militia camp on the Crooked River, causing rumors of a planned full-scale invasion of Missouri that ran rampant throughout the summer and aroused terror throughout the western part of the state. These rumors only increased as reports of the Battle of Crooked River reached the capital at Jefferson City, with accounts of Latter-day Saints allegedly slaughtering Bogart's militia company, including those who had surrendered. Further dispatches spoke of an impending attacks on Richmond, county seat of Ray County, though in fact no such attack was ever contemplated. After hearing these reports Governor Boggs chose to act.

Previously, Governor Boggs had received word that Latter-day Saints had driven several citizens of Daviess County (north of Caldwell) from their homes. He had then appointed General John Bullock Clark to lead the state militia in assisting those citizens to return. But after hearing these reports, Governor Boggs issued new orders directing Clark to commence direct military operations and issued Missouri Executive Order 44

Text of the order

Missouri Executive Order Number 44, read as follows:

Headquarters of the Militia,

City of Jefferson, Oct. 27, 1838.

Gen. John B. Clark:

Sir: Since the order of this morning to you, directing you to cause four hundred mounted men to be raised within your division, I have received by Amos Reese, Esq., of Ray county, and Wiley C. Williams, Esq., one of my aids [sic], information of the most appalling character, which entirely changes the face of things, and places the Mormons in the attitude of an open and avowed defiance of the laws, and of having made war upon the people of this state. Your orders are, therefore, to hasten your operation with all possible speed. The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state if necessary for the public peace--their outrages are beyond all description. If you can increase your force, you are authorized to do so to any extent you may consider necessary. I have just issued orders to Maj. Gen. Willock, of Marion county, to raise five hundred men, and to march them to the northern part of Daviess, and there unite with Gen. Doniphan, of Clay, who has been ordered with five hundred men to proceed to the same point for the purpose of intercepting the retreat of the Mormons to the north. They have been directed to communicate with you by express, you can also communicate with them if you find it necessary. Instead therefore of proceeding as at first directed to reinstate the citizens of Daviess in their homes, you will proceed immediately to Richmond and then operate against the Mormons. Brig. Gen. Parks of Ray, has been ordered to have four hundred of his brigade in readiness to join you at Richmond. The whole force will be placed under your command.

I am very respectfully, yr obt st ,

L. W. Boggs,

Commander-in-Chief.

Deaths

The question of whether anyone was killed as a direct result of it between October 27 (the date of its issuance) and November 1, 1838 (the date of the Latter-day Saint surrender), has been hotly debated among Latter-day Saints and historians. Most historians state that there is no evidence of any militiamen or other participants using it to justify their behavior during that period; General Clark did cite the order soon after the Latter-day Saints surrendered in November 1838, saying that violence would have been used had they chosen not to surrender. He furthermore stated that he would delay enforcing Order 44 during the coming winter, but if they did not leave in the spring then armed force would be used to compel them to leave. However, the Latter-day Saints had no reason to trust this promise, considering recent activities involving other members of the state militia. Therefore, they decided to leave for Illinois immediately, despite the harsh winter conditions. This led to an unknown number of deaths from hardship and exposure during that exodus.

Haun's Mill

Many people connect Governor Boggs' order directly to the Haun's Mill massacre. At least one firsthand account asserts local Guardsmen referred to an order issued by the governor that sounds similar to Order 44 as justification for the Haun's Mill massacre. The Haun's Mill massacre was launched by Missouri State Guardsmen from Livingston County on the settlement of Haun's Mill, located in eastern Caldwell County near the Livingston County line, which resulted in the deaths of 18 men and boys, some of whom were murdered after surrendering. The firsthand account explains soldiers stated the governor had ordered their expulsion or extermination if they did not leave at once.

"Halt!" commanded the leader of a band of well-mounted and well-armed mobocrats, who charged down upon them as they journeyed on their way.

"If you proceed any farther west," said the captain, "you will be instantly shot." "Wherefore?" inquired the pilgrims. "You are d__d Mormons!" "We are law-abiding Americans, and have given no cause of offence."

"You are d__d Mormons. That's offence enough. Within ten days every Mormon must be out of Missouri, or men, women, and children will be shot down indiscriminately. No mercy will be shown. It is the order of the Governor that you should all be exterminated; and by G_d you will be."

Others state there is no evidence that the militiamen knew of the Executive Order, and participants in this massacre who spoke of it later never used Governor Boggs' decree to justify their actions. They instead indicate that unnamed church dissenters had told them that the people of Haun's Mill were planning to invade Livingston County. The question of whether the militiamen knew in advance of Boggs' order is still hotly debated today.

A little less debatable is the question of defensless, unarmed men and boys murdered in cold blood.

We arrived in Caldwell county, near Haun's Mill, nine wagons of us in company. Two days before we arrived we were taken prisoners by an armed mob that had demanded every bit of ammunition and every weapon we had. We surrendered all. They knew it, for they searched our wagons.

A few miles more brought us to Haun's Mill, where that awful scene of murder was enacted. My husband pitched his tent by a blacksmith's shop. Brother David Evans made a treaty with the mob that they would not molest us. He came just before the massacre and called the company together and they knelt in prayer.

I sat in my tent. Looking up I suddenly saw the mob coming -- the same that took away our weapons.

Aligning with the firsthand statements regarding having been stripped of all weapons prior to the attack is the lack of casualties or injuries inflicted upon the attackers. In addition, orders explicitly stated the Mormons were to have their weapons removed.

The massacre and Governor Boggs' Executive Order are examples of anti-Mormon sentiment in the area.

Aftermath

Although the Latter Day Saint leaders surrendered at Far West on November 1, Latter Day Saints (especially in outlying areas) continued to be subject to harassment and even forced ejection by citizens and renegade militia units. The Latter Day Saints in Caldwell County, as part of their surrender agreement, sign over all of their property to pay the expenses of the campaign against them; although this act was later held unlawful, it became clear to them that departure from the state was the only option state officials were going to allow.

Upon his arrival at Far West, General Clark delivered the following speech to the now-captive Latter Day Saints, in which he directly invoked Order 44:

...The order of the governor was to me, that you should be exterminated, and not allowed to remain in the state; and had not your leaders been given up, and the terms of this treaty complied with, your families before this time would have been destroyed, and your houses in ashes. There is a discretionary power vested in my hands, which concerning your circumstances I will exercise for a season... I do not say that you shall go now, but you must not think of staying here another season, or of putting in crops, for the moment you do the citizens will be upon you; and if I am called here again, in case of a non-compliance of a treaty made, do not think that I shall do as I have done now. You need not expect any mercy, but extermination, for I am determined that the governor's order shall be enforced.

Though Clark had offered to allow the Latter Day Saints to remain in Missouri until the following spring, the Saints decided to leave right away; according to one account, most had departed within ten days of Clark's speech. Although Governor Boggs belatedly ordered a militia unit under Colonel Sterling Price (later to achieve fame as a Confederate Civil War general) to northern Missouri to stop ongoing depredations against the Latter Day Saints, he refused to repeal Order #44. The Missouri legislature deferred discussion of an appeal by Latter Day Saint leaders to rescind the decree, Nearly all of the approximately 10,000 Latter Day Saints left Missouri by the spring of 1839. The Latter Day Saints would not begin to return to Missouri until approximately 25 years later.

Governor Boggs himself was excoriated in certain portions of the Missouri press, as well as those of neighboring states, for his action in issuing this order. General David Atchison, a prominent legislator and militia general from western Missouri who had refused to take part in operations, demanded that the Legislature formally state its opinion of Governor Boggs' order, for "he would not live in any state, where such authority was given". Although his proposal and similar ones by others went down to defeat, Governor Boggs himself saw his once-promising political career destroyed to the point that, by the next election, his own party was reluctant to be associated with him. After surviving an assassination attempt in 1842, Governor Boggs ultimately emigrated to California, where he died in relative obscurity in the Napa Valley in 1860.

Rescission

In late 1975, President Lyman F. Edwards of the Far West stake of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, now known as the Community of Christ, invited then Missouri Governor Kit Bond to participate in the June 25, 1976, stake's annual conference as a good-will gesture for the United States Bicentennial. As part of his address at that conference, 137 years after being signed and citing the unconstitutional nature of Governor Boggs' directive, Governor Bond presented the following Executive Order:

WHEREAS, on October 27, 1838, the Governor of the State of Missouri, Lilburn W. Boggs, signed an order calling for the extermination or expulsion of Mormons from the State of Missouri; and

WHEREAS, Governor Boggs' order clearly contravened the rights to life, liberty, property and religious freedom as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, as well as the Constitution of the State of Missouri; and

WHEREAS, in this bicentennial year as we reflect on our nation's heritage, the exercise of religious freedom is without question one of the basic tenets of our free democratic republic;

Now, THEREFORE, I, CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Governor of the State of Missouri, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the State of Missouri, do hereby order as follows:

Expressing on behalf of all Missourians our deep regret for the injustice and undue suffering which was caused by the 1838 order, I hereby rescind Executive Order Number 44, dated October 27, 1838, issued by Governor W. Boggs.

In witness I have hereunto set my hand and caused to be affixed the great seal of the State of Missouri, in the city of Jefferson, on this 25 day of June, 1976.

(Signed) Christopher S. Bond, Governor.

See also

• Latter Day Saint martyrs
• Mormon Exodus (1846–1857)
• Pogrom

Notes

1. ^ DeVoto 2000, pp. 84–85
2. ^ Greene 1839, pp. 8, 26
3. LeSueur 1987, p. 3
4. Joseph Smith, History of The Church|1833| vol. 1, pp=374-376
5. Template:Church History, 2:3
6. ^ Hartley 2001, pp. 6, 20–23
7. Anderson 1994, pp. 27–43
8. "The Missouri Mormon War Executive Orders". http://www.sos.mo.gov. Missouri Secretary of State. Retrieved 15 June 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
9. Alexander W. Doniphan, quote.
10. Rigdon's July 4th oration
11. LeSueur 1987, pp. 143–44
12. LeSueur 1987, p. 150
13. Allen & Leonard 1992, pp. 136–138
14. Quinn 1994, p. 100
15. Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, pp. 50–63
16. ^ LeSueur 1987, pp. 163–64, see also Note 9.
17. ^ Tullidge 1877, p. 177 -
18. ^ LeSueur 1987, pp. 225, 229, 237–38
19. This refers to an agreement between the Mormons leaders and General Samuel Lucas, signed under duress, which compelled the Mormons to give up their leaders, their arms and all of their lands and property, and to then leave Missouri. General Clark's Speech, p. 1.
20. ^ Lin 1987 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLin1987 (help)
21. General Clark's Speech, p. 1.
22. LeSueur 1987, pp. 232–33
23. LeSueur 1987, p. 226
24. ^ LeSueur 1987, pp. 258–59
25. "The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded". John Whitmer Historical Association.
26. Whitman, Dale A. "Extermination Order". LDSFAQ. BYU Studies. Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
27. "Governor Bond's Rescission order" (PDF). The Missouri Mormon War collection. Missouri State Archives.

References

• Allen, James B; Leonard, Glen M (1992). The Story of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. ISBN 0-87579-565-X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Anderson, Richard L (1994). "Clarification of Boggs' 'Order' and Joseph Smith's Constitutionalism". In Garr, Arnold K.; Johnson, Clark V. (eds.). Regional Studies in latter-day Saint History: Missouri. Provo, Utah: Department of Church History and Doctrine, Brigham Young University. pp. 27–43. ISBN 0842523197. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Arrington, Leonard J.; Bitton, Davis (1979). The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-46566-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Britton, Roland J. (1920). "Early Days on Grand River and the Mormon War (4th article)". Missouri Historical Review. 16 (1). State Historical Society of Missouri. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bushman, Richard L (2007). Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. New York City: Vantage. ISBN 978-1-4000-7753-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• LDS Church (2003). Church History in the Fulness of Times, Student Manual, Religion 341 through 343. Salt Lake City: Institute of Religion, Church Educational System, LDS Church. ISBN 9781465118288. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Davis, Inez Smith (1948) . "Far West". The Story of the Church (4th rev ed.). Independence, MO: Herald Publishing House. LCCN 48002868. OCLC 4342028. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• DeVoto, Bernard (2000) . The Year of Decision 1846. New York City: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 82–86. ISBN 0-312-26794-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Furniss, Norman F (1966) . The Mormon conflict, 1850-1859. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. LCCN 77005424. OCLC 32898643. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gentry, Leland H (1974). "The Danite Band of 1838". BYU Studies. 14 (4). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University: 421–450. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Greene, John P (1839). Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter Day Saints, from the State of Missouri, under the "Exterminating Order". Cincinnati, Ohio: R. P. Brooks. OCLC 4968992. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hartley, William G (2001). "Missouri's 1838 Extermination Order and the Mormons' Forced Removal to Illinois" (PDF). Mormon Historical Studies. 2 (1): 5–27. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jenkins, James H. (2014) . Casus Belli: Ten Factors That Contributed to the Outbreak of the 1838 'Mormon War' in Missouri (self-published) (2nd ed.). Charleston, South Carolina: CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1499514636. OCLC 44714508. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Johnson, Clark V (1992). Mormon Redress Petitions: Documents of the 1833-1838 Missouri Conflict. Bookcraft. ISBN 0-88494-850-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• LeSueur, Stephen C. (1987). The 1838 Mormon War In Missouri. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-0729-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri (1841), Document containing the correspondence, orders, &c., in relation to the disturbances with the Mormons; and the evidence given before the Hon. Austin A. King, judge of the Fifth judicial circuit of the state of Missouri, at the Court-house in Richmond, in a criminal court of inquiry, begun November 12, 1838, on the trial of Joseph Smith, and others, for high treason and other crimes against the state., Fayette, Missouri: Printed at the Office of the Boon's Lick Democrat, OCLC 7835420.
• Quinn, D. Michael (1994). The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 1-56085-056-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rigdon, Sidney (1838), Oration delivered by Mr. S. Rigdon, on the 4th of July, 1838 at Far West, Caldwell County, Missouri, Far West, Missouri: The Journal Office, OCLC 80327335.
• Roberts, Brigham H (1900). The Missouri Persecutions. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Roberts, B. H. (1900). The Missouri Persecutions. Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons. LCCN 66000948. OCLC 6136459. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Roberts, B. H. (1930). Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Century I (Volume 1). Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press. LCCN 30024609. OCLC 3366367. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Smith, Joseph (1948). History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Vol. 3. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Smith, Joseph; Rigdon, Sidney; Smith, Hyrum (1840), An appeal to the American people: being an account of the persecutions of the Church of Latter Day Saints, and of the barbarities inflicted on them by the inhabitants of the state of Missouri, Cincinnati, Oh: Shepard and Stearns, T, New York, 1877, p. 117
• Tullidge, Edward W. (1877). The Women of Mormondom. New York City: Platt & Peters.
• Turner, J B (1842). Mormonism in All Ages; or the Rise, Progress and Causes of Mormonism; with the Biography of Its Author and Founder, Joseph Smith, Jr (PDF). New York City: Platt & Peters.
• Van Wagoner, Richard S. (1994). Sidney Rigdon: A Portrait of Religious Excess. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 978-1-56085-197-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Further reading

• Linn, William Alexander (1901). "Book III, Chapter VIII: A State of Civil War". The Story of the Mormons: From the Date of their Origin to the Year 1901. New York: McMillan. pp. 200–207. OCLC 621583. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

• Mormon War Letters, the battle correspondence leading up to, and including, the Extermination Order - presented by LDS historian Mel Tungate.
• The Missouri Mormon War Executive Orders include both the original Executive Order 44 and the rescinding order as PDFs - presented by the Missouri Secretary of State.

v t e 1838 Mormon War
Temple Lot The Evening and the Morning Star Expulsion of Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri Zion's Camp Caldwell County, Missouri Far West, Missouri Adam-ondi-Ahman Danite Salt sermon Rigdon's July 4th oration Gallatin election day battle Battle of Crooked River Extermination Order Hawn's Mill massacre Liberty Jail Boggs assassination attempt

• 1838 Mormon War
• Christianity and law in the 19th century
• Latter Day Saint terms
• Mormonism and law
• Mormonism-related controversies
• Politicides
• Religious persecution
• Legal history of Missouri