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Robin Williams
Williams at the Happy Feet Two premiere in Sydney in December 2011
Born	Robin McLaurin Williams (1951-07-21)July 21, 1951 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died	August 11, 2014(2014-08-11) (aged 63) Paradise Cay, California, U.S.
Cause of death	Suicide by hanging
Body discovered	Paradise Cay, California, U.S.
Resting place	San Francisco Bay
Alma mater	Juilliard School
Occupation(s)	stand-up comedian, actor
Spouses	Valerie Velardi ​ ​(m. 1978; div. 1988)​ Marsha Garces ​ ​(m. 1989; div. 2010)​ Susan Schneider ​ ​(m. 2011; "his death" is deprecated; use "died" instead. 2014)​
Children	3; including Zelda Williams
Comedy career
Medium	Stand-up comedy, film, television
Genres	Observational comedy, improvisational comedy, character comedy, self-deprecation, surreal humor
Website	www.robinwilliams.com

Robin McLaurin Williams (July 21, 1951 – August 11, 2014) was an American stand-up comedian and actor. Starting as a stand-up comedian in San Francisco and Los Angeles in the mid-1970s, he is credited with leading San Francisco's comedy renaissance. After rising to fame as Mork in Mork & Mindy (1978–82), Williams went on to establish a career in both stand-up comedy and feature film acting. He was known for his improvisational skills.

After his first starring film role in Popeye (1980), he starred or co-starred in widely acclaimed films, including The World According to Garp (1982), Good Morning, Vietnam (1987), Dead Poets Society (1989), Awakenings (1990), The Fisher King (1991), Aladdin (1992), Good Will Hunting (1997), and One Hour Photo (2002), as well as financial successes, such as Hook (1991), Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Jumanji (1995), The Birdcage (1996), Night at the Museum (2006), and World's Greatest Dad (2009).

Williams won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Sean Maguire in Good Will Hunting. He also received two Emmy Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and five Grammy Awards throughout his career.

On August 11, 2014, Williams committed suicide by hanging at his home in Paradise Cay, California. His wife attributed his suicide to his struggle with Lewy body dementia.

Early life

Robin McLaurin Williams was born at St. Luke's Hospital in Chicago, Illinois on July 21, 1951. His father Robert Fitzgerald Williams (1906–1987) was a senior executive in Ford Motor Company's Lincoln-Mercury Division. His mother Laurie McLaurin (1922–2001) was a former model from Jackson, Mississippi; her great-grandfather was Mississippi senator and governor Anselm J. McLaurin. Williams had two elder half-brothers named Robert and McLaurin. He had English, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, German, and French ancestry. While his mother was a practitioner of Christian Science, Williams was raised as an Episcopalian and later authored a comedic list, "Top Ten Reasons to be an Episcopalian." During a TV interview on Inside the Actors Studio in 2001, he credited his mother as being an important early influence for his sense of humor, noting also that he tried to make her laugh to gain attention.

Williams attended public elementary school at Gorton Elementary School (now Gorton Community Center) and middle school at Deer Path Junior High School (now Deer Path Middle School), both in Lake Forest, Illinois. He described himself as a quiet and shy child who did not overcome his shyness until he became involved with his high school drama department. His friends recall him as being very funny. In late 1963, when Williams was twelve, his father was transferred to Detroit. They lived in a 40-room farmhouse on 20 acres in suburban Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where he was a student at the private Detroit Country Day School. He excelled in school, where he was on the school's soccer team and wrestling team, and became class president.

As his father was away much of the time and his mother also worked, he was attended to by the family's maid, who was his main companion. When Williams was 16, his father took early retirement and the family moved to Tiburon, California. Following the move, Williams attended Redwood High School in nearby Larkspur. At the time of his graduation in 1969, he was voted "Most Likely Not to Succeed" and "Funniest" by his classmates.

College and Juilliard School

After high school graduation, Williams enrolled at Claremont Men's College in Claremont, California to study political science, then later dropped out to pursue acting. Williams then studied theatre for three years at the College of Marin, a community college in Kentfield, California. According to Marin drama professor James Dunn, the depth of the young actor's talent first became evident when he was cast in the musical Oliver! as Fagin. Williams was known to improvise during his time in Marin's drama program, putting cast members in hysterics. Dunn called his wife after one late rehearsal to tell her that Williams "was going to be something special."

In 1973, Williams attained a full scholarship to the Juilliard School in New York City. He was one of only 20 students accepted into the freshman class and one of only two students to be accepted by John Houseman into the Advanced Program at the school that year; the other was Christopher Reeve. William Hurt and Mandy Patinkin were also classmates. Reeve remembered his first impression of Williams when they were two new students at Juilliard:

He wore tie-dyed shirts with track suit bottoms and talked a mile a minute. I'd never seen so much energy contained in one person. He was like an untied balloon that had been inflated and immediately released. I watched in awe as he virtually caromed off the walls of the classrooms and hallways. To say that he was "on" would be a major understatement.

Williams and Reeve had a class in dialects taught by Edith Skinner, who Reeve said was one of the world's leading voice and speech teachers. Skinner had no idea what to make of Williams, adds Reeve, as he could instantly perform in many dialects, including Scottish, Irish, English, Russian, and Italian. Their primary acting teacher was Michael Kahn, who was "equally baffled by this human dynamo," notes Reeve. Williams already had a reputation for being funny, but Kahn sometimes criticized his antics as simple stand-up comedy. In a later production, Williams silenced his critics with his convincing role of an old man in The Night of the Iguana, by Tennessee Williams. "He simply was the old man," observed Reeve. "I was astonished by his work and very grateful that fate had thrown us together."

Williams and Reeve remained close friends until Reeve's death in 2004, which followed having been rendered a quadriplegic by a horse-riding accident. This friendship was remembered by son Zak Williams as having been like "brothers from another mother". Williams paid many of Reeve's medical bills and gave financial support to his family.

Williams left Juilliard during his junior year in 1976 at the suggestion of Houseman, who said there was nothing more Juilliard could teach him. His teacher at Juilliard, Gerald Freedman, notes that Williams was a "genius" and that the school's conservative and classical style of training did not suit him; therefore no one was surprised that he left.

Career

Stand-up comedy

After his family moved to Marin County, Williams began his career doing stand-up comedy shows in the San Francisco Bay Area in the mid-1970s. His first performance took place at the Holy City Zoo, a comedy club in San Francisco, where he worked his way up from tending bar to getting on stage. In the 1960s, San Francisco was a center for a rock music renaissance, hippies, drugs, and a sexual revolution, and in the 1970s, Williams helped lead its "comedy renaissance," writes critic Gerald Nachman. Williams says he found out about "drugs and happiness" during that period, adding that he saw "the best brains of my time turned to mud."

He moved to Los Angeles and continued doing stand-up shows at various clubs, including the Comedy Club, in 1977, where TV producer George Schlatter saw him. Schlatter, realizing that Williams would become an important force in show business, asked him to appear on a revival of his Laugh-In show. The show aired in late 1977 and became his debut TV appearance. Williams also performed a show at the LA Improv that same year for Home Box Office. While the Laugh-In revival failed, it led Williams into a career in television, during which period he continued doing stand-up at comedy clubs, such as the Roxy, to help him keep his improvisational skills sharp.

Early influences

Williams has credited other comedians with having influenced and inspired him, including Jonathan Winters, Peter Sellers, Nichols and May, and Lenny Bruce. He attributed their influence to their ability to attract a more intellectual audience by using a higher level of wit. He also liked Jay Leno for his quickness in ad-libbing comedy routines, and Sid Caesar, whose acts he felt were "precious."

Jonathan Winters became his "idol" early in life; Williams first saw him on television at age 8 and paid him homage in interviews throughout his career. Williams was inspired by Winters's ingenuity, realizing, he said, "that anything is possible, that anything is funny. . . He gave me the idea that it can be free-form, that you can go in and out of things pretty easily."

During an interview in London in 2002, he told Sir Michael Parkinson that Peter Sellers was an important influence, especially his multi-character roles in Dr. Strangelove: "It doesn't get better than that." Williams owned a rare recording of Sellers's early radio Goon Shows. British comedy actors Dudley Moore and Peter Cook were also among his influences, he told Parkinson.

Williams was also influenced by Richard Pryor's fearless ability to talk about his personal life on stage, with subjects including his use of drugs and alcohol, and Williams added those kinds of topics during his own performances. By bringing up such personal matters as a form of comedy, he told Parkinson, it was "cheaper than therapy" and gave him a way to release his pent up energy and emotions.

Televised live performances

Williams won a Grammy Award for the recording of his 1979 live show at the Copacabana in New York, "Reality...What a Concept". Some of his later tours, after he became a TV and film star, include An Evening With Robin Williams (1982), Robin Williams: At The Met (1986) and Robin Williams Live on Broadway (2002). The latter broke many long-held records for a comedy show. In some cases, tickets were sold out within thirty minutes of going on sale. In 1986, Williams released A Night at the Met.

After a six-year break, in August 2008, Williams announced a new 26-city tour titled "Weapons of Self-Destruction". He said that this was his last chance to make jokes at the expense of the Bush administration, but by the time the show was staged, only a few minutes covered that subject. The tour started at the end of September 2009 and concluded in New York on December 3, and was the subject of an HBO special on December 8, 2009.

Hardships in performing stand-up

Williams said that partly due to the stress of doing stand-up, he started using drugs and alcohol early in his career. He further said that he never drank or took drugs while on stage but occasionally performed when ill with a hangover from the previous day. During the period he was using cocaine, he said that it made him paranoid when performing on stage.

Williams once described the life of stand-up comedians:

It's a brutal field, man. They burn out. It takes its toll. Plus, the lifestyle—partying, drinking, drugs. If you're on the road, it's even more brutal. You gotta come back down to mellow your ass out, and then performing takes you back up. They flame out because it comes and goes. Suddenly they're hot, and then somebody else is hot. Sometimes they get very bitter. Sometimes they just give up. Sometimes they have a revival thing and they come back again. Sometimes they snap. The pressure kicks in. You become obsessed and then you lose that focus that you need.

Some, such as the critic Vincent Canby, were concerned that his monologues were so intense that it seemed as though at any minute his "creative process could reverse into a complete meltdown". His biographer Emily Herbert described his "intense, utterly manic style of stand-up defies analysis ... beyond energetic, beyond frenetic .. dangerous ... because of what it said about the creator's own mental state."

Williams felt secure he could not run out of ideas as the constant change in world events would keep him supplied. He also explained that he often used free association of ideas while improvising in order to keep audience interest. He noted that the competitive comedy club atmosphere could cause problems. For example, some comedians accused him of intentionally copying their jokes, although Williams strongly denied ever doing so. Whoopi Goldberg defended him, explaining that it is difficult for comedians to not pick up and reuse another comedian's material, and that it is done "all the time." He later avoided going to performances of other comedians to deter similar accusations.

During a Playboy interview in 1992, Williams was asked whether he ever feared losing the ability to speak openly about those kinds of events and subjects, and admitted that he would, "if I felt like I was becoming not just dull but a rock, that I still couldn't spark, still fire off or talk about things." While he attributed the recent suicide of novelist Jerzy Kosiński to his fear of losing his creativity and sharpness, Williams felt he could overcome those risks. For that, he credited his father for strengthening his self-confidence, telling him to never be afraid of talking about subjects which were important to him.

Television

After the Laugh-In revival and appearing in the cast of The Richard Pryor Show on NBC, Williams was cast by Garry Marshall as the alien Mork in a 1978 episode of the hit TV series Happy Days. Williams impressed the producer with his quirky sense of humor when he sat on his head when asked to take a seat for the audition. As Mork, Williams improvised much of his dialogue and physical comedy, speaking in a high, nasal voice. Mork's appearance was so popular with viewers that it led to the spin-off hit television sitcom Mork & Mindy, which ran from 1978 to 1982; the show was written to accommodate his extreme improvisations in dialog and behavior. Although he portrayed the same character as in Happy Days, the series was set in the present in Boulder, Colorado instead of the late 1950s in Milwaukee. Mork & Mindy at its peak had a weekly audience of 60 million and was credited with turning Williams into a "superstar." According to critic James Poniewozik, the series was especially popular among young people as Williams became a "man and a child, buoyant, rubber-faced, an endless gusher of invention."

Mork became an extremely popular character, featured on posters, coloring books, lunch-boxes, and other merchandise. Mork & Mindy was such a success in its first season that Williams appeared on the March 12, 1979, cover of Time magazine, then the leading news magazine in the U.S. The cover photo, taken by Michael Dressler in 1979, is said to have " his different sides: the funnyman mugging for the camera, and a sweet, more thoughtful pose that appears on a small TV he holds in his hands" according to Mary Forgione of the Los Angeles Times. This photo was installed in the National Portrait Gallery in the Smithsonian Institution shortly after the actor's death to allow visitors to pay their respects. Williams was also on the cover of the August 23, 1979, issue of Rolling Stone magazine, with the cover photograph taken by famed photographer Richard Avedon.

Starting in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Williams began to reach a wider audience with his stand-up comedy, including three HBO comedy specials, Off The Wall (1978), An Evening with Robin Williams (1982) and Robin Williams: Live at the Met (1986). Also in 1986, Williams co-hosted the 58th Academy Awards.

Williams was also a regular guest on various talk shows, including The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and Late Night with David Letterman, on which he appeared 50 times. Letterman, who knew Williams for nearly 40 years, recalls seeing him first perform as a new comedian at the Comedy Store in Hollywood, where Letterman and other comedians had already been doing stand-up. "He came in like a hurricane," said Letterman, who said he then thought to himself, "Holy crap, there goes my chance in show business."

His stand-up work was a consistent thread through his career, as seen by the success of his one-man show (and subsequent DVD) Robin Williams: Live on Broadway (2002). He was voted 13th on Comedy Central's list "100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time" in 2004.

Williams and Billy Crystal were in an unscripted cameo at the beginning of an episode of the third season of Friends. His many TV appearances included an episode of Whose Line Is It Anyway?, and he starred in an episode of Law and Order: SVU. In 2010, he appeared in a sketch with Robert De Niro on Saturday Night Live, and in 2012, guest-starred as himself in two FX series, Louie and Wilfred. In May 2013, CBS started a new series, The Crazy Ones, starring Williams, but the show was canceled after one season.

Film actor

The first film role credited to Robin Williams is a small role the 1977 low-budget comedy Can I Do It... 'Til I Need Glasses?. His first major performance is as the title character in Popeye (1980); though the film was a commercial disappointment, the role allowed Williams to showcase the acting skills previously demonstrated in his television work and Williams himself was not blamed for its failure. He also stars as the leading character in The World According to Garp (1982), which Williams considered "may have lacked a certain madness onscreen, but it had a great core". Williams continued with other smaller roles in less successful films, such as The Survivors (1983) and Club Paradise (1986), though he said these roles did not help advance his film career.

His first major break came from his starring role in director Barry Levinson's Good Morning, Vietnam (1987), which earned Williams a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The film is set in 1965 during the Vietnam War, with Williams playing the role of Adrian Cronauer, a radio shock jock who keeps the troops entertained with comedy and sarcasm. Williams was allowed to play the role without a script, improvising most of his lines. Over the microphone, he created voice impressions of people, including Walter Cronkite, Gomer Pyle, Elvis Presley, Mr. Ed, and Richard Nixon. "We just let the cameras roll," said producer Mark Johnson, and Williams "managed to create something new for every single take."

Many of his later roles were in comedies tinged with pathos. His roles in comedy and dramatic films garnered Williams an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (for his role as a psychologist in Good Will Hunting), as well as two previous Academy Award nominations (for playing an English teacher in Dead Poets Society (1989), and for playing a troubled homeless man in The Fisher King (1991)). In 1991, he played an adult Peter Pan in the movie Hook, although he had said that he would have to lose twenty-five pounds.

Other roles Williams had in acclaimed dramatic films include Moscow on the Hudson (1984), Awakenings (1990) and What Dreams May Come (1998). In the 2002 film Insomnia, Williams portrayed a writer/killer on the run from a sleep-deprived Los Angeles policeman (played by Al Pacino) in rural Alaska. Also in 2002, in the psychological thriller One Hour Photo, Williams played an emotionally disturbed photo development technician who becomes obsessed with a family for whom he has developed pictures for a long time. The last Williams movie released during his lifetime was The Angriest Man in Brooklyn, a film addressing the value of life. In it, Williams played Henry Altmann, a terminally ill man who reassesses his life and works to redeem himself.

Among the actors who helped him during his acting career, he credited Robert De Niro, from whom he learned the power of silence and economy of dialog when acting, to portray the deep-driven man. From Dustin Hoffman, with whom he co-starred in Hook, he learned to take on totally different character types, and to transform his characters by extreme preparation. Mike Medavoy, producer of Hook, told its director, Steven Spielberg, that he intentionally teamed up Hoffman and Williams for the film because he knew they wanted to work together, and that Williams welcomed the opportunity of working with Spielberg. Williams benefited from working with Woody Allen, who directed he and Billy Crystal in Deconstructing Harry (1997), as Allen had knowledge of the fact that Crystal and Williams had often performed together on stage.

His penetrative acting in the role of a therapist in Good Will Hunting (1997) deeply influenced some real therapists and won Williams an Academy Award. In Awakenings (1990), Williams played a doctor modeled on Oliver Sacks, who wrote the book on which the film was based. Sacks later said the way the actor's mind worked was a "form of genius." In 1989 Williams played a private school teacher in Dead Poets Society, which included a final, emotional scene which some critics said "inspired a generation" and became a part of pop culture. Looking over most of his filmography, one writer was "struck by the breadth" and radical diversity of most roles Williams portrayed.

Terry Gilliam, who co-founded Monty Python and directed Williams in two of his films, The Fisher King and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), noted in 1992 that Williams had the ability to "go from manic to mad to tender and vulnerable," adding that to him Williams was "the most unique mind on the planet. There's nobody like him out there."

During his career, he starred as a voice actor in several animated films. His voice role as the Genie in the animated, musical fantasy film, Aladdin (1992) was written specifically for Williams. The film's directors stated that they took a risk by writing the role, and successfully convinced him to take it. Through approximately 30 hours of tape, Williams was able to improvise much of his dialogue and impersonated dozens of celebrity voices, including Ed Sullivan, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Niro, Groucho Marx, Rodney Dangerfield, William F. Buckley, Peter Lorre, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Arsenio Hall. At first, Williams refused to take the role since it was a Disney movie, and he did not want the studio profiting by selling toys and novelty items based on the movie. He accepted the role with certain conditions: "I'm doing it basically because I want to be part of this animation tradition. I want something for my children. One deal is, I just don't want to sell anything — as in Burger King, as in toys, as in stuff." The film went on to become one of his most recognized and best loved roles, and was the highest-grossing film of 1992, winning numerous awards, including a Golden Globe for Williams; his performance as the Genie led the way for other animated films to incorporate actors with more star power for voice acting roles.

Williams continued to provide voices in other animated films, including FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992), Robots (2005), Happy Feet (2006), and an uncredited vocal performance in Everyone's Hero (2006). He also voiced the holographic Dr. Know character in the live-action film A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001). He was the voice of The Timekeeper, a former attraction at the Walt Disney World Resort about a time-traveling robot who encounters Jules Verne and brings him to the future.

In 2006, he starred in The Night Listener, a thriller about a radio show host who realizes that a child with whom he has developed a friendship may or may not exist; that year, he starred in five movies, including Man of the Year, was the Surprise Guest at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and appeared on an episode of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition that aired on January 30, 2006.

At the time of his death in 2014, Williams had appeared in four movies not yet released: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, A Merry Friggin' Christmas, Boulevard and Absolutely Anything.

Theatre actor

Williams appeared opposite Steve Martin at Lincoln Center in an off-Broadway production of Waiting for Godot in 1988. He made his Broadway acting debut in Rajiv Joseph's Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo, which opened at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on March 31, 2011. He headlined his own one-man show, Robin Williams: Live on Broadway, that played at the Broadway theatre in July 2002.

Personal life

Marriages and children

Williams married his first wife Valerie Velardi in June 1978, following a live-in relationship with comedian Elayne Boosler. Velardi and Williams met in 1976 while he was working as a bartender at a tavern in San Francisco. Their son Zachary Pym "Zak" Williams was born in 1983. Williams and Velardi divorced in 1988.

On April 30, 1989, he married Marsha Garces, Zachary's nanny, who was pregnant with his child. They had two children, Zelda Rae Williams (born 1989) and Cody Alan Williams (born 1991). In March 2008, Garces filed for divorce from Williams, citing irreconcilable differences. Their divorce was finalized in 2010. Williams married his third wife, graphic designer Susan Schneider, on October 22, 2011, in St. Helena, California. The two lived at their house in Sea Cliff, San Francisco, California.

Williams stated, "My children give me a great sense of wonder. Just to see them develop into these extraordinary human beings."

Other interests

Williams was a member of the Episcopal Church. He described his denomination in a comedy routine as "Catholic Lite—same rituals, half the guilt." He has also described himself as an "honorary Jew," and on Israel's 60th Independence Day in 2008, he appeared in Times Square, along with several other celebrities to wish Israel a happy birthday.

Williams was an enthusiast of both pen-and-paper role-playing games and video games. His daughter Zelda was named after the title character from The Legend of Zelda, a family favorite video game series, and he sometimes performed at consumer entertainment trade shows.

His favorite books were the Foundation trilogy by Isaac Asimov, with his favorite book as a child being The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, which he later shared with his children.

Williams became a devoted cycling enthusiast, having taken up the sport partly as a substitute for drugs. Eventually, he accumulated a large bicycle collection of his own and became a fan of professional road cycling, often traveling to racing events, such as the Tour de France.

Philanthropy

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (July 2015)

In 1986, Williams teamed up with Whoopi Goldberg and Billy Crystal to found Comic Relief USA. This annual HBO television benefit devoted to the homeless has raised $80 million as of 2014. Bob Zmuda, creator of Comic Relief, explains that Williams felt blessed because he came from a wealthy home, but wanted to do something to help those less fortunate. Williams made benefit appearances to support literacy and women's rights, along with appearing at benefits for veterans. He was a regular on the USO circuit, where he traveled to 13 countries and performed to approximately 100,000 troops. After his death, the USO thanked him "for all he did for the men and women of our armed forces."

Williams and his second wife Marsha founded a philanthropic organization called the Windfall Foundation to raise money for many charities. In December 1999, he sang in French on the BBC-inspired music video of international celebrities doing a cover of The Rolling Stones' "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)" for the charity Children's Promise.

In response to the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, he donated all proceeds of his "Weapons of Self Destruction" Christchurch performance to help rebuild the New Zealand city. Half the proceeds were donated to the Red Cross and half to the mayoral building fund. Williams performed with the USO for U.S. troops stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan.

For several years, Williams supported St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.

Addiction and health problems

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Williams had an addiction to cocaine. He was a casual friend of John Belushi, and the sudden death of Belushi, with the birth of his son Zak, prompted him to quit drugs and alcohol: "Was it a wake-up call? Oh yeah, on a huge level. The grand jury helped, too." Williams turned to exercise and cycling to help alleviate his depression shortly after Belushi's death, according to bicycle shop owner Tony Tom, Williams stated, "cycling saved my life."

In 2003, he started drinking alcohol again while working on a film in Alaska. In 2006, he checked himself in to a substance-abuse rehabilitation center in Newberg, Oregon, saying he was an alcoholic.

Years afterward, Williams acknowledged his failure to maintain sobriety, but said he never returned to using cocaine, declaring in a 2010 interview:

No. Cocaine – paranoid and impotent, what fun. There was no bit of me thinking, ooh, let's go back to that. Useless conversations until midnight, waking up at dawn feeling like a vampire on a day pass. No.

In March 2009, he was hospitalized due to heart problems. He postponed his one-man tour for surgery to replace his aortic valve. The surgery was completed on March 13, 2009, at the Cleveland Clinic.

In mid-2014, Williams admitted himself into the Hazelden Foundation Addiction Treatment Center in Lindstrom, Minnesota for treatment related to his alcoholism.

His publicist Mara Buxbaum commented that he was suffering from severe depression prior to his death. His wife Susan Schneider stated that in the period before his death, Williams had been sober, but was diagnosed with early stage Parkinson's disease, which was information he was "not yet ready to share publicly." An autopsy revealed that Williams had been suffering from Lewy body dementia, which had been misdiagnosed as Parkinson's.

In an essay published in the journal of Neurology two years after his death, Susan Schneider revealed that the pathology of Lewy body dementia in Williams was described by several doctors as among the worst pathologies they had seen. She described the early symptoms of his disease as beginning in October, 2013 and including a sudden and prolonged spike in fear and anxiety, constipation, urinary difficulty, heartburn, sleeplessness and insomnia, a poor sense of smell, stress, and a slight tremor in his left hand. Eventually, she said, he suffered from paranoia, delusions and looping, insomnia, memory, and high cortisol levels. According to Schneider, "Robin was losing his mind and he was aware of it ... He kept saying, 'I just want to reboot my brain.'"

Death

On August 11, 2014, Williams committed suicide at his home in Paradise Cay, California at the age of 63. In the initial report released on August 12, the Marin County Sheriff's Office deputy coroner stated Williams had hanged himself with a belt and died from asphyxiation. The final autopsy report, released in November 2014, affirmed that Williams had committed suicide as initially described; neither alcohol nor illegal drugs were involved, while all prescription drugs present in his body were at "therapeutic" levels. The report also noted that Williams had been suffering "a recent increase in paranoia". An examination of his brain tissue revealed the presence of "diffuse Lewy body dementia", which had been misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease. Describing the disease as "the terrorist inside my husband's brain", his wife Susan Schneider stated that "however you look at it—the presence of Lewy bodies took his life."

His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered in San Francisco Bay on August 12.

Tributes

The death of Robin Williams was instant global news. The entertainment world, friends, and fans responded to his death through social and other media outlets. His wife, Susan Schneider, said: "I lost my husband and my best friend, while the world lost one of its most beloved artists and beautiful human beings. I am utterly heartbroken." His daughter Zelda Williams responded to his death by stating that the "world is forever a little darker, less colorful and less full of laughter in his absence". U.S. President Barack Obama said of Williams: "He was one of a kind. He arrived in our lives as an alien – but he ended up touching every element of the human spirit."

Broadway theaters in New York City dimmed their lights for one minute in his honor. Broadway's Aladdin cast honored Williams by having the audience join them in a sing-along of "Friend Like Me", an Oscar-nominated song originally sung by Williams in the 1992 film. Fans of Williams created makeshift memorials at his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and at locations from his television and film career, such as the bench in Boston's Public Garden featured in Good Will Hunting; the Pacific Heights, San Francisco, home used in Mrs. Doubtfire; and the Boulder, Colorado, home used for Mork & Mindy. A book biography was reportedly in development, to be written by New York Times writer David Itzkoff. In addition, a tunnel on Highway 101 north of the Golden Gate Bridge was officially named the "Robin Williams Tunnel" on February 29, 2016.

On television, during the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards on August 25, 2014, Billy Crystal presented a tribute to Williams, referring to him as "the brightest star in our comedy galaxy". On September 9, 2014, PBS aired a one-hour special devoted to his career, and on September 27, 2014, dozens of leading stars and celebrities held a tribute in San Francisco to celebrate his life and career.

Shortly after his death, Disney Channel, Disney XD, and Disney Junior all aired the original Aladdin commercial-free over the course of a week, with a dedicated drawing of the genie at the end of each airing before the credits.

Legacy and influence

You can't look at any modern comic and say, 'That's the descendant of Robin Williams', because it's not possible to be a Robin Williams rip-off. ... He raised the bar for what it's possible to do, and made an enormous amount of us want to be comedians."

Although Williams was first recognized as a stand-up comedian and television star, he later became known for acting in film roles of substance and serious drama. He was considered a "national treasure" by many in the entertainment industry and by the public.

His on-stage energy and improvisational skill became a model for a new generation of stand-up comedians. Many comedians valued the way he worked highly personal issues into his comedy routines, especially his honesty about drug and alcohol addiction, along with depression. According to media scholar Derek A. Burrill, because of the openness with which Williams spoke about his own life, "probably the most important contribution he made to pop culture, across so many different media, was as Robin Williams the person."

Williams created a signature free-form persona in comedy, in a style that was so widely and uniquely identified with him, that new comedians imitated Williams personally. Jim Carrey impersonated his Mork character early in his own career. This high-spirited persona has been generally credited with paving the way for the growing comedy scene which developed in San Francisco. Young comedians felt more liberated on stage by seeing his spontaneously diverse range: "one moment acting as a bright, mischievous child, then as a wise philosopher or alien from outer space." According to Judd Apatow, the eclectic performer's rapid-fire improvisational style was an inspiration as well as an influence for other comedians, but that his talent was so extremely unique that no one else could possibly attempt to copy it.

His film performances often influenced other actors, both in and out of the film industry. Director Chris Columbus, who directed Williams in Mrs. Doubtfire, says that watching him work "was a magical and special privilege. His performances were unlike anything any of us had ever seen, they came from some spiritual and otherworldly place." Looking over most of his filmography, Alyssa Rosenberg at The Washington Post was "struck by the breadth" and radical diversity of most of his roles, writing that "Williams helped us grow up."

Filmography

The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list or length of this list is disputed. Please discuss this issue on the talk page.

At least 106 acting credits were attributed to Williams between 1977 and 2014, including the following:

Awards

Won:

• 1978 – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy, Mork & Mindy
• 1980 – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy, Mork & Mindy
• 1980 – Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, Reality... What a Concept
• 1987 – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, Good Morning, Vietnam
• 1987 – Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, A Night at the Met
• 1987 - Emmy Award: Outstanding Individual Performance In A Variety Or Music Program, "Carol Burnett Special: Carol, Carl, Whoopi & Robin"
• 1988 - Emmy Award: Outstanding Individual Performance In A Variety Or Music Program, "ABC Presents a Royal Gala"
• 1989 – Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, Good Morning Vietnam
• 1991 – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, The Fisher King
• 1993 – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, Mrs. Doubtfire
• 1996 – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role, The Birdcage
• 1997 – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Good Will Hunting
• 1997 – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role, Good Will Hunting
• 2003 – Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, Robin Williams Live - 2002
• 2005 – Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award

References

Footnotes

1. "Rolling Stone Interview" (PDF). 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
2. "Jonathan Winters, who influenced Jim Carrey and Robin Williams, among others, dead at 87". National Post. April 12, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
3. Williams, Robin (November 14, 2006). "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" (Interview). Interviewed by Conan O'Brien. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
4. ^ Williams, Robin. "Robin Williams, Parkinson interview 2002" (Interview). Interviewed by Michael Parkinson. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
5. ^ Nachman, Gerald. Seriously Funny: The Rebel Comedians of the 1950s and 1960s, Pantheon, N.Y. (2003)
6. Kahn, Mattie (August 12, 2014). "When Norm Macdonald Met Robin Williams - 'The Funniest Man in The World'". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
7. Raab, Lauren; Parker, Ryan; Loomis, Nicky (August 11, 2014). "Robin Williams, 'funniest man alive,' dead at 63". The Bradenton Herald. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
8. ^ Martin, Nick (August 13, 2014). "San Francisco Neighbours Mourn Robin Williams". Sky News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
9. ^ Schneider Williams, Susan (September 27, 2016). "The terrorist inside my husband's brain". Neurology. 87 (13): 1308–1311. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003162. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
10. "Chicago Native Robin Williams Recalled 'Good Times' Growing Up Here". CBS Local. August 11, 2014. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
11. Sources conflict. The print biographies The Life and Humor of Robin Williams: A Biography and Robin Williams: A Biography give his birth year as 1952. The Robin Williams Scrapbook also gives a birth year as 1952, as does Encyclopædia Britannica. Williams refers to himself as being "55" in an interview published July 4, 2007. Monk, Katherine (July 4, 2007). "Marriage 101 with Robin Williams". Canada.com. He also verifies his date of birth as July 21, 1951 in a fansite interview: Stuurman, Linda. RWF talks with Robin Williams: Proost!, May 25, 2008.
12. ^ Kornbluth, Jesse (November 22, 1993). "Robin Williams's Change Of Life: Fighting For His Family In His New Film, 'Mrs. Doubtfire,' And In Real Life". New York Magazine. K-III Magazine Corporation. pp. 34–41. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
13. Shipman, Robert (August 13, 2014). "Genealogy buffs find Williams' roots in Evansville". Washington Times. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
14. Rubenstein, Steve (September 8, 2001). "Laurie Williams – comedian's mother". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
15. McLellan, Dennis (August 18, 2007). "R. Todd Williams, 69; winery founder, comic's brother". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
16. Donahue, Michael (December 25, 1991). "Robin Williams' Half-brother Is An All-out Fan". Chicago Tribune. Scripps Howard News Service. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
17. "Full text of "Anselm J. McLaurin (late a senator from Mississippi)"". Archive.org. 1911. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
18. Gristwood, Sarah (June 18, 1998). "Bobbin' Robin". Mail & Guardian Online. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved December 26, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
19. Topel, Fred (July 3, 2007). "Robin Williams on License to Wed". CanMag. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
20. "Top 10 Reasons to be an Episcopalian (from the comedian Robin Williams, who is an Episcopalian, on a recent HBO special) – Ebb and Flow , the online newsletter of St. Augustine by the Sea Episcopal Church, Santa Monica, California". Saint-augustine.org. September 2002. Archived from the original on October 14, 2002. Retrieved August 12, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
21. video: "Robin Williams – Inside The Actors Studio", June 10, 2001
22. ^ Cullotta, Karen Ann (August 13, 2014). "Robin Williams' childhood in Lake Forest remembered". Chicago Tribune. Sec. 1. p. 7. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
23. Terry Gross (host) (August 3, 2006). "Robin Williams: 'The Night Listener'". Fresh Air from WHYY (Radio). National Public Radio.
24. Moore, Mary Ellen (January 1, 1979). Robin Williams. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 9780448171289. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
25. Strauss, Valerie (August 11, 2014). "How high school changed Robin Williams' life". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
26. Weber, Bruce (May 28, 1989). "Robin Williams, the Comic, Confronts Robin Williams, the Actor". New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
27. Klemesrud, Judy (April 15, 1984). "Robin Williams Dons an Emigre's Guise". New York Times. p. A21. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
28. Landrum, Gene N. (2007). Paranoia & Power: Fear & Fame of Entertainment Icons. Morgan James Publishing. pp. 30–31. ASIN B008SLGPFW. ISBN 1600372740.
29. Golum, Rob (August 12, 2014). "Robin Williams, Oscar Winner, Dies After Hanging Himself". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
30. ^ Hansen, Megan (August 11, 2014). "'We knew him as a neighbor': Marin remembers Robin Williams". Marin Independent Journal. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
31. ^ Maslon, Laurence, and Kantor, Michael. Make 'em Laugh: The Funny Business of America, Twelve, 2008 pp. 241–244
32. ^ Reeve, Christopher (1998). Still Me. New York: Random House. pp. 167–172. ISBN 978-0-679-45235-5.
33. "Robin Williams' son remembers his dad and Christopher Reeve's friendship", Fox News, Nov. 23, 2014
34. "Robin Williams – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. August 12, 2014. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
35. Feeney, Nolan (August 12, 2014). "Listen to Robin Williams Talk About His Struggles on a April 26, 2010 Podcast". Time. Archived from the original on September 22, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
36. "WTF with Marc Maron - Remembering Robin Williams". WTF with Marc Maron. August 11, 2014. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
37. "For Juilliard, Ex-Student Hams It Up". The New York Times. The Associated Press. May 18, 1991. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
38. Blair, Caroline (August 12, 2014). "NC Comedian: Robin Williams Was My Hero, My Influence". Time Warner Cable News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
39. ^ Zehme, Bill (February 25, 1988). "Robin Williams: The Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone. pp. 29–32. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
40. video: "Young Robin Williams at the Los Angeles Improv, 1977
41. video: Robin Williams at the Roxy, 1978 on YouTube
42. ^ Grobel, Lawrence (January 1992). "Playboy Interview:Robin Williams". Playboy.
43. "Jonathan Winters Dead: 'Mork and Mindy' Star Dies At Age 87". Huffington Post. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
44. video: Williams, Robin. "Robin Williams, Parkinson interview 2002" (Interview). Interviewed by Michael Parkinson. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
45. Lee, Carter (August 11, 2014). "Shazbot Robin Williams: Because we did, in fact, love him". commdiginews.com. Communities Digital News. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
46. Benedictus, Leo (December 6, 2012). "Comedy gold: Robin Williams's A Night at the Met". The Guardian. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
47. ^ Herbert, Emily (November 15, 2014). Robin Williams: When the Laughter Stops 1951–2014. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781784183004. OCLC 889523094. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
48. Robin Williams interview with Sir Michael Parkinson, 2002. 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2016 – via YouTube. {{cite AV media}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
49. ^ Giles, Jeff (February 21, 1991). "Robin Williams: Fears of a Clown". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
50. ^ James Lipton (host) (June 10, 2001). "Robin Williams". Inside the Actors Studio. Season 7. Episode 710. Bravo.
51. "Robin Williams Biography". Biography Channel. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
52. Corliss, Richard (August 25, 2014). "Robin Williams: The Heart of Comedy". Time.
53. "Mork & Mindy". retrojunk.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
54. "Robin Williams – March 12, 1979". Time. 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
55. "How Robin Williams Went From Unknown To Star in 5 Months". Time. March 12, 1979. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
56. ^ Forgione, Mary (August 12, 2014). "The lighter side of Robin Williams, now at National Portrait Gallery". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
57. Williams, Robin. Rolling Stone, May 18, 2006
58. "A History of Comedy Stars on the Cover of Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. June 1, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
59. O'Connor, John J (March 26, 1986). "The Acadamey Awards Ceremony". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
60. video clip; "Robin Williams on Johnny Carson's Tonight Show – 1991" on YouTube
61. Lockett, Dee (August 19, 2014). "Letterman Remembers the First Time He Met Robin Williams". Slate. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
62. "Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
63. Cook, Jon (April 4, 1997). "Comedians Crystal and Williams in "Friends" episode". canoe.ca. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
64. Whose Line Is It Anyway?. Season 3. Episode 9. November 16, 2000. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
65. Stanhope, Kate (August 11, 2014). "Robin Williams Dies of Suspected Suicide at 63". TV Guide. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
66. Rose, Lacey; Goldberg, Lesley (May 10, 2013). "CBS Orders Chuck Lorre's 'Mom,' Robin Williams' 'Crazy Ones,' Will Arnett Comedy, More". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
67. Littleton, Cynthia (May 10, 2014). "CBS Renews 'Mentalist', Cancels 'Crazy Ones', 'Hostages', 'Intelligence' & 2 More". variety.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
68. Rea, Steven (August 13, 2014). "Robin Williams, 63, comic genius". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
69. Spitznagel, Eric (August 12, 2014). "Popeye Is the Best Movie Robin Williams Ever Made". Vanity Fair. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
70. Anderegg, Michael, ed. (1991). Inventing Vietnam: The War in Film and Television. Culture And The Moving Image: Vol 6. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 238. ASIN B00DT6526E. ISBN 9780877228622.
71. Monk, Katherine (August 12, 2014). "A clown and his demons: Robin Williams mixed zany comedy, sharp satire and pathos (with video)". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
72. Rolling Stone, February 21, 1991 p. 26.
73. ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Robin Williams". Allmovie. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
74. Williams, Karl. "Insomnia (2002)". Allmovie. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
75. Deming, Mark. "One Hour Photo (2002)". Allmovie. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
76. Medavoy, Mike (2002). You're Only as Good as Your Next One: 100 Great Films, 100 Good Films, and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot. Young, Josh (contributor). New York: Simon & Schuster (Altria). p. 228. ISBN 9780743400541.
77. Lax, Eric (2007). Conversations with Woody Allen: His Films, the Movies, and Moviemaking. Alfred A. Knopf Doubleday. p. 52. ISBN 978-0375415333.
78. "Requiem for a Therapist: A Tribute to Robin Williams". Huffington Post. August 12, 2014. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
79. Goodman, Jessica (August 11, 2014). "Robin Williams and the 'O Captain' Scene That Inspired a Generation". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
80. ^ Rosenberg, Alyssa (August 11, 2014). "How Robin Williams helped us grow up". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
81. video: "Turning Robin Williams into 'Aladdin's' Genie", ABC News, August 15, 2014
82. Labrecque, Jeff (August 12, 2014). "Robin Williams in 'Aladdin': Animator Eric Goldberg remembers drawing Genie". Entertainment Weekly.
83. McDonald, Soraya Nadia (August 15, 2014). "Robin Williams almost didn't make 'Aladdin,' and a generation of children is grateful that he did". Washington Post.
84. Meslow, Scott (October 28, 2011). "How Celebrities Took Over Cartoon Voice Acting". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
85. Veness, Susan (2009). The Hidden Magic of Walt Disney World: Over 600 Secrets of the Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney's Hollywood Studios, and Animal Kingdom. Adams Media. p. 74. ISBN 9781440504327.
86. "Kids' Choice Awards". CBS News. April 1, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
87. "Quick Takes: An 'Extreme Makeover' salute to military families". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. November 3, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
88. Elavsky, Cindy (August 24, 2014). "Celebrity Extra". Downriver Sunday Times. King Features.
89. Kuchwara, Michael (November 26, 1988). "Still 'Waiting for Godot': Robin Williams, Steve Martin play it for laughs". The Free Lance-Star. AP. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
90. Rich, Frank (November 7, 1988). "Review/Theatre; 'Godot': The Timeless Relationship of 2 Interdependent Souls". The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2011.(Subscription required.)
91. Isherwood, Charles (March 31, 2011). "Ghostly Beast Burning Bright in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
92. The Broadway League. "Robin Williams: Live on Broadway". IBDB: The Official Source for Broadway Information.
93. Browne, David (September 11, 2014). "Robin Williams, 1951–2014". Rolling Stone: 38–47.
94. Darrach, Brad (February 22, 1988). "A Comic's Crisis of the Heart". People. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
95. Massarelle, Linda; Berg, Emmett; Golding, Bruce (August 12, 2014). "Robin Williams' divorces left the star strapped for cash". New York Post. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
96. ^ Hochman, David (September 9, 2013). "Still Crazy: Years after Morak and Buffy, Robin Williams and Sarah Michelle Gellar hope to rope us in with a new sitcom". TV Guide: 16–19. ISSN 0039-8543.
97. Garchik, Leah (March 27, 2008). "Robin Williams' wife files for divorce after nearly 19 years". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008.
98. Chaney, Jen (October 24, 2011). "Robin Williams and Susan Schneider reportedly wed". Washington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
99. Ravitz, Justin (October 24, 2011). "Robin Williams Weds!". Us Weekly. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
100. "Robin Williams. It's time for a convoluted stream of consciousness. Ask Me Anything! : IAmA". Reddit.com. September 25, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
101. Jerusalem Post, August 2014 Jews Mourn the loss of honorary member Robin Williams
102. Johnson, Caitlin A. (July 3, 2007). "A "License" to Laugh". CBS News. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
103. Borschel, Amanda (August 12, 2014). "'Honorary Jew' Robin Williams, 63, found dead". The Times of Israel. AP. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
104. "Celebrity Salute to Israel @ Times Square". YouTube. May 13, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
105. Szymanski, Mike (August 21, 2002). "Robin Williams Confesses to Another Addiction … the Internet". Zap2it. Archived from the original on October 10, 2002. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
106. DeMaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny L. (2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-07-223172-4.
107. Graser, Marc (August 13, 2014). "Robin Williams to Be Memorialized in 'World of Warcraft'". Variety. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
108. Boutin, Paul (January 6, 2006). "Live coverage of Google Keynote with Robin Williams". Engadget.com. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
109. Terdiman, Daniel (May 11, 2006). "Robin Williams yucks it up for 'Spore'". CNet. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
110. "Dungeons and Dragons Game Day at London Dungeon". Viewlondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 22, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
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114. Koeppel, Dan (2003). "Robin Williams Profile — Robin Williams: "I'm Lucky to Have Bikes in My Life"". Bicycling Magazine. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
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117. video: "US Soldiers Mourns The Loss Of 'True Friend" – Robin Williams' Favorite Audience"ABC – Good Morning America, August 14, 2014
118. On Patrol, USO, Fall 2014, p. 8
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135. Ryder, Taryn (August 15, 2014). "Wife: Robin Williams Had Parkinson's Disease, His Sobriety Intact Before Death". Yahoo!. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
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148. "Barack Obama Calls Actor Robin Williams 'One of a Kind'". NBC News. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
149. Simakis, Andrea (August 14, 2014). "Broadway's 'Aladdin' cast honors Robin Williams with song". Cleveland.com. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
150. "Fans mourn Robin Williams at Hollywood Walk of Fame star, autopsy pending". Los Angeles Daily News. City News Service. August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
151. MacQuarrie, Brian; Crimaldi, Laura (August 12, 2014). "Boston fans remember Robin Williams". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
152. Rocha, Veronica (August 13, 2014). "Robin Williams memorial grows outside 'Mrs. Doubtfire' house". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
153. Bacle, Ariana (August 12, 2014). "Fans remember Robin Williams at 'Mork and Mindy' house". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
154. "Robin Williams Bio in the Works", Hollywood Reporter, Aug. 27, 2014
155. http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Robin-Williams-tunnel-officially-gets-new-signs-6864015.php#photo-9482994
156. "Billy Crystal Emmys Tribute to Robin Williams Expected to Honor Humor", Guardianlv, August 22, 2014
157. Sacks, Ethan (August 25, 2014). "Emmys 2014: Robin Williams given emotional tribute by good friend Billy Crystal". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
158. "Robin Williams Tribute Special to Air on PBS", Variety, Sept. 2, 2014
159. "Robin Williams' Life Celebrated at San Francisco Tribute Attended by Family, Industry Friends", Hollywood Reporter, Sept. 27, 2014
160. Disney Networks to Air 'Aladdin' in Honor of Robin Williams, Hollywood Reporter, Aug. 14, 2014
161. ^ Browne, David (September 11, 2014). "Robin Williams, 1951-2014". Rolling Stone: 38–47. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
162. "Glenn Close on Friend and Colleague: 'Robin Williams Was a World Treasure'", Showbiz411, August 13, 2014
163. ^ "Robin Williams: His unscripted riffs were not merely funny, but observant",(+video), Christian Science Monitor, August 12, 2014
164. "Jim Carrey Impersonates Robin Williams" on YouTube
165. Rappoport, Leon. Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Humor, Greenwood Publishing (2005) p. 136
166. "Valley native Chris Columbus speaks about life with Robin Williams". vindy.com. August 13, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
167. ^ "DID ROBIN WILLIAMS EVER WIN AN EMMY? OF COURSE HE DID — HE WAS RIDICULOUSLY TALENTED, AFTER ALL", Bustle, August 2014
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169. ^ Robin Williams Emmys, Emmys
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171. "Emmy Awards Remember Robin Williams", Guardianlv, August 27, 2014

Sources

• David, Jay (1999). The Life and Humor of Robin Williams: A Biography. New York: Quill. ISBN 978-0-688-15245-1.
• Dougan, Andy (1999). Robin Williams: A Biography. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-213-9.
• Spignesi, Stephen J. (1997). The Robin Williams Scrapbook. S ecaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. ISBN 978-0-8065-1891-6.

Further reading

• "Special Edition: The Death of Robin Williams". Nightline. ABC News. August 11, 2014.
• "The Life and Death of Robin Williams". 2020. ABC News. August 12, 2014.
• Weisman, Aly (August 13, 2014). "Robin Williams set up a 3-part trust fund for his kids amid money troubles before death". Business Insider.
• "Peter Travers on 9 of His Favorite Robin Williams Performances – Rolling Stone's film critic weighs in on the late actor and comedian's best work".

External links

• Official website
• Robin Williams at Find a Grave
• Robin Williams at the Internet Broadway Database
• Robin Williams at IMDb
• Robin Williams at the TCM Movie Database

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