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'''Sabarimala''' is a ] ] centre located at the ] in the ] mountain ranges of ], ] grama panchayat in ]. It is one of the largest annual pilgrimages in the world, with an estimated over 100 million devotees visiting every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-why-millions-throng-sabarimala-shrine-1755207.html |title=Why millions throng Sabarimala shrine |publisher=http://daily.bhaskar.com/ |accessdate=January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/indo-americans-shocked-at-sabarimala-tragedy-news-international-lbpqadcabij.html |title=Indo-Americans shocked at Sabarimala tragedy |publisher=http://www.sify.com/ |accessdate=2011}}</ref> Ayyappan's temple is situated amidst 18 hills. The temple is situated on a hilltop at an altitude of 1260&nbsp;m (4,133&nbsp;ft) above main sea level, and is surrounded by mountains and dense forests. The dense forest, (]), around the temple is known as poongavanam. Temples exist in each of the hills surrounding Sabarimala. While functional and intact temples exist at many places in the surrounding areas like ] ], and Karimala remnants of old temples survive to this day on remaining hills. '''Sabarimala''' is a ] ] centre located at the ] in the ] mountain ranges of ], ] grama panchayat in ]. It is one of the largest annual pilgrimages in the world, with an estimated over 100 million devotees visiting every year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-why-millions-throng-sabarimala-shrine-1755207.html|title=Why millions throng Sabarimala shrine|date=2011-01-15|newspaper=DailyBhaskar|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/news/indo-americans-shocked-at-sabarimala-tragedy-news-international-lbpqadcabij.html|title=Indo-Americans shocked at Sabarimala tragedy|newspaper=Sify|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Ayyappan's temple is situated amidst 18 hills. The temple is situated on a hilltop at an altitude of 1260&nbsp;m (4,133&nbsp;ft) above main sea level, and is surrounded by mountains and dense forests. The dense forest, (]), around the temple is known as poongavanam. Temples exist in each of the hills surrounding Sabarimala. While functional and intact temples exist at many places in the surrounding areas like ] ], and Karimala remnants of old temples survive to this day on remaining hills.


The shrine at Sabarimala is an ancient temple of ] also known as ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.myoksha.com/sabarimala-temple/|title= Sabarimala Temple}}</ref> In the 12th century, Manikandan, a prince of Pandalam dynasty, meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. Manikandan was an avatar of Ayyappan. The shrine at Sabarimala is an ancient temple of ] also known as ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.myoksha.com/sabarimala-temple/|title=Sabarimala Temple {{!}} Timings, Poojas & Travel Tips {{!}} Myoksha|date=2014-07-04|newspaper=Myoksha|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> In the 12th century, Manikandan, a prince of Pandalam dynasty, meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. Manikandan was an avatar of Ayyappan.


Sabarimala is linked to ] predominantly undertaken by Hindus. Sabarimala pilgrims can be identified easily, as they wear black or blue dress. They do not shave until the completion of the pilgrimage, and smear ] or ] paste on their forehead. Sabarimala is linked to ] predominantly undertaken by Hindus. Sabarimala pilgrims can be identified easily, as they wear black or blue dress. They do not shave until the completion of the pilgrimage, and smear ] or ] paste on their forehead.


In 1991, the Kerala High Court banned entry of women between ages above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year. Presently, the Supreme Court of India has taken a petition to review the judgement of High Court and allow entry of women. The Supreme Court hearings are in progress and no decision has yet been made.<ref>http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sabarimala-temple-case-supreme-court-to-resume-hearing-on-april-22-2203434</ref> In 1991, the Kerala High Court restricted entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year. Presently, the Supreme Court of India has taken a petition to review the judgment of High Court and allow entry of women. The Supreme Court hearings are in progress and no decision has yet been made.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sabarimala-temple-case-supreme-court-to-resume-hearing-on-april-22-2203434|title=Sabarimala temple case: Supreme Court to resume hearing on April 22 {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2016-04-18|newspaper=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>


The temple is open for worship only during the days of ] (approximately 15 November to 26 December), ] or "]" (14 January) and ] (14 April), and the first five days of each ] month. The temple is open for worship only during the days of ''Mandalapooja'' (approximately 15 November to 26 December), ] or "]" (14 January) and ] (14 April), and the first five days of each ].


== The pilgrimage == == The pilgrimage ==
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] ]


The devotees are expected to follow a ''Vratham'' (41-day fasting) prior to the pilgrimage.<ref>http://www.haindavakeralam.com/HKPage.aspx?PageID=12948&SKIN=D</ref> This begins with wearing of a special ''Mala'' (a chain made of ] or ] beads is commonly used, though still other types of chains are available.). During the 41 days of Vratham, the devotee who has taken the vow, is required to strictly follow the rules that include follow only a ] diet, follow ], follow ], not use any ], allow the hair and nails to grow without cutting. They must try their maximum to help others, and see everything around them as lord Ayyappa. They are expected to bath twice in a day and visit the local temples regularly and only wear plain black or blue colored traditional clothing. Saffron colored dresses are worn by Sanysis (monks) who have renunciated material life. But, many devotees still continue to wear saffron colored clothes which becomes a part of vedic culture which connects the whole Hindus worldwide. The devotees are expected to follow a ''Vratham'' (41-day fasting) prior to the pilgrimage.<ref>http://www.haindavakeralam.com/HKPage.aspx?PageID=12948&SKIN=D</ref> This begins with wearing of a special ''Mala'' (a chain made of ] or ] beads is commonly used, though still other types of chains are available.). During the 41 days of Vratham, the devotee who has taken the vow, is required to strictly follow the rules that include follow only a ] diet, follow ], follow ], not use any ], allow the hair and nails to grow without cutting. They must try their maximum to help others, and see everything around them as lord Ayyappa. They are expected to bath twice in a day and visit the local temples regularly and only wear plain black or blue colored traditional clothing. Saffron colored dresses are worn by ] who have renunciated material life. But, many devotees still continue to wear saffron colored clothes which becomes a part of ] which connects the whole Hindus worldwide.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}


Hundreds of devotees still follow the traditional mountainous forest path (approximately 61&nbsp;km) from ],12.8&nbsp;km from ] and 8&nbsp;km from Chalakayam, believed to be taken by ] himself. The ] route starts from ] to Aludha river, then crosses the Aludha mountain to reach Karivilam thodu. Now comes the sacred Karimala crossing, from there to Cheriyanavattom, Valliyanavattom and finally ]. Then they have to climb Neelimala and enter into the ganesh bettam, shreerama betta padam. Then comes the ], which is one of the stops of holy journey 'thiruvabharana ghoshayatra'. Hundreds of devotees still follow the traditional mountainous forest path (approximately 61&nbsp;km) from ],12.8&nbsp;km from ] and 8&nbsp;km from Chalakayam, believed to be taken by ] himself. The ] route starts from ] to Aludha river, then crosses the Aludha mountain to reach Karivilam thodu. Now comes the sacred Karimala crossing, from there to Cheriyanavattom, Valliyanavattom and finally ]. Then they have to climb Neelimala and enter into the Ganesha-Bettam, Shreerama-Betta Padam. Then comes the ], which is one of the stops of holy journey '''Thiruvabharana Ghoshayatra''<nowiki/>' (the grand procession of the divine jewelery).


These days people use vehicles to reach the Pamba River by an alternate road. From Pamba, all the pilgrims begin trekking the steep mountain path of Neeli Mala till Sabari Mala. This route is now highly developed, with emergency shops and medical aid by the sides, and supporting aid is provided to the pilgrims while climbing the steep slope, which used to be a mere trail through dense jungle. The elderly pilgrims are lifted by men on bamboo chairs till the top, on being paid. These days people use vehicles to reach the ] by an alternate route. From Pamba, all the pilgrims begin trekking the steep mountain path of Neeli Mala till Sabari Mala. This route is now highly developed, with emergency shops and medical aid by the sides, and supporting aid is provided to the pilgrims while climbing the steep slope, which used to be a mere trail through dense jungle. The elderly pilgrims are lifted by men on bamboo chairs till the top, on being paid.


== Women pilgrims == == Women pilgrims ==


Women in large numbers did not visit the temple, due to the hardship in reaching the temple.<ref name="khc91">Kerala High Court (5 April 1991) Bench: K Paripoornan, K B Marar; Source: (accessed Sunday May 1, 2016)</ref> Women in large numbers did not visit the temple, due to the hardship in reaching the temple.<ref name="khc91">Kerala High Court (5 April 1991) Bench: K Paripoornan, K B Marar; Source: (accessed Sunday May 1, 2016)</ref> Women pilgrims below the age group of 50 would visit the temple to conduct the first rice-feeding ceremony of their children (]) in the temple premises.<ref name="khc91" /> On May 13, 1940, even the Maharani of Tranvancore had visited the temple.<ref name="khc91" /><ref>"Travancore Devaswom Board " History of Temple, ''Sri Chithirathirunal Maharaja along with the Maharani and Diwan of Travancore made pilgrimage to the temple on May 13th, 1940.''; Source: (accessed Saturday June 25, 2016)</ref>

<ref name="khc91" /> Women pilgrims below the age group of 50 would visit the temple to conduct the first rice-feeding ceremony of their children (Chottoonu) in the temple premises.<ref name="khc91" /> On May 13, 1940, even the Maharani of Tranvancore had visited the temple.<ref name="khc91" />
<ref>"Travancore Devaswom Board " History of Temple, ''Sri Chithirathirunal Maharaja along with the Maharani and Diwan of Travancore made pilgrimage to the temple on May 13th, 1940.''; Source: (accessed Saturday June 25, 2016)</ref>


In 1991, Justice K Paripoornan and Justice K Balanarayana Marar of the Kerala High Court in their ruling against the Travancore Devaswom Board, banned entry of women between ages above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year stating that such restriction was in accordance with the usage prevalent from time immemorial.<ref name="khc91" /> In addition, the Justices of the High court directed the Government of Kerala, to use police force to ensure the order to ban entry of women to the temple was implemented and complied with.<ref name="khc91" /> In 1991, Justice K Paripoornan and Justice K Balanarayana Marar of the Kerala High Court in their ruling against the Travancore Devaswom Board, banned entry of women between ages above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year stating that such restriction was in accordance with the usage prevalent from time immemorial.<ref name="khc91" /> In addition, the Justices of the High court directed the Government of Kerala, to use police force to ensure the order to ban entry of women to the temple was implemented and complied with.<ref name="khc91" />
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The worship of ] forms part of the very ancient history of south India.<ref>''Asian Mythologies''|Yves Bonnefoy|University of Chicago Press, 15 May 1993</ref> At Sabarimala, the deity is worshiped as ] and as ]. The shrine of Sabarimala is an ancient temple. The prince of Pandalam dynasty, an avatar of ], meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. The place where the prince meditated is the Manimandapam. The worship of ] forms part of the very ancient history of south India.<ref>''Asian Mythologies''|Yves Bonnefoy|University of Chicago Press, 15 May 1993</ref> At Sabarimala, the deity is worshiped as ] and as ]. The shrine of Sabarimala is an ancient temple. The prince of Pandalam dynasty, an avatar of ], meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. The place where the prince meditated is the Manimandapam.


⚫ There are many Sastha temples in South India and across the globe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/shrines-for-sastha-in-eight-forms/article5425348.ece|title=Shrines for Sastha, in eight forms|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> As per the temple history, the Sastha temple at Sabarimala is one of the five Sastha temples founded by Lord Parasurama. The other Sastha temples in this group of five includes the Ayyappan Temples:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayyappasamaaj.org/the-five-shastha-temples|title=Ayyappa Samaaj of San Francisco Bay Area|website=www.ayyappasamaaj.org|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> at ], where the Sastha appears as a Balaka or child; at ] where the Lord appears as a Brahmachari or young man; at ], where the lord leads the Grihastha Ashrama life here and depicted along with his two wives - Purna and Pushkala;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com/?page_id=722|title=Achankovil Sri Dharmasastha temple {{!}} Travancore Devaswom Board|website=www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> at Sabarimala, where the lord is depicted in the Vanaprastha or form of renunciation; at Poonambala Medu the Lord appears as a yogi and where the "makaravilaku' is lit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shanmatha.blogspot.com/2010/08/six-sastha-temples-and-shat-chakras.html|title=The Six Sastha Temples and the Shat Chakras|last=|first=|date=|website=shanmatha.blogspot.hk|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>
There are many Sastha temples in South India and across the globe.<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/shrines-for-sastha-in-eight-forms/article5425348.ece</ref>
⚫ As per the temple history, the Sastha temple at Sabarimala is one of the five Sastha temples founded by Lord Parasurama. The other Sastha temples in this group of five includes the Ayyappan Temples:<ref>http://www.ayyappasamaaj.org/the-five-shastha-temples</ref> at ], where the Sastha appears as a Balaka or child; at ] where the Lord appears as a Brahmachari or young man; at ], where the lord leads the Grihastha Ashrama life here and depicted along with his two wives – Purna and Pushkala;<ref>https://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com/?page_id=722</ref> at Sabarimala, where the lord is depicted in the Vanaprastha or form of renunciation; at Poonambala Medu the Lord appears as a yogi and where the "makaravilaku' is lit.<ref>http://shanmatha.blogspot.hk/2010/08/six-sastha-temples-and-shat-chakras.html</ref>


There also exists a theory based on account from the writings of the Chinese traveller Huan Tsang, who visited India in the 6th century. In his writing, he mentions about a temple of ], a ], located near Mount Potalaka. But scholars say Avalokiteśvara is an epiphany of Hari-Hara (Vishnu and Siva)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/kailash/kailash_07_01_01.pdf|title = Hsuan-Tsang reference to Sabarimala temple|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Tsang|first = Hsuan}}</ref> Based on this, there is a theory that the Sabarimala was originally temple of ]. As per the Buddhist origin theory, in the Sanskrit thesaurus ], the word Sastha or ] is one of the eighteen synonyms of ].{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} The ] shown by the idol of Ayyappa and the yogic position also may have a connection to ] and ] in which Buddha is depicted generously.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} The chants of “Sharanam”recited by the worshippers to Sabarimala were synonymous to the Saranathrayam of Buddhist disciples and not used in any other Hindu temples.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} But these are just assumptions and there are no other historical or archeological or geographical evidences to support this theory. There also exists a theory based on account from the writings of the Chinese traveller Huan Tsang, who visited India in the 6th century. In his writing, he mentions about a temple of ], a ], located near Mount Potalaka. But scholars say Avalokiteśvara is an epiphany of Hari-Hara (Vishnu and Siva)<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/kailash/kailash_07_01_01.pdf|title = Hsuan-Tsang reference to Sabarimala temple|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = Tsang|first = Hsuan}}</ref> Based on this, there is a theory that the Sabarimala was originally temple of ]. As per the Buddhist origin theory, in the Sanskrit thesaurus ], the word Sastha or ] is one of the eighteen synonyms of ].{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} The ] shown by the idol of Ayyappa and the yogic position also may have a connection to ] and ] in which Buddha is depicted generously.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} The chants of “Sharanam”recited by the worshippers to Sabarimala were synonymous to the Saranathrayam of Buddhist disciples and not used in any other Hindu temples.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}} But these are just assumptions and there are no other historical or archeological or geographical evidences to support this theory.
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| caption5 = Thirumuttam | caption5 = Thirumuttam
}}The ''Sannidhanam'' (main temple) is build on a plateau about 40 feet high.<ref name="sanidhanam">http://lordayyappa.com/sabarimala/sannidhanam-sabarimala.php</ref><ref name="accom">https://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com/?page_id=108</ref><ref name="mala">http://www.sabarimala.org/sannidhanam.htm</ref> }}The ''Sannidhanam'' (main temple) is build on a plateau about 40 feet high.<ref name="sanidhanam">{{Cite web|url=http://lordayyappa.com/sabarimala/sannidhanam-sabarimala.php|title=Sannidhanam sabarimala meaning {{!}} Brief on sabarimala sannidhanam|website=lordayyappa.com|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref name="accom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com/?page_id=108|title=Sanctity of the temple {{!}} Travancore Devaswom Board|website=www.sabarimalaaccomodation.com|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref name="mala">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sabarimala.org/sannidhanam.htm|title=Sabarimala-The pilgrimage is a symbol of love, equality, and devotion|website=www.sabarimala.org|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>


The temple was rebuilt after a fire in 1950, and the earlier stone image of the deity was replaced by an ] idol, about 1 and half feet, made from an alloy from five metals. The temple was rebuilt after a fire in 1950, and the earlier stone image of the deity was replaced by an ] idol, about 1 and half feet, made from an alloy from five metals.
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The shrine of the Lord of snakes, Nagarajav is placed adjacent to the sreekovil. Pilgrims after the Darsan of Lord Ayyappa and Kannimoola Ganapathi,make their darsan and give offerings to Nagarajav. The shrine of the Lord of snakes, Nagarajav is placed adjacent to the sreekovil. Pilgrims after the Darsan of Lord Ayyappa and Kannimoola Ganapathi,make their darsan and give offerings to Nagarajav.


The Pathinettu thripadikal or the 18 sacred steps is the main stairway to the temple. As per the custom followed, no pilgrim without "Irumudikkettu" can ascend the 18 sacred steps. In 1985, the 18 steps were covered by panchaloka and later covered with gold. The stairway in northern gate is open for those who do not carry an "Irumudikkettu". The Pathinettu thripadikal or the 18 sacred steps is the main stairway to the temple. As per the custom followed, no pilgrim without "Irumudikkettu" can ascend the 18 sacred steps. In 1985, the 18 steps were covered by ] and later covered with gold. The stairway in northern gate is open for those who do not carry an "Irumudikkettu".


The temples of Lord Ayyappan's trusted lieutenants Vavur Swami and Kadutha Swami are positioned as his guards at the foot of the holy 18 sacred steps. The temples of Lord Ayyappan's trusted lieutenants ] and ''Kadutha Swami'' are positioned as his guards at the foot of the holy 18 sacred steps.
Malikapuram has importance almost in par with Sri Ayyappa.


The temple of Malikappurath Amma, whose importance is almost in par with Lord Ayyappa,<ref name="accom"/> is located few yards from Sannidhanam. It is believed that the Lord Ayyapan had specific instructions that he wanted Malikappurathamma, on his left side. Prior to the fire disaster, there was only a Peeda Prathishta (holy seat) at Malikappuram. The idol of Malikappurathamma was installed by Brahmasree Kandararu Maheswararu Thanthri. The Devi at Malikappuram holds a Sankh, Chakram and Varada Abhya Mudras. Now the idol is covered with a gold Golaka. The temple also was reconstructed in the last decade and now the conical roof and sopanam is covered with gold.<ref name="amma">http://www.vaikhari.org/malikappurathamma.html</ref> The temple of ''Malikappurath Amma'', whose importance is almost in par with Lord Ayyappa,<ref name="accom"/> is located few yards from Sannidhanam. It is believed that the Lord Ayyapan had specific instructions that he wanted ''Malikappurath Amma'', on his left side. Prior to the fire disaster, there was only a Peeda Prathishta (holy seat) at Malikappuram. The idol of ''Malikappurath Amma'' was installed by ''Brahmasree Kandararu Maheswararu Thanthri''. The Devi at Malikappuram holds a ], ] and ]. Now the idol is covered with a gold Golaka. The temple also was reconstructed in the last decade and now the conical roof and ''sopanam'' is covered with gold.<ref name="amma">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaikhari.org/malikappurathamma.html|title=Malikappurathamma Malikappuram Temple Sabarimala|website=www.vaikhari.org|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>


Manimandapam, located nearby is where Ayyappa meditated, before he became one with the divine.<ref name="amma"/> ''Manimandapam'', located nearby is where Ayyappa meditated, before he became one with the divine.<ref name="amma"/>


The Sabarimala temple complex include Pampa Ganapathi temple, Nilakal Mahadeva temple and Palliyara Bhagavathi temple. The Nilakal Mahadeva temple and Palliyara Bhagavathi temple is as old as the Sastha temple and the gods are worshipped as the parents of Lord Ayyappa. Ganapathi temple at Pampa has Pampa Maha Ganapathi and Athi Ganapathi, (old ganapathy) sreekovil where the idol from the first Ganapathy temple is worshiped. Sabari peedam blessed with the footprint of Srirama has a temple of Sri Rama and Hanuman also.<ref name="accom"/> The Sabarimala temple complex include '']'' temple, '']'' temple and '']'' temple. The Nilakal Mahadeva temple and Palliyara Bhagavathi temple is as old as the Sastha temple and the deities are worshiped as the parents of Lord Ayyappa. Ganapathi temple at Pampa has ''Pampa Maha Ganapathi'' and ''Athi Ganapathi'' (lit. old ganapathy), sreekovil where the idol from the first Ganapathy temple is worshiped. ''Sabari Peedam'' blessed with the footprints of ] has a temple of Sri Rama and ] also.<ref name="accom"/>


==Administration== ==Administration==
Administration and legal duties is managed by Travancore Devasvom Board, an affiliate authority of Government of Kerala. ] is the traditional priest family who has powers over the religious matters to be decided in Sabarimala Temple. Tantri is the highest priest and is the head of the temple. It's the privilege of the family to decide on religious matters relating to Sabarimala shrine. Tantris are to be present in all ceremonial poojas and functions to be held at temple premises and functions associated with temple. The installation of idols of the temple was also done by Tantri of this family. Administration and legal duties is managed by ], an affiliate authority of ]. ] is the traditional priest family who has powers over the religious matters to be decided in Sabarimala Temple. ] is the highest priest and is the head of the temple. It's the duty of the family to decide on religious matters relating to Sabarimala shrine. Tantris are to be present in all ] and functions to be held at temple premises and functions associated with temple. The installation of idols of the temple was also done by Tantri of this family.

It is with the Tantri that the religious supreme authority is vested in each temple and in Sabarimala Temple, the Tantri is the one who decides and declares the normal worship rituals to be performed.
Currently Brahmasri Kantararu Maheshwararu Tantri is the supreme priest of Sabarimala. The other famous family members include Kandararu Rajeevararu, Kandararu Mohanararu and Kandararu Mahesh Mohaner. Currently ''Brahmasri Kantararu Maheshwararu Tantri'' is the head priest of Sabarimala. The other famous family members include ''Kandararu Rajeevararu, Kandararu Mohanararu'' and ''Kandararu Mahesh Mohaner''.


==Prasadams== ==Prasadam==
] ]
The ] at Sabarimala temple is Aravana payasam and ]. These are prepared by using rice, ghee, sugar, jaggery etc. The rice needed to prepare the prasadam at Sabarimala temple is supplied by ], the second largest temple under the ] ] situated at ]. The Chief Commissioner, Travancore Devaswom Board said that the board has appointed Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore as a consultant for providing technical guidance to ensure the quality of Aravana, Appam, and other prasadam preparations at Sabarimala temple.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3731927.ece |title= CFTRI to monitor quality of Sabarimala prasadom | date= 6 August 2012}}</ref> The ] at Sabarimala temple is ] and ]. These are prepared by using rice, ], sugar, ] etc. The rice needed to prepare the prasadam at Sabarimala temple is supplied by ], the second largest temple under the ] ] situated at ]. The Chief Commissioner, Travancore Devaswom Board said that the board has appointed Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore as a consultant for providing technical guidance to ensure the quality of Aravana, Appam and other prasadam preparations at Sabarimala temple.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article3731927.ece |title= CFTRI to monitor quality of Sabarimala prasadom | date= 6 August 2012}}</ref>


==Harivarasanam== ==Harivarasanam==
]<ref> History and meaning of harivarasanam.</ref> is recited before closing the temple door every night. The Harivarasanam song, which is sung at Sabarimala is a ] (Urakkupattu) is composed by Sri Kambangudi Kulathur Srinivasa Iyer. It is said that Srinivasa Iyer used to recite the composition, after the Athazha ], standing in front of the shrine of ] in the main temple. With the efforts of ] Vimochanananda, it came to be accepted as the lullaby by the ] and ]. The composition has 352 letters, 108 words in 32 lines (8 stanzas).<ref></ref> ] is recited before closing the temple door every night. The Harivarasanam prayer, which is sung at Sabarimala is a ]. It is composed by ''Sri Kambangudi Kulathur Srinivasa Iyer'' in ]. It is said that Srinivasa Iyer used to recite the composition after the ], standing in front of the shrine of ] in the main temple. With the efforts of Swami Vimochanananda, it came to be accepted as the lullaby by the ] and ]. The composition has 352 letters, 108 words in 32 lines in 8 stanzas.<ref> History and meaning of harivarasanam.</ref>


Though there have been many versions of this song sung by many renowned vocalists, the temple plays the rendition by ], composed by the renowned music director ], which is in the 'Madhyamavathi' raga of Indian Carnatic music. Harivarasanam is written in ]. Though there have been many versions of this song sung by many renowned vocalists, the temple plays the rendition by ], composed by the renowned music director ], which is in the ] of ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ayyappatemple.in/harivarasanam.html|title=Download Harivarasanam Songs & Lyrics, KJ Yesudas Harivarasanam Song Lyrics|website=www.ayyappatemple.in|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>


==Neyyabhishekam== ==Neyyabhishekam==
This significant ritual involves pouring sacred ghee brought by pilgrims in their Pallikettu or Irumudi (A two compartment bag made of handwoven cotton cloth used to carry the offerings for Sabarimala Temple carried on their heads) on the idol of Lord Ayyappa. It symbolically means the merging of ] with the ].While a Red coloured Irumudi is used by a pilgrim on his first journey (Kanni Ayyappan) to Sabarimala, others use Navy Blue till third year and thereafter saffron coloured Irumudi. This significant ritual involves pouring sacred ] brought by pilgrims in their ''Pallikettu'' or ''Irumudi'' (A two compartment bag made of handwoven cotton cloth used to carry the offerings for Sabarimala Temple carried on their heads) on the idol of Lord Ayyappa. It symbolically means the merging of ] with the ].While a red colored irumudi is used by a pilgrim on his first journey as a Kanni Ayyappan to Sabarimala, others use ] till third year and thereafter saffron colored irumudi.


==Makara Vilakku== ==Makara Vilakku==
{{main article|Makaravilakku}} {{main article|Makaravilakku}}
] ]
Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana met Sabari, a tribal devotee, at Sabarimala. Sabari offered the Lord fruits after tasting them. But the Lord accepted them gladly and whole-heartedly. The Lord then saw a divine person doing tapasya. He asked Sabari who it was. Sabari said it was Shasta. Rama walked towards him. Shasta stood up and welcomed the Prince of Ayodhya. The anniversary of this incident is celebrated on Makara Vilakku day. It is believed that on Makara Vilakku day, Lord Dharmashasta stops his tapasya to bless his devotees. The day is also called Makara Shankranthi. ] and his brother ] met ], a tribal devotee, at Sabarimala. Sabari offered the Lord fruits after tasting them. But the Lord accepted them gladly and whole-heartedly. The Lord then saw a divine person doing ]. He asked Sabari who it was. Sabari said it was Shasta. Rama walked towards him. Shasta stood up and welcomed the Prince of Ayodhya. The anniversary of this incident is celebrated on Makara Vilakku day. It is believed that on Makara Vilakku day, Lord Dharmashasta stops his ] to bless his devotees. The day is also called ]


==Aham Brahmasmi and Tattvamasi== ==Aham Brahmasmi and Tattvamasi==
The important message given at the temple is the ultimate knowledge that each individual is a God unto himself/herself, ] in ] meaning "That Thou Art". Due to this pilgrims call each other ]. The important message written at the temple facade is one of the four ] of ] which in ] means "That Thou Art". Due to this pilgrims call each other ] acknowledging their divinity.


It means, in short, you are part of the Universal Soul (in Sanskrit "Paramatma") which is the quintessence of ] philosophy. It means, in short, you are part of the ] which is the quintessence of ] philosophy.


==Illumination and Power== ==Illumination and Power==
In this remote hill shrine the ] (KSEB) is shouldering the task of providing sufficient illumination in base camps, trekking paths and the Sannidhanam, the shrine spot. KSEB installs and maintains around 15000 electric lamps of various types here. Power is brought here through Kochu Pampa and Thriveni Substations. Through uninterrupted supply and well maintained lights KSEB has been able to maintain good in the recent years.<ref>Official Police Report on Temple arson in 1950-http://www.firstministry.kerala.gov.in/pdf/bills/Reports/tmple_arsn.pdf</ref> In this remote hill shrine the ] is shouldering the task of providing sufficient illumination in base camps, trekking paths and the Sannidhanam, the shrine spot. KSEB installs and maintains around 15000 electric lamps of various types here. Power is brought here through Kochu Pampa and Thriveni substations. Through uninterrupted supply and well maintained lights KSEB has been able to maintain good reputation in the recent years.<ref>Official Police Report on Temple arson in 1950-http://www.firstministry.kerala.gov.in/pdf/bills/Reports/tmple_arsn.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Sabarimala-review-meeting-held/article15775812.ece|title=Sabarimala review meeting held|last=Reporter|first=Staff|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>


==The history behind the worshipping methods== ==The history behind the worshiping methods==
The customs of the pilgrims to Sabarimala are based on five worshipping methods; those of Shaivites, Shaktists and Vaishnavites. At first, there were three sections of devotees – the devotees of Shakti who used meat to worship their deity{{citation needed|reason=It needs to be explained with notable references as to how the author claims that devotees used meat for worship in this shrine|date=February 2016}}, the devotees of Vishnu who followed strict penance and continence, and the devotees of Shiva who partly followed these two methods. Another name of Ayyappa is Sastha. All these can be seen merged into the beliefs of pilgrims to Sabarimala. The chain the pilgrims wear comes from the Rudraksha chain of the Shaivites. The strict fasting, penance and continence is taken out of the beliefs of the Vaishnavites. The offering of tobacco to Kaduthaswamy can be considered to be taken from the Shaktists.. The customs of the pilgrims to Sabarimala are based on five worshipping methods; those of Shaivites, Shaktists and Vaishnavites. At first, there were three sections of devotees – the devotees of Shakti who used meat to worship their deity{{citation needed|reason=It needs to be explained with notable references as to how the author claims that devotees used meat for worship in this shrine|date=February 2016}}, the devotees of Vishnu who followed strict penance and continence, and the devotees of Shiva who partly followed these two methods. Another name of Ayyappa is Sastha. All these can be seen merged into the beliefs of pilgrims to Sabarimala. The chain the pilgrims wear comes from the Rudraksha chain of the Shaivites. The strict fasting, penance and continence is taken out of the beliefs of the Vaishnavites. The offering of tobacco to Kaduthaswamy can be considered to be taken from the Shaktists..


==Environmental efforts==
==Clean and Green Sabarimala==
] ]
The waste disposed by the visitors to Sabarimala is threatening the wildlife of the region<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/22360/sabarimala-news/E|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/going-green-keralas-sabarimala-temple-rules-against-the-use-of-plastics-2585534.html|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/160107/nation-current-affairs/article/kerala-high-court-seeks-probe-deer-death|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref> and the evergreen forests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/plumage/sabarimala-and-periyar-eternal-yet-threatened/|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref> Efforts are on to make Sabarimala free from pollution and waste. High Court of Kerala has directed that 'Irumudikkettu' should not contain plastic materials.<ref>http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/-irumudikkettu-should-not-contain-plastic-materials-hc-english-news-1.737230</ref> Projects like "Punyam Poonkavanam" has been initiated under the aegis of governmental departments.<ref>http://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/-punyam-poonkavanam-to-cleanse-sabarimala-english-news-1.673800</ref> Religious/ spiritual organisations such as 'Art of Living' and 'Mata Amritanandamayi Madhom' has been regularly contributing to keep Sabarimala and its precincts clean.<ref>http://e.amritapuri.org/abc/in/sabarimala</ref><ref>http://www.ndtv.com/south/sabarimala-clean-up-35-000-bags-of-garbage-collected-505984</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/200-foreigners-take-part-in-cleaning-drive-at-sabarimala/article2609299.ece</ref><ref>http://www.artofliving.org/in-en/clean-drive-holy-pamba-river-sabarimala-27-tons-litter-removed-so-far</ref> While cleaning River Pamba, and keeping Sabarimala Sanndidhaanam clean is a primary objective of such projects,<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pampa-to-be-included-in-punyam-poonkavanam/article6610924.ece</ref> the broader vision is to spread the message of greenness and cleanliness beyond Sabarimala. The waste disposed by the visitors to Sabarimala is threatening the wildlife of the region<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/22360/sabarimala-news/E|title=ശബരിമലയില്‍ ചത്ത മ്ലാവിന്റെ വയറ്റില്‍ കിലോക്കണക്കിന് പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക്ക്|website=mathrubhuminews.in|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/going-green-keralas-sabarimala-temple-rules-against-the-use-of-plastics-2585534.html|title=Going green? Kerala's Sabarimala temple rules against the use of plastics - Firstpost|date=2016-01-15|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/160107/nation-current-affairs/article/kerala-high-court-seeks-probe-deer-death|title=Kerala High Court seeks probe into deer death|date=2016-01-07|newspaper=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> and the evergreen forests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/plumage/sabarimala-and-periyar-eternal-yet-threatened/|title=Sabarimala and Periyar eternal yet threatened|date=2014-06-22|newspaper=Times Of India Blogs|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Efforts are on to make Sabarimala free from pollution and waste. High Court of Kerala has directed that 'Irumudikkettu' should not contain plastic materials.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/-irumudikkettu-should-not-contain-plastic-materials-hc-english-news-1.737230|title='Irumudikkettu' should not contain plastic materials: HC|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Projects like "Punyam Poonkavanam" has been initiated under the aegis of governmental departments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/-punyam-poonkavanam-to-cleanse-sabarimala-english-news-1.673800|title='Punyam Poonkavanam' to cleanse Sabarimala|last=Vijayan|first=P|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Hindu organisations such as ] and ] has been regularly contributing to keep Sabarimala and its precincts clean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e.amritapuri.org/abc/in/sabarimala|title=sabarimala {{!}} Amala Bharatam അമലഭാരതം|website=e.amritapuri.org|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/sabarimala-clean-up-35-000-bags-of-garbage-collected-505984|title=Sabarimala clean-up: 35,000 bags of garbage collected|newspaper=NDTV.com|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/200-foreigners-take-part-in-cleaning-drive-at-sabarimala/article2609299.ece|title=200 foreigners take part in cleaning drive at Sabarimala|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.artofliving.org/in-en/clean-drive-holy-pamba-river-sabarimala-27-tons-litter-removed-so-far|title=Clean-up drive at holy Pamba River in Sabarimala: 27 tons of litter removed so far|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> While cleaning Pamba river Sabarimala Sanndidhaanam clean is their primary objective,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pampa-to-be-included-in-punyam-poonkavanam/article6610924.ece|title=Pampa to be included in Punyam Poonkavanam|last=Correspondent|first=Special|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> the broader vision is to spread the message of greenness and cleanliness beyond Sabarimala.


Some of the salient aspects<ref>http://www.punyampoonkavanam.org/vm.php</ref> of "Punyam Poonkavanam" project includes: Some of the salient aspects of "''Punyam Poonkavanam''" project includes:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punyampoonkavanam.org/vm.php|title=Welcome to Official Site of Punyam Poonkavanam|website=www.punyampoonkavanam.org|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref>
1. Not using soap and oil while bathing in the holy Pamba River. Not to throw any material, including clothes in this holy river. # Not using soap and oil while bathing in the holy Pamba River. No throwing any material, including clothes in the holy river.
2. To prepare Irumudikkettu without using any plastic and using only bio-degradable materials. # To prepare ''irumudikkettu'' without using any plastic and using only ].
3. To devote at least one hour in cleanliness activities at Sabarimala Sannidhaanam, River Pamba and surroundings as part of the pilgrimage. # To devote at least one hour in cleanliness activities at Sabarimala Sannidhaanam, River Pamba and surroundings as part of the pilgrimage.


==Transport== ==Transport==
=== Airport === === Airport ===
Nearest airports were ] ({{convert|170|km}}) and ], at ], ] ({{convert|160|km}}) are the nearest airports. Nearest airports are ] ({{convert|170|km}}) and ] ({{convert|160|km}}).


=== Helicopter === === Helicopter ===
Line 200: Line 195:
=== Rail === === Rail ===
{{see also|Sabari railway line}} {{see also|Sabari railway line}}
{{rws|Chengannur}} ({{convert|82|km}}), {{rws|Tiruvalla}} ({{convert|92|km}}), {{rws|Kottayam}} ({{convert|120|km}}) and {{rws|Kollam Junction}} ({{convert|129|km}}) were some of the closest accessible railway stations from Sabarimala. {{rws|Chengannur}} ({{convert|82|km}}), {{rws|Tiruvalla}} ({{convert|92|km}}), {{rws|Kottayam}} ({{convert|120|km}}) and {{rws|Kollam Junction}} ({{convert|129|km}}) are some of the closest accessible railway stations from Sabarimala.


=== Road === === Road ===
The main trunk road of about {{convert|70|km}} to Sabarimala is ]–Pamba, which passes through, Mannarakulanji, ], ], Laha & Nilakkal. ] operates regular daily bus services from ], ], ] and ]. Direct Bus services to Pathanamthitta, Erumeli and Pamba are operated from ]. The main trunk road of about {{convert|70|km}} to Sabarimala is ]-Pamba, which passes through, Mannarakulanji, ], ], Laha & Nilakkal. ] operates regular daily bus services from ], ], ] and ]. Direct Bus services to Pathanamthitta, Erumeli and Pamba are operated from ].


==Other nearby temples== ==Other nearby temples==

Revision as of 10:24, 2 December 2016

Pilgrimage Town in Kerala, India
Sabarimala ശബരിമല
Pilgrimage Town
Clean Sabarimala ProjectSabarimala Shreekovil
Country India
StateKerala
DistrictPathanamthitta District Ranni Tehsil
Elevation1,260 m (4,130 ft)
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code04735
ISO 3166 codeIN-KL
Vehicle registrationKL-03, KL-62
Websitewww.sabarimala.kerala.gov.in

Sabarimala is a Hindu pilgrimage centre located at the Periyar Tiger Reserve in the Western Ghat mountain ranges of Pathanamthitta District, Perunad grama panchayat in Kerala. It is one of the largest annual pilgrimages in the world, with an estimated over 100 million devotees visiting every year. Ayyappan's temple is situated amidst 18 hills. The temple is situated on a hilltop at an altitude of 1260 m (4,133 ft) above main sea level, and is surrounded by mountains and dense forests. The dense forest, (Periyar Tiger Reserve), around the temple is known as poongavanam. Temples exist in each of the hills surrounding Sabarimala. While functional and intact temples exist at many places in the surrounding areas like Nilakkal Kalaketty, and Karimala remnants of old temples survive to this day on remaining hills.

The shrine at Sabarimala is an ancient temple of Ayyappan also known as sasta and Dharmasasta. In the 12th century, Manikandan, a prince of Pandalam dynasty, meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. Manikandan was an avatar of Ayyappan.

Sabarimala is linked to pilgrimage predominantly undertaken by Hindus. Sabarimala pilgrims can be identified easily, as they wear black or blue dress. They do not shave until the completion of the pilgrimage, and smear Vibhuti or sandal paste on their forehead.

In 1991, the Kerala High Court restricted entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year. Presently, the Supreme Court of India has taken a petition to review the judgment of High Court and allow entry of women. The Supreme Court hearings are in progress and no decision has yet been made.

The temple is open for worship only during the days of Mandalapooja (approximately 15 November to 26 December), Makaravilakku or "Makar Sankranti" (14 January) and Maha Vishuva Sankranti (14 April), and the first five days of each Malayalam month.

The pilgrimage

A sign-board that indicates the direction to Sabarimala. The multilingual board is written in Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and English (in that order, from top to bottom)
Crowd management of pilgrims

The devotees are expected to follow a Vratham (41-day fasting) prior to the pilgrimage. This begins with wearing of a special Mala (a chain made of Rudraksha or Tulasi beads is commonly used, though still other types of chains are available.). During the 41 days of Vratham, the devotee who has taken the vow, is required to strictly follow the rules that include follow only a lacto-vegetarianism diet, follow celibacy, follow teetotalism, not use any profanity, allow the hair and nails to grow without cutting. They must try their maximum to help others, and see everything around them as lord Ayyappa. They are expected to bath twice in a day and visit the local temples regularly and only wear plain black or blue colored traditional clothing. Saffron colored dresses are worn by Sannyasi who have renunciated material life. But, many devotees still continue to wear saffron colored clothes which becomes a part of Vedic culture which connects the whole Hindus worldwide.

Hundreds of devotees still follow the traditional mountainous forest path (approximately 61 km) from Erumely,12.8 km from Vandiperiyar and 8 km from Chalakayam, believed to be taken by Ayyappa himself. The Erumely route starts from Erumely to Aludha river, then crosses the Aludha mountain to reach Karivilam thodu. Now comes the sacred Karimala crossing, from there to Cheriyanavattom, Valliyanavattom and finally Pamba River. Then they have to climb Neelimala and enter into the Ganesha-Bettam, Shreerama-Betta Padam. Then comes the Aranmula kottaram, which is one of the stops of holy journey 'Thiruvabharana Ghoshayatra' (the grand procession of the divine jewelery).

These days people use vehicles to reach the Pamba River by an alternate route. From Pamba, all the pilgrims begin trekking the steep mountain path of Neeli Mala till Sabari Mala. This route is now highly developed, with emergency shops and medical aid by the sides, and supporting aid is provided to the pilgrims while climbing the steep slope, which used to be a mere trail through dense jungle. The elderly pilgrims are lifted by men on bamboo chairs till the top, on being paid.

Women pilgrims

Women in large numbers did not visit the temple, due to the hardship in reaching the temple. Women pilgrims below the age group of 50 would visit the temple to conduct the first rice-feeding ceremony of their children (Chottoonu) in the temple premises. On May 13, 1940, even the Maharani of Tranvancore had visited the temple.

In 1991, Justice K Paripoornan and Justice K Balanarayana Marar of the Kerala High Court in their ruling against the Travancore Devaswom Board, banned entry of women between ages above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year stating that such restriction was in accordance with the usage prevalent from time immemorial. In addition, the Justices of the High court directed the Government of Kerala, to use police force to ensure the order to ban entry of women to the temple was implemented and complied with.

Origins of Sabarimala temple

The worship of Sastha forms part of the very ancient history of south India. At Sabarimala, the deity is worshiped as Ayyappan and as Dharmasasta. The shrine of Sabarimala is an ancient temple. The prince of Pandalam dynasty, an avatar of Ayyappan, meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. The place where the prince meditated is the Manimandapam.

There are many Sastha temples in South India and across the globe. As per the temple history, the Sastha temple at Sabarimala is one of the five Sastha temples founded by Lord Parasurama. The other Sastha temples in this group of five includes the Ayyappan Temples: at Kulathupuzha, where the Sastha appears as a Balaka or child; at Aryankavu where the Lord appears as a Brahmachari or young man; at Achankovil Shastha Temple, where the lord leads the Grihastha Ashrama life here and depicted along with his two wives - Purna and Pushkala; at Sabarimala, where the lord is depicted in the Vanaprastha or form of renunciation; at Poonambala Medu the Lord appears as a yogi and where the "makaravilaku' is lit.

There also exists a theory based on account from the writings of the Chinese traveller Huan Tsang, who visited India in the 6th century. In his writing, he mentions about a temple of Avalokiteśvara, a Bodhisattva, located near Mount Potalaka. But scholars say Avalokiteśvara is an epiphany of Hari-Hara (Vishnu and Siva) Based on this, there is a theory that the Sabarimala was originally temple of Avalokiteśvara. As per the Buddhist origin theory, in the Sanskrit thesaurus Amarakosha, the word Sastha or Dharmasasta is one of the eighteen synonyms of Gautama Buddha. The Mudra shown by the idol of Ayyappa and the yogic position also may have a connection to Vitarka mudra and Lotus position in which Buddha is depicted generously. The chants of “Sharanam”recited by the worshippers to Sabarimala were synonymous to the Saranathrayam of Buddhist disciples and not used in any other Hindu temples. But these are just assumptions and there are no other historical or archeological or geographical evidences to support this theory.

After the installation of the temple, it was mostly unreachable for about three centuries. In the 12th century, a Tamil king called Rajasekhara Pandiyan (a prince of Pandalam Dynasty), called Manikandan, rediscovered the original path to reach Sabarimala. He had many followers with him, including the descendants of the Vavar (a Muslim warrior whom Manikandan defeated) family. This Prince is considered an Avatar of Ayyappa, and is believed to have led a pack of Tigers to his Palace with Vavar and then later disappeared to the Sabarimala temple. The temple was then renovated.

In 1821 AD, the kingdom of Pandalam was added to Travancore. 48 major temples including the Sabarimala temple were also added to Travancore. The idol was erected in 1910.

In 1950, the temple was suspected to be set on fire by radical Christian extremists which destroyed the entire temple and had to be reconstructed.

The Temple Layout

Sabarimala Picture galleryThirusannidhanamSabaripeedamPathinettampadiFile:Sabarimala2.jpgThirumuttam

The Sannidhanam (main temple) is build on a plateau about 40 feet high.

The temple was rebuilt after a fire in 1950, and the earlier stone image of the deity was replaced by an panchaloha idol, about 1 and half feet, made from an alloy from five metals.

The temple consists of the a sanctum sanctorum with a copper-plated roof and four golden finials at the top, two mandapams, the belikalpura which houses the altar. In 1969, the flag staff (dhwajam) was installed.

The shrine of Kannimoola ganapathi prathishta is south-west to The Sreekovil of the Sannidhanam. Devotees offer part of the broken coconut (Neythenga) to Sri Ganapathi in the fireplace (Azhi). Ganapathi homam is the main offering.

The shrine of the Lord of snakes, Nagarajav is placed adjacent to the sreekovil. Pilgrims after the Darsan of Lord Ayyappa and Kannimoola Ganapathi,make their darsan and give offerings to Nagarajav.

The Pathinettu thripadikal or the 18 sacred steps is the main stairway to the temple. As per the custom followed, no pilgrim without "Irumudikkettu" can ascend the 18 sacred steps. In 1985, the 18 steps were covered by panchaloka and later covered with gold. The stairway in northern gate is open for those who do not carry an "Irumudikkettu".

The temples of Lord Ayyappan's trusted lieutenants Vavur Swami and Kadutha Swami are positioned as his guards at the foot of the holy 18 sacred steps.

The temple of Malikappurath Amma, whose importance is almost in par with Lord Ayyappa, is located few yards from Sannidhanam. It is believed that the Lord Ayyapan had specific instructions that he wanted Malikappurath Amma, on his left side. Prior to the fire disaster, there was only a Peeda Prathishta (holy seat) at Malikappuram. The idol of Malikappurath Amma was installed by Brahmasree Kandararu Maheswararu Thanthri. The Devi at Malikappuram holds a Sankh, Chakram and Varada Abhya Mudra. Now the idol is covered with a gold Golaka. The temple also was reconstructed in the last decade and now the conical roof and sopanam is covered with gold.

Manimandapam, located nearby is where Ayyappa meditated, before he became one with the divine.

The Sabarimala temple complex include Pampa Ganapathi temple, Nilakal Mahadeva temple and Palliyara Bhagavathi temple. The Nilakal Mahadeva temple and Palliyara Bhagavathi temple is as old as the Sastha temple and the deities are worshiped as the parents of Lord Ayyappa. Ganapathi temple at Pampa has Pampa Maha Ganapathi and Athi Ganapathi (lit. old ganapathy), sreekovil where the idol from the first Ganapathy temple is worshiped. Sabari Peedam blessed with the footprints of Sri Rama has a temple of Sri Rama and Hanuman also.

Administration

Administration and legal duties is managed by Travancore Devasvom Board, an affiliate authority of Government of Kerala. Thazhamon Madom is the traditional priest family who has powers over the religious matters to be decided in Sabarimala Temple. Tantri is the highest priest and is the head of the temple. It's the duty of the family to decide on religious matters relating to Sabarimala shrine. Tantris are to be present in all ceremonial Poojas and functions to be held at temple premises and functions associated with temple. The installation of idols of the temple was also done by Tantri of this family.

Currently Brahmasri Kantararu Maheshwararu Tantri is the head priest of Sabarimala. The other famous family members include Kandararu Rajeevararu, Kandararu Mohanararu and Kandararu Mahesh Mohaner.

Prasadam

Aravana payasam

The prasadam at Sabarimala temple is Aravana payasam and Appam. These are prepared by using rice, ghee, sugar, jaggery etc. The rice needed to prepare the prasadam at Sabarimala temple is supplied by Chettikulangara Devi Temple, the second largest temple under the Travancore Devaswom Board situated at Mavelikkara. The Chief Commissioner, Travancore Devaswom Board said that the board has appointed Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore as a consultant for providing technical guidance to ensure the quality of Aravana, Appam and other prasadam preparations at Sabarimala temple.

Harivarasanam

Harivarasanam is recited before closing the temple door every night. The Harivarasanam prayer, which is sung at Sabarimala is a Urakkupattu. It is composed by Sri Kambangudi Kulathur Srinivasa Iyer in Sanskrit. It is said that Srinivasa Iyer used to recite the composition after the Athazha Puja, standing in front of the shrine of Ayyappa in the main temple. With the efforts of Swami Vimochanananda, it came to be accepted as the lullaby by the Tantri and Melshanthi. The composition has 352 letters, 108 words in 32 lines in 8 stanzas.

Though there have been many versions of this song sung by many renowned vocalists, the temple plays the rendition by K. J. Yesudas, composed by the renowned music director G. Devarajan, which is in the Madhyamavathi raga of Indian Carnatic music.

Neyyabhishekam

This significant ritual involves pouring sacred ghee brought by pilgrims in their Pallikettu or Irumudi (A two compartment bag made of handwoven cotton cloth used to carry the offerings for Sabarimala Temple carried on their heads) on the idol of Lord Ayyappa. It symbolically means the merging of Jeevatma with the Paramatma.While a red colored irumudi is used by a pilgrim on his first journey as a Kanni Ayyappan to Sabarimala, others use navy blue till third year and thereafter saffron colored irumudi.

Makara Vilakku

Main article: Makaravilakku
Makarajyothi at Ponnambalamedu

Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana met Sabari, a tribal devotee, at Sabarimala. Sabari offered the Lord fruits after tasting them. But the Lord accepted them gladly and whole-heartedly. The Lord then saw a divine person doing tapasya. He asked Sabari who it was. Sabari said it was Shasta. Rama walked towards him. Shasta stood up and welcomed the Prince of Ayodhya. The anniversary of this incident is celebrated on Makara Vilakku day. It is believed that on Makara Vilakku day, Lord Dharmashasta stops his tapasya to bless his devotees. The day is also called Makara Shankranthi

Aham Brahmasmi and Tattvamasi

The important message written at the temple facade is one of the four Mahāvākyas of Tat Tvam Asi which in sanskrit means "That Thou Art". Due to this pilgrims call each other Swami acknowledging their divinity.

It means, in short, you are part of the Paramatma which is the quintessence of Advaita philosophy.

Illumination and Power

In this remote hill shrine the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) is shouldering the task of providing sufficient illumination in base camps, trekking paths and the Sannidhanam, the shrine spot. KSEB installs and maintains around 15000 electric lamps of various types here. Power is brought here through Kochu Pampa and Thriveni substations. Through uninterrupted supply and well maintained lights KSEB has been able to maintain good reputation in the recent years.

The history behind the worshiping methods

The customs of the pilgrims to Sabarimala are based on five worshipping methods; those of Shaivites, Shaktists and Vaishnavites. At first, there were three sections of devotees – the devotees of Shakti who used meat to worship their deity, the devotees of Vishnu who followed strict penance and continence, and the devotees of Shiva who partly followed these two methods. Another name of Ayyappa is Sastha. All these can be seen merged into the beliefs of pilgrims to Sabarimala. The chain the pilgrims wear comes from the Rudraksha chain of the Shaivites. The strict fasting, penance and continence is taken out of the beliefs of the Vaishnavites. The offering of tobacco to Kaduthaswamy can be considered to be taken from the Shaktists..

Environmental efforts

An information signage near Nadappanthal, Sabarimala, inviting all to join hands in making Sabarimala free from plastic and other wastes.

The waste disposed by the visitors to Sabarimala is threatening the wildlife of the region and the evergreen forests. Efforts are on to make Sabarimala free from pollution and waste. High Court of Kerala has directed that 'Irumudikkettu' should not contain plastic materials. Projects like "Punyam Poonkavanam" has been initiated under the aegis of governmental departments. Hindu organisations such as Art of Living and Mata Amritanandamayi Math has been regularly contributing to keep Sabarimala and its precincts clean. While cleaning Pamba river Sabarimala Sanndidhaanam clean is their primary objective, the broader vision is to spread the message of greenness and cleanliness beyond Sabarimala.

Some of the salient aspects of "Punyam Poonkavanam" project includes:

  1. Not using soap and oil while bathing in the holy Pamba River. No throwing any material, including clothes in the holy river.
  2. To prepare irumudikkettu without using any plastic and using only bio-degradable materials.
  3. To devote at least one hour in cleanliness activities at Sabarimala Sannidhaanam, River Pamba and surroundings as part of the pilgrimage.

Transport

Airport

Nearest airports are Thiruvananthapuram International Airport (170 kilometres (110 mi)) and Cochin International Airport (160 kilometres (99 mi)).

Helicopter

Sabarimala Heliport is situated in Perunad about (40 kilometres (25 mi)) from pampa, which is also known as Sabarimala helipad. And Chipsan Aviation Pvt Ltd, being the sole chartered operator.

Rail

See also: Sabari railway line

Chengannur (82 kilometres (51 mi)), Tiruvalla (92 kilometres (57 mi)), Kottayam (120 kilometres (75 mi)) and Kollam Junction (129 kilometres (80 mi)) are some of the closest accessible railway stations from Sabarimala.

Road

The main trunk road of about 70 kilometres (43 mi) to Sabarimala is Pathanamthitta-Pamba, which passes through, Mannarakulanji, Vadasserikara, Perunad, Laha & Nilakkal. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation operates regular daily bus services from Pathanamthitta, Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam and Kumili. Direct Bus services to Pathanamthitta, Erumeli and Pamba are operated from Chengannur railway station.

Other nearby temples

See also

References

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  25. "Going green? Kerala's Sabarimala temple rules against the use of plastics - Firstpost". Firstpost. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  26. "Kerala High Court seeks probe into deer death". http://www.deccanchronicle.com/. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016. {{cite news}}: External link in |newspaper= (help)
  27. "Sabarimala and Periyar eternal yet threatened". Times Of India Blogs. 22 June 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
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  31. "Sabarimala clean-up: 35,000 bags of garbage collected". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
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  35. "Welcome to Official Site of Punyam Poonkavanam". www.punyampoonkavanam.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

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