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Revision as of 04:32, 14 September 2006
Commons-based peer production is a term coined by Yale's Law professor Yochai Benkler to describe a new model of economic production in which the creative energy of large numbers of people is coordinated (usually with the aid of the internet) into large, meaningful projects, mostly without traditional hierarchical organization or financial compensation. He compares this to firm production (where a centralized decision process decides what has to be done and by whom) and market-based production (when tagging different prices to different jobs serves as an attractor to anyone interested in doing the job).
Another definition, by Aaron Krowne (Free Software Magazine): commons-based peer production "refers to any coordinated, (chiefly) internet-based effort whereby volunteers contribute project components, and there exists some process to combine them to produce a unified intellectual work. CBPP covers many different types of intellectual output, from software to libraries of quantitative data to human-readable documents (manuals, books, encyclopedias, reviews, blogs, periodicals, and more)."
The term was first introduced in Yochai Benkler's seminal paper Coase's Penguin. A more concise explanation, and an application of the model to the production of educational material, can be found in his "Common Wisdom: Peer Production of Educational Materials".
Examples of products created by means of commons-based peer production include Linux, a computer operating system; Slashdot, a news and announcements website; Kuro5hin, a discussion site for technology and culture; Misplaced Pages, an online encyclopedia; and Clickworkers, a collaborative scientific work.
The easiness in joining and leaving is a feature of adhocracies.
The principle of commons-based peer production is similar to collective invention, a model of open innovation in economics coined by Robert Allen.
Outgrowths
Several unexpected but foreseeable outgrowths have been:
- Customization/Specialization. With Open Source small groups are capable to customize a large project to specific needs.
- Immortality. Once code is open-sourced the genie cannot be put back into the bottle.
- Cross-fertilization. Experts in a field can work on more than one project with no legal hassles.
- Technology Revisions: A core technology gives rise to new implementations of existing projects.
- Technology Clustering: Groups of products tend to cluster around a core set of technology and integrate with one another.
See also
- Traditional peer review
- Collaborative software development model - the model of Linux and most free software projects
References
- Krowne, Aaron (March 1, 2005). "The FUD based encyclopedia: Dismantling the Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt aimed at Misplaced Pages and other free knowledge sources". Free Software Magazine.
- Coase's Penguin or Linux and The nature of the firm a paper by Yochai Benkler defining what is, and how Commons-Based Peer Production works, along with a long study of what motivates contributor.
- Yochai Benkler: Common Wisdom: Peer Production of Educational Materials
- Robert C. Allen (1983): Collective invention. In: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 4(1), p. 1-24