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The United States government has accused the Russian government of interfering in the 2016 United States elections. In October and December 2016, the U.S. Intelligence Community stated its confidence that Russia interfered in the 2016 United States elections in an operation which the U.S. government codenamed Grizzly Steppe. The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), representing 17 intelligence agencies and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) jointly stated that Russia hacked the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and leaked its documents to WikiLeaks. Russia said it had no involvement. Wikileaks founder Julian Assange said that Russia was not involved in the leaks.

President Barack Obama used the red phone line to directly contact Vladimir Putin and emphasize the importance of the cyber attacks. U.S. intelligence agencies said they had high confidence that Russia acted to favor the election of Donald Trump, and that Putin "personally directed" the operation. Russia disputed Putin's involvement. CIA Director John Brennan, FBI Director James Comey and DNI James R. Clapper agreed on the "scope, nature and intent" of Russia's alleged interference to assist Trump. Cybersecurity firms, including CrowdStrike, Fidelis Cybersecurity, Mandiant and ThreatConnect stated that the cyberattacks were committed by Russian intelligence groups Fancy Bear and Cozy Bear.

President Obama ordered a report on foreign interventions in elections. U.S. senators called for a bipartisan investigation. President-elect Trump rejected the report, saying that Democrats were reacting to their election loss, and attacked the intelligence agencies in a transition team statement. Senate Majority Leader Republican Mitch McConnell expressed confidence in U.S. intelligence and supported a bipartisan investigation, as did the Senate Intelligence Committee. President Obama stated that the U.S. would retaliate against Russia. On December 29 the United States imposed the most extensive sanctions against Russia since the Cold War for its alleged election interference.

Background

Internet Research Agency

In July 2016, The New Yorker writer Adrian Chen wrote that a Russian group called the Internet Research Agency might be using fake social media accounts to promote U.S. predidential candidate Donald Trump. Chen wrote that the connection between Trump and Russia was not straightforward, with evidence both for and against it.

Counter-Disinformation Team scrapped pre-election

The International Business Times reported that the United States Department of State planned to use a unit formed with the intention of combating disinformation from the Russian government, and that it was disbanded in September 2015 after department heads missed the scope of propaganda before the 2016 U.S. election. The unit had been in development for 8 months prior to being scrapped. Titled the Counter-Disinformation Team, it would have been a reboot of the Active Measures Working Group set up by the Reagan Administration. It was created under the Bureau of International Information Programs. Work began in 2014, with the intention of countering propaganda from Russian sources such as "Russia Today" TV network RT. A beta website was ready, and staff were hired by the U.S. State Department for the unit prior to its cancellation. U.S. Intelligence officials explained to former National Security Agency analyst and counterintelligence officer John R. Schindler that the Obama Administration decided to cancel the unit, as they were afraid of antagonizing Russia. A State Department representative told the International Business Times after being contacted regarding the closure of the unit, that the U.S. was disturbed by propaganda from Russia, and the strongest defense was sincere communication. U.S. Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy Richard Stengel was point person for the unit before it was canceled. Stengel previously wrote about disinformation by RT. After U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry called RT a Kremlin propaganda arm, RT insisted that the State Department respond. Stengel wrote that RT had engaged in a disinformation campaign.

Russian trolls' support for Trump

Andrew Weisburd and Foreign Policy Research Institute fellow and senior fellow at the Center for Cyber and Homeland Security at George Washington University, Clint Watts, wrote for The Daily Beast in August 2016 that Russian propaganda fabricated articles were popularized by social media. Weisburd and Watts documented how disinformation spread from government-controlled outlets Russia Today and Sputnik News to pro-Russian accounts on Twitter. Citing research by Chen, they compared Russian tactics during the 2016 U.S. election to Soviet Union Cold War strategies. They referenced the 1992 United States Information Agency report to the U.S. Congress, which warned about Russian propaganda called active measures. They wrote active measures were made easier with social media. Institute of International Relations Prague senior fellow and scholar on Russian intelligence, Mark Galeotti, agreed the Kremlin operations were a form of active measures. The Guardian reported in November 2016 the most strident Internet promoters of Trump were paid Russian propagandists, estimating several thousand trolls involved.

Weisburd and Watts collaborated with colleague J. M. Berger and published a follow-up to their Daily Beast article in online magazine War on the Rocks, titled: "Trolling for Trump: How Russia is Trying to Destroy Our Democracy". They researched 7,000 pro-Trump social media accounts over a two-and-a-half year period. Their research detailed trolling denigrating critics of Russian activities in Syria, and proliferating falsehoods about Clinton's health. Watts said the propaganda targeted the alt-right movement, the right wing, and fascist groups. BuzzFeed News reported Kremlin-financed trolls were open about spreading Russian disinformation.

On November 24, 2016, The Washington Post reported the Foreign Policy Research Institute stated Russian propaganda exacerbated criticism of Clinton and support for Trump. The strategy involved social media, paid Internet trolls, botnets, and websites denigrating Clinton. Watts stated Russia's goal was to damage trust in the U.S. Conclusions by Watts and colleagues Andrew Weisburd and J.M. Berger were confirmed by research from the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University and by the RAND Corporation.

Cybersecurity analysis

Cybersecurity experts and firms, including CrowdStrike, Fidelis Cybersecurity, Mandiant, SecureWorks and ThreatConnect, stated the leak of emails in the 2016 U.S. elections was part of a series of cyberattacks on the DNC committed by two Russian intelligence groups, called Fancy Bear and Cozy Bear. The groups are also known respectively as APT28 and APT29. ThreatConnect also concluded that the DC Leaks project shows the hallmarks of Russian intelligence, matching the attack pattern of the GRU hacker group Fancy Bear. Ars Technica IT editor Sean Gallagher wrote that there was no smoking gun for Russian hacking of the DNC, but that evidence pointed towards Russia. Cybersecurity expert Jeffrey Carr, of Taia Global, criticized Crowdstrike's analysis of the DNC hack, and noted the difficulty of confirming attribution in cyberspace.

U.S. intelligence analysis

Director of National Intelligence, Homeland Security and CIA

October 2016 joint statement

Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper said after the 2011–13 Russian protests, Putin's confidence in his viability as a politician was damaged, and Putin responded with the propaganda operation. Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer Patrick Skinner explained the goal was to spread uncertainty. In July 2016, consensus grew within the CIA that Russia hacked the DNC.

In a joint statement on October 7, 2016, the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence issued a statement on Russian influence on the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The statement expressed confidence Russia interfered in the election by stealing emails from politicians and U.S. groups and publicizing the information. By December 2, 2016, intelligence sources told CNN the U.S. Intelligence Community gained confidence Russia's efforts were aimed at helping Trump win the election.

December 2016 CIA report

On December 9, the CIA told U.S. legislators the U.S. Intelligence Community concluded Russia conducted operations during the 2016 U.S. election to assist Donald Trump in winning the presidency. Multiple U.S intelligence agencies concluded people with direct ties to the Kremlin gave WikiLeaks hacked emails from the DNC and sources such as John Podesta, campaign chairman for Hillary Clinton. These intelligence organizations concluded Russia hacked the RNC as well as the DNC—and chose not to leak information obtained from the RNC. This was based on evidence obtained before the election. A senior U.S. official said this was the consensus of multiple intelligence agencies. The CIA said the foreign intelligence agents were Russian operatives previously known to the U.S. The CIA told U.S. Senators it was strongly apparent Russia's intentions were to help Trump.

Vladimir Putin involvement

NBC News reported two senior federal employees said post-election intelligence led officials to believe Vladimir Putin personally controlled the operation. They said Putin's motives started as a feud against Hillary Clinton, and grew into a desire to foment global distrust of the U.S. They said the operation needed approval by top Russian officials, as Putin maintained absolute control. This assessment was echoed by officials to CBS News. ABC News reported similar accounts from U.S. and foreign officials. According to U.S. foreign and intelligence officials, the operation began with low-level Russian military, as an effort to penetrate computers belonging to Democratic and Republican politicians, and Putin became personally involved after Russia accessed the DNC. Two senior officials told CNN the scale of the operation required support from the Russian government's top authority. U.S. officials said that under Putin's direction, the goals evolved from criticizing American democracy to attacking Clinton. U.S. officials further said that Putin's aims shifted to help elect Trump during 2016, as he felt the candidate would favor Russia with regards to U.S. financial sanctions. A U.S. intelligence official said to Reuters that due to Putin's prior experience as an operative for the KGB, he maintained tighter control over Russian intelligence operations.

Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes appeared on MSNBC on December 15, 2016 and agreed with this assessment, saying operations of this magnitude required Putin's consent. White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest noted in a December 15 press conference that the U.S. Intelligence Community reached similar conclusions, and he quoted from the October 2016 joint-letter by the Director of National Intelligence and Department of Homeland Security, saying the operation required top-level Russian government approval.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

In June 2016, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) notified the Illinois Republican Party in June that some of its email accounts may have been hacked. On October 31, 2016, The New York Times stated that the FBI had been examining possible connections between Trump and Russia, but did not find a connection. At the time FBI officials thought Russia was motivated to create chaos generally and not specifically elect Trump. An unnamed official disputed the RNC servers were hacked, and stated that Russian attempts to access the RNC server were unsuccessful. In a December 11, 2016 interview with George Stephanopoulos of ABC News, RNC chair Reince Priebus stated they communicated with the FBI when they learned about hacking of the DNC, and after a review it was determined their servers were secure. During a House Intelligence Committee hearing, the FBI said they were unclear as to motive.

On December 16, 2016, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency John O. Brennan stated the FBI and Director of National Intelligence supported the CIA's conclusion that the Russian government interfered in the U.S. elections in 2016 with the motive of assisting Donald Trump in securing the White House, and attacking U.S. democratic values. Brennan sent a letter to his staff saying he held a meeting with Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation James Comey and Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper, and that all were in agreement about these conclusions. Brennan's letter stated: "Earlier this week, I met separately with (Director) FBI James Comey and DNI Jim Clapper, and there is strong consensus among us on the scope, nature, and intent of Russian interference in our presidential election." Brennan said the FBI, CIA, and DNI all acknowledged the importance of working together to complete the president's order to investigate.

December 29 Joint Analysis Report

On December 29, the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) released a Joint Analysis Report titled "GRIZZLY STEPPE – Russian Malicious Cyber Activity". It gave new "technical details regarding the tools and infrastructure used by the Russian civilian and military intelligence Services (RIS) to compromise and exploit networks and endpoints associated with the U.S. election, as well as a range of U.S. Government, political, and private sector entities."

The report included malware samples and other technical details as evidence that the Russian government had hacked the Democratic National Committee. Alongside the report, DHS "released an extensive list of Internet Protocol addresses, computer files, malware code and other 'signatures' that it said the Russian hackers have used."

An article in the Süddeutsche Zeitung discussed the difficulty of proof in matters of cybersecurity. Multiple security experts told the paper that evidence provided by the Joint Analysis Report was weak, and did not provide proof of Russian culpability. One analyst told the Süddeutsche Zeitung that US intelligence services could be keeping some information secret to protect their sources and analysis methods. It also notes that the comments of some providers of cybersecurity services may be overstated due to self-promotion. An article in Ars Technica cited some cybersecurity commentators who expressed concerns about the report. ZDNet noted that the PHP malware included in the JAR is "an out-of-date, web-shell hacking tool," which—according to Rob Graham, CEO of Errata Security—is "used by hundreds if not thousands of hackers, mostly associated with Russia, but also throughout the rest of the world."

Government response

U.S. Senate

Members of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee traveled to Ukraine and Poland in 2016 and learned about Russian operations to influence their elections. U.S. Senator Angus King said tactics used by Russia during the 2016 U.S. election were analogous to those used against other countries. King said the problem frustrated both political parties. On November 30, 2016, seven members of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee asked President Obama to declassify and publicize more information on Russia's role in the U.S. election. Representatives in the U.S. Congress took action to monitor the national security of the United States by advancing legislation to monitor propaganda. On November 30, 2016, legislators approved a measure within the National Defense Authorization Act to ask the U.S. State Department act against propaganda with an inter-agency panel. The initiative was developed through a bipartisan bill, the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, written by U.S. Senators Republican Rob Portman and Democrat Chris Murphy. U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee member Ron Wyden said frustration over covert Russian propaganda was bipartisan.

Republican U.S. Senators stated they planned to hold hearings and investigate Russian influence on the 2016 U.S. elections. By doing so they went against the preference of incoming Republican President-elect Trump, who downplayed Russian interference. U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John McCain and U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman Richard Burr planned investigations of Russian cyberwarfare. U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Bob Corker planned a 2017 investigation. Senator Lindsey Graham indicated he would conduct an investigation in the 115th Congress. On December 11, 2016, top-ranking bipartisan members of the U.S. Senate issued a joint statement together on December 11, 2016 responding to the intelligence assessments Russia influenced the election. The two Republican signers were Senators Graham and McCain, both members of the Armed Services Committee; the two Democratic signers were incoming Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, and Senator Jack Reed, the ranking member of the Armed Services Committee. They said Russian interference was deeply troubling and a bipartisan concern.

In a response to Trump's disregard for the U.S. intelligence assessments on Russia, Republican Senator John McCain said: "The facts are there." Senator McCain called for a special select committee of the U.S. Senate to investigate Russian meddling in the election. Republican Senator and Intelligence Committee member James Lankford agreed looking into Russian influence on the elections should be cooperative between parties. Republican Senator Susan Collins said a bipartisan investigation should improve proactive cyber defence. Outgoing Senate Democratic Caucus leader Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid said the FBI covered up information about Russian interference in a bid to swing the election for Trump. Reid accused FBI Director James Comey of partisanship, and called for his resignation.

On December 12, 2016, Senate Majority Leader Republican Mitch McConnell disagreed with Trump and expressed confidence in U.S. intelligence. McConnell added that investigation of Russia's actions "should not be a partisan issue" and said that it "defies belief" that some members of the Republican Party would not want such an investigation. McConnell announced the Senate intelligence panel would conduct an investigation into Russian interference.

In a joint bipartisan letter issued on December 18, Senators McCain, Graham, Schumer, and Reed urged McConnell to create a new, select committee to undertake a "comprehensive investigation of Russian interference" and develop "comprehensive recommendations and, as necessary, new legislation to modernize our nation’s laws, governmental organization, and related practices to meet this challenge." McConnell, by contrast, has thus far held that the Senate Intelligence Committee is "more than capable of conducting a complete review" and that creating a select committee was unnecessary.

In a December 14, 2016 interview with Wolf Blitzer on CNN, Senator Lindsey Graham said Russians hacked into his Senate campaign email. Graham said the FBI contacted his campaign in August 2016 to notify them of the breach in security which occurred in June to his campaign vendor. On December 15, 2016, Senator Graham stated in order for Trump's nominee for United States Secretary of State, Rex Tillerson, to earn his confirmation vote, Tillerson would need to acknowledge his belief Russia interfered in the 2016 elections. On December 16, 2016, U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee Chairman Richard Burr said he supported the U.S. intelligence community conclusions. Burr stated intelligence employees working for the U.S. are diverse and hold varied political views. The U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee issued a release emphasizing they earnestly took into consideration the fact that both the Senate Majority and Minority Leaders were in agreement a bipartisan investigation should take place.

U.S. House of Representatives

U.S. Representative Adam Schiff, Ranking Member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, commented on Putin's aims, and said U.S. intelligence agencies were concerned with Russian propaganda. Speaking about disinformation that appeared in Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland, Schiff said there was an increase of the same behavior in the U.S. Schiff concluded Russian propaganda operations would continue against the U.S. after the election. He put forth a recommendation for a combined House and Senate investigation similar to the Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001.

Republican U.S. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan said external interference in U.S. elections was intolerable. Ryan said an investigation should be conducted by Nunes, and stated interference from Russia was troubling due to Putin's activities against the U.S. On December 12, 2016, U.S. House Intelligence Committee chairman Representative Devin Nunes emphasized that at the time he had only viewed circumstantial evidence Russia intended to assist Trump win. On December 14, Nunes requested a formal briefing gain more information about assertions officials had revealed to the media,; the DNI refused, citing the ongoing review ordered by President Obama.

Obama administration

President Obama and Vladimir Putin had a discussion about computer security issues in September 2016, which took place over the course of an hour and a half. During the discussion, which took place as a side segment during the then-ongoing G20 summit in China, Obama made his views known on cyber security matters between the U.S. and Russia. One month after that discussion the email leaks from the DNC cyber attack had not ceased, and President Obama decided to contact Putin on the Moscow–Washington hotline, commonly known as the "red phone". During this discussion which took place on October 31, 2016, President Obama utilized the phrase "armed conflict" to emphasize the gravity of the situation. He told Putin: "International law, including the law for armed conflict, applies to actions in cyberspace. We will hold Russia to those standards." A representative for the White House confirmed to NBC News that the red phone line was utilized to contact the Kremlin directly on October 31, 2016.

On December 9, 2016, President Obama ordered the U.S. Intelligence Community to investigate Russian interference in the election and report before he leaves office on January 20, 2017. U.S. Homeland Security Advisor and chief counterterrorism advisor to the president Lisa Monaco announced the study, and said foreign intrusion into a U.S. election was unprecedented and would necessitate investigation by subsequent administrations. The intelligence analysis would cover malicious cyberwarfare during the 2008 election to 2016. A senior administration official told CNN the White House was confident Russia interfered in the election. The official said the ordered by President Obama would be a lessons learned report, with options including sanctions and covert cyber response against Russia.

On December 12, 2016, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest was critical of Trump's rejection of the idea that Russia used cyber-attacks to influence the election. Earnest contrasted Trump's comments on Twitter with the October 2016 conclusions of the U.S. Intelligence Community. At a subsequent White House press conference on December 15, Earnest said Trump and the public were aware prior to the 2016 election of Russian interference efforts, calling these undisputed facts. United States Secretary of State John Kerry spoke on December 15, 2016, about President Obama's decision to approve the October 2016 joint statement by the Department of Homeland Security and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Kerry stated the president's decision was deliberative and relied upon information cautiously weighed by the intelligence agencies. He said the president felt a need to warn the U.S. public and did.

President Obama was interviewed about the Russian covert operation on December 15, 2016 in an interview with National Public Radio journalist Steve Inskeep for the next day's Morning Edition program. Obama said the U.S. government would respond in overt and covert methods. The president said the government would be better able to speak to motive behind the Russian operation after the intelligence report he ordered was completed. Obama emphasized Russian efforts caused more harm to Clinton than Trump during the campaign. At a press conference the following day, President Obama highlighted his September 2016 admonition to Putin to cease engaging in cyberwarfare against the U.S. Obama explained the U.S. did not publicly reciprocate against Russia's actions due to a fear such choices would appear partisan. He said the U.S. would respond in order to send an unambiguous symbol to the world there were harsh consequences for such interference. President Obama minimized conflict between his administration and the Trump transition, stressing cyber warfare against the U.S. should be a bipartisan issue.

Sanctions imposed on Russia

On 29 December 2016, the United States government announced the most extensive sanctions against Russia since the Cold War; it imposed sanctions on four top officials of the GRU and declared 35 Russian suspected spies in the United States persona non grata and ordered them to leave the country within 72 hours, and announced further sanctions, some of which may not be disclosed to the public. The United States Department of State also announced the closure of two waterfront compounds used by Russian intelligence agents, one in Upper Brookville, New York, on Long Island, and the other in Centreville, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. A White House statement said that "Russia's cyberactivities were intended to influence the election, erode faith in US democratic institutions, sow doubt about the integrity of our electoral process, and undermine confidence in the institutions of the US government." President Obama said "these actions follow repeated private and public warnings that we have issued to the Russian government, and are a necessary and appropriate response to efforts to harm US interests in violation of established international norms of behavior."

On December 30, two compounds in Maryland and New York which had served as luxury retreats for various Russian diplomats in the previous decades were shut down on orders of the US government.

Commentary and reactions

Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton appeared on December 15, 2016 at the Plaza Hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and gave a gratitude speech to her campaign donors in which she reflected on Putin's motivations for the covert operation. She partially attributed her loss in the 2016 election to Russian meddling organized by Putin. Clinton said Putin had a personal grudge against her, and linked his feelings to her criticism of the 2011 Russian legislative election and that he felt she was responsible for fomenting the 2011–13 Russian protests. She drew a specific connection from her 2011 assertions as U.S. Secretary of State in 2011 that Putin rigged the elections that year, to his actions in the 2016 U.S. elections. Clinton said that by personally attacking her through meddling in the election Putin additionally took a strike at the American democratic system. She said the cyber warfare was a larger issue than herself personally, and called them an attempt to attack the national security of the United States. Clinton noted she was unsuccessful in sufficiently publicizing to the media the cyber attacks against her campaign in the months leading up to the election. She voiced her support for a proposal put forth by U.S. Senators from both parties, to set up an investigative panel to look into the matter akin to the 9/11 Commission.

Republican National Committee

The RNC said there was no intrusion into its servers, while acknowledging email accounts of individual Republicans (including Colin Powell) were breached. Over 200 emails from Colin Powell were posted on the website DC Leaks. Chief of staff-designate for Trump and outgoing RNC Chairman Reince Priebus appeared on Meet the Press on December 11, 2016, and discounted the CIA conclusions. Priebus relayed the FBI investigated and found RNC servers had not been hacked. When asked by Chuck Todd whether Russia interfered in the election, Priebus stated there had been no decisive document asserting Russian involvement — a statement rated "False" by the fact-checking website Politifact.com, who noted Priebus neglected conclusions from the Director of Intelligence and Department of Homeland Security from October 2016.

Donald Trump

Prior to his presidential run, Donald Trump made statements to Fox News in 2014 in which he agreed with an assessment by FBI director James Comey about hacking against the US by Russia and China. Trump was played a clip of Comey from 60 Minutes discussing the dangers of cyber attacks. Trump stated he agreed with the problem of cyber threats posed by China, and went on to emphasize there was a similar problem towards the US posed by Russia: "No, I think he's 100% right, it's a big problem, and we have that problem also with Russia. You saw that over the weekend. Russia's doing the same thing."

In September 2016, during the first presidential debate, Trump said he doubted whether anyone was aware who hacked the DNC, and disputed Russian interference. During the second debate, Trump said there might not have been hacking at all, and questioned why accountability was placed on Russia. After the election, Trump rejected the CIA analysis. Trump's transition team offered an official statement drawing attention to prior inaccuracy at the CIA. The statement said, regarding those at the CIA who concluded Russian interference in the election, "These are the same people that said Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction." However, the intelligence analysts involved in monitoring Russian activities are most likely different from those who assessed that Iraq had stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. Reacting to The Washington Post's reporting, Trump dismissed reports of Russia's interference, and calling them "ridiculous"; he placed blame on Democrats upset over election results for publicizing these reports. In a Tweet, Trump cited Julian Assange's statement that "a 14-year-old kid could have hacked Podesta."

Trump praised Putin for delaying any retaliatory measures against the United States by saying it was a "Great move on delay" and added "I always knew he was very smart!"

WikiLeaks

In July 2016, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange stated he had not seen evidence emails leaked from the DNC were traceable to Russia. In November 2016, Assange said Russia was not the source of John Podesta's hacked emails published by Wikileaks. Assange refused to elaborate on reports that appeared in The Daily Mail, that his associate Craig Murray traveled to the U.S. to obtain the leaked materials on his behalf, from a third-party who knew someone else with "legal access" to the Podesta and DNC emails. Assange said that Murray had no permission to speak on behalf of WikiLeaks.

Russian government

The Russian government said it had no involvement. In a statement given to Reuters in Moscow, Dmitry Peskov, representative for Russian president Vladimir Putin, said there was no likelihood Russia or its governmental organizations participated. Sergei Lavrov, Foreign Minister of Russia, rejected reports of Russian involvement in the 2016 U.S. elections. When ABC News reported that Putin was directly involved in the covert operation, his representative referred to these accounts as "nonsense", and Peskov said such reports were "rubbish". Reuters reported Sergei Lavrov appeared on government television station Rossiya-24 to speak about assertions Putin directed the election interference. Lavrov was shocked by the first reporting on the development by NBC News, and called such assertions "silly". On December 16, 2016, Peskov called on the U.S. government to cease discussion of the topic unless it provides evidence to back up the assertions of Russian interference during the election.

Electoral College

On December 10, ten electors, headed by Christine Pelosi, wrote an open letter to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper demanding an intelligence briefing on investigations into foreign intervention in the presidential election. Fifty-eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter, bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states. The Clinton campaign supported the call for a classified briefing for electors, with John Podesta saying: "Electors have a solemn responsibility under the Constitution and we support their efforts to have their questions addressed."

Intelligence community

Current members

The CIA assessment, and Trump's dismissal of it, created an immediate and unprecedented rupture between the president-elect and the intelligence community. On December 11, 2016, U.S. intelligence officials responded to Trump's denunciation of its findings in a written statement, and expressed dismay Trump disputed their conclusions as politically motivated or inaccurate. They wrote intelligence officials were motivated to defend U.S. national security. On the same day, The Guardian reported that members of the intelligence community feared reprisals from Donald Trump once he takes office, in response to the reports that have been issued. Serving officers pointed to Trump's attempts to identify civil servants in the Department of Energy that had participated in symposiums on climate change as a parallel example. Other serving officers stated that retaliation by Trump was a near certainty.

Former members

Former CIA director Michael Morell said foreign interference in U.S. elections was an existential threat and called it the "political equivalent" of the September 11 attacks. In a Washington Post op-ed, former NSA director and CIA director Michael V. Hayden wrote that Trump's attack on the Intelligence Community's findings diminished the chances that the incoming administration would use intelligence for logical policy-making decisions. Former CIA spokesman George E. Little condemned Trump for dismissing the CIA assessment, saying that the president-elect's atypical response was disgraceful and denigrated the courage of those who serve in the CIA at risk to their own lives. Another former CIA spokesman, Bill Harlow, said that the dispute between Trump and the CIA was a hideous development and unheard of to occur publicly.

Independent presidential candidate and former CIA intelligence officer Evan McMullin said Republican leadership did not respond adequately during the 2016 election to their knowledge at the time about Russia's efforts to meddle in the process. McMullin said Republican politicians were aware the publicly revealed information about Russia's interference was likely simply the tip of the iceberg relative to the actual threat. McMullin said that with his experience having worked as an intelligence officer he was distressed by the CIA revelations. He said Republicans had not acted on the issue sufficiently during the election because they placed importance of the Republican party over U.S. national concerns.

William Binney, a former high-ranking official in the NSA, has expressed doubt about reports of Russian involvement in the DNC leaks. In Harper's Magazine, he told Andrew Cockburn, "Saying it does not make it true They have to provide proof....So let’s see the evidence." Writing in the Baltimore Sun, William Binney and Ray McGovern criticized the report published by the FBI and DHS on 29 December, commenting that it "fell embarrassingly short" of the goal of proving Russian hacking. Binney and McGovern wrote that given Director of National Intelligence James Clapper's false testimony to Congress over NSA surveillance of Americans, and his involvement in building the WMD case against Iraq, skepticism about his claims of Russian hacking are warranted. Binney and McGovern proposed that the DNC emails were leaked by an insider, rather than hacked and exfiltrated by an outside group.

Former Pentagon analyst Pierre Sprey compared the public reactions of U.S. intelligence officials to Cold War-era "threat inflation," the "art" of playing up the threat posed by the Soviet Union in order to justify larger defense budgets. Former UN weapons inspector Scott Ritter called the CIA's assessment — that Russia was involved in the DNC hacks and intended to tilt the election towards Trump — "flawed on several levels." Ritter continued that "there is no direct evidence linking Russia to the hacks," and that the attribution to Russia rests on unverified assumptions made by German intelligence in a previous hacking case.

Experts and scholars

Former U.S. ambassador to Russia Michael McFaul, director of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University, writing in The Washington Post, called the known facts about Russian interference in the election worrying and called for a full investigation to determine the facts that were still uncertain.

Historian Robert S. McElvaine wrote that there should be significant upset over the CIA's conclusion of Russian interference, and called upon the Electoral College to adopt a Government of National Unity.

Cybersecurity columnist, Joseph Steinberg, writing in Inc., stated an investigation into the possible hacking was warranted. Steinberg questioned if the public had a right to know whether there was negligence on the part of the government in protecting voting infrastructure, and by the DNC in protecting its information systems.

See also

• Democratic National Committee cyber attacks
• 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak
• Cozy Bear
• Cyberwarfare by Russia
• Office of Personnel Management data breach
• Cyberwarfare in China
• DC Leaks
• Fancy Bear
• Operation Aurora
• Russian espionage in the United States
• Yahoo! data breaches

Notes

1. APT is an acronym for Advanced Persistent Threat.

References

1. Ryan, Missy; Nakashima, Ellen; DeYoung, Karen (December 29, 2016). "Obama administration announces measures to punish Russia for 2016 election interference". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
2. ^ Greenberg, Jon (December 11, 2016), "Reince Priebus falsely claims no conclusive report whether Russia tried to influence election", Politifact.com, retrieved December 12, 2016
3. ^ Strohm, Chris (December 30, 2016). "Russia 'Grizzly Steppe' Hacking Started Simply, U.S. Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 4, 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
4. ^ Nakashima, Ellen. "U.S. government officially accuses Russia of hacking campaign to interfere with elections". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
5. ^ Ackerman, Spencer; Thielman, Sam. "US officially accuses Russia of hacking DNC and interfering with election". The Guardian. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
6. ^ CNN, Evan Perez and Theodore Schleifer. "US accuses Russia of trying to interfere with 2016 election". CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2016. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
7. ^ Moscow denies Russian involvement in U.S. DNC hacking, Reuters (June 14, 2016).
8. ^ "WikiLeaks' Assange denies Russia behind Podesta hack". Politico. November 3, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
9. ^ Alex Johnson, WikiLeaks' Julian Assange: 'No Proof' Hacked DNC Emails Came From Russia, NBC News (July 25, 2016).
10. ^ Arkin, William M.; Dilanian, Ken; McFadden, Cynthia (December 19, 2016), "What Obama Said to Putin on the Red Phone About the Election Hack", NBC News, retrieved December 22, 2016
11. ^ Entous, Adam; Nakashima, Ellen; Miller, Greg, "Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House", The Washington Post
12. ^ David E. Sanger & Scott Shane, Russian Hackers Acted to Aid Trump in Election, U.S. Says, New York Times (December 9, 2016).
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Further reading

• Andrew Weisburd; Clint Watts; JM Berger (November 6, 2016), "Trolling for Trump: How Russia is Trying to Destroy Our Democracy", War on the Rocks, retrieved December 6, 2016
• Strohm, Chris (December 1, 2016), "Russia Weaponized Social Media in U.S. Election, FireEye Says", Bloomberg News, retrieved December 1, 2016
• Demirjian, Karoun (December 8, 2016), "Republicans ready to launch wide-ranging probe of Russia, despite Trump's stance", Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post, retrieved December 10, 2016
• Porter, Tom (December 1, 2016), "US House of representatives backs proposal to counter global Russian subversion", International Business Times UK edition, retrieved December 1, 2016

External links

• U.S. Department of Homeland Security and Director of National Intelligence (October 7, 2016), Joint Statement from the Department Of Homeland Security and Office of the Director of National Intelligence on Election Security, archived from the original on December 10, 2016, retrieved December 11, 2016
• John McCain, Lindsey Graham, Chuck Schumer, Jack Reed (December 11, 2016), McCain, Graham, Schumer, Reed Joint Statement on Reports That Russia Interfered with the 2016 Election, United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, retrieved December 11, 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Donald Trump controversies
• Espionage in the United States
• Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
• Foreign influence in national elections
• Information technology in Russia
• Internet in Russia
• Internet manipulation and propaganda
• Propaganda in Russia
• Russia–United States relations
• Russia intelligence operations
• United States presidential election, 2016