Kabwe skull: Difference between revisions

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	'''Rhodesian Man''', ~~sometimes~~ classified as '']'' is a ] fossil that was described from a ] found in an ] and ] mine in Northern ] (now Kabwe, ]) in 1921 by Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss ]. In addition to the cranium, an upper ] from another individual, a ], a ], and two ] fragments were also found. The skull was dubbed Rhodesian Man at the time of the find, but is now commonly referred to as the '''Broken Hill Skull''' or the '''Kabwe Cranium'''.		'''Rhodesian Man''', frequently classified as '']'' is a ] fossil that was described from a ] found in an ] and ] mine in Northern ] (now Kabwe, ]) in 1921 by Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss ]. In addition to the cranium, an upper ] from another individual, a ], a ], and two ] fragments were also found. The skull was dubbed Rhodesian Man at the time of the find, but is now commonly referred to as the '''Broken Hill Skull''' or the '''Kabwe Cranium'''.

	The association between the bones is unclear, but the tibia and femur fossils are usually associated with the skull. Rhodesian Man is dated to be between 125,000 and 300,000 years old. Previously, some reports have given erroneous dates of up to 1.75 and 2.5 million years age for the skull. Cranial capacity of the Broken Hill skull has been measured at 1,300 cm³, which, when coupled with the more recent dating, makes any direct link to older skulls unlikely and negates the 1.75 to 2.5 million year earlier dating.		The association between the bones is unclear, but the tibia and femur fossils are usually associated with the skull. Rhodesian Man is dated to be between 125,000 and 300,000 years old. Previously, some reports have given erroneous dates of up to 1.75 and 2.5 million years age for the skull. Cranial capacity of the Broken Hill skull has been measured at 1,300 cm³, which, when coupled with the more recent dating, makes any direct link to older skulls unlikely and negates the 1.75 to 2.5 million year earlier dating.

	The skull is described as having a broad face similar to '']'' (ie. large nose and thick protruding brow ridges), but with a cranium intermediate between ~~advanced~~ '']'' and Neanderthal. Most current experts believe Rhodesian Man to be within the group of '']'' though other designations such as ''Archaic Homo sapiens'' and ''Homo sapiens rhodesiensis'' have also been proposed. No direct linkage of the species can so far be determined.		The skull was described as having a broad face similar to '']'' (ie. large nose and thick protruding brow ridges), but with a cranium intermediate between modern '']'' and Neanderthal. Most current experts believe Rhodesian Man to be within the group of '']'' though other designations such as ''Archaic Homo sapiens'' and ''Homo sapiens rhodesiensis'' have also been proposed. According to ], it is probable that Rhodesian Man was the ancestor of '']'' (Herto Man), which would be itself at the origin of '']''. No direct linkage of the species can so far be determined.

	==References==		==References==
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Revision as of 20:37, 16 September 2006

File:Kabwe cranium.jpg

Kabwe Skull - Smithonian Institution photo

Rhodesian Man, frequently classified as Homo rhodesiensis is a hominin fossil that was described from a cranium found in an iron and zinc mine in Northern Rhodesia (now Kabwe, Zambia) in 1921 by Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss miner. In addition to the cranium, an upper jaw from another individual, a sacrum, a tibia, and two femur fragments were also found. The skull was dubbed Rhodesian Man at the time of the find, but is now commonly referred to as the Broken Hill Skull or the Kabwe Cranium.

The association between the bones is unclear, but the tibia and femur fossils are usually associated with the skull. Rhodesian Man is dated to be between 125,000 and 300,000 years old. Previously, some reports have given erroneous dates of up to 1.75 and 2.5 million years age for the skull. Cranial capacity of the Broken Hill skull has been measured at 1,300 cm³, which, when coupled with the more recent dating, makes any direct link to older skulls unlikely and negates the 1.75 to 2.5 million year earlier dating.

The skull was described as having a broad face similar to Homo neanderthalensis (ie. large nose and thick protruding brow ridges), but with a cranium intermediate between modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthal. Most current experts believe Rhodesian Man to be within the group of Homo heidelbergensis though other designations such as Archaic Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis have also been proposed. According to Tim White, it is probable that Rhodesian Man was the ancestor of Homo sapiens idaltu (Herto Man), which would be itself at the origin of Homo sapiens sapiens. No direct linkage of the species can so far be determined.

References

Woodward, Arthur Smith (1921). "A New Cave Man from Rhodesia, South Africa". Nature. 108: 371–372.
Singer Robert R. and J. Wymer (1968). "Archaeological Investigation at the Saldanha Skull Site in South Africa". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 23 (3): 63–73.

Human evolution

Taxonomy
(Hominins)

Last common ancestors

Australopithecines

Nakalipithecus Orrorin Sahelanthropus Kenyanthropus
Ardipithecus	A. kadabba A. ramidus
Australopithecus	A. afarensis A. africanus A. anamensis A. bahrelghazali A. deyiremeda A. garhi A. sediba
Paranthropus	P. aethiopicus P. boisei P. robustus

Humans and
proto-humans
(Homo)

Proto-humans

H. gautengensis (?) H. habilis H. naledi H. rudolfensis (?) H. tsaichangensis (?)
Homo erectus	H. e. erectus H. e. georgicus H. e. lantianensis H. e. nankinensis H. e. pekinensis H. e. soloensis H. e. tautavelensis H. e. yuanmouensis

Archaic humans

Modern humans

Homo sapiens	H. s. sapiens (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans) Jebel Irhoud H. s. idaltu Cro-Magnon Manot people Tam Pa Ling Red Deer Cave people

Ancestors

Homo habilis → Homo ergaster / Homo erectus (→ Homo antecessor) → Homo heidelbergensis → archaic Homo sapiens → Homo sapiens

Models

General models	Hunting Gathering Endurance running Aquatic ape Sexual selection Self-domestication
Specific models	Diet Cooking Expensive tissue Shore-based Drugs Drunken monkey Evolutionary models of human drug use Stoned ape theory Behavior Killer ape Cooperative eye Life history Grandmother Patriarch
Topics	Bipedalism Skeleton Muscles Skin color Hair Thermoregulation Speech Language Intelligence Gender roles
Origin of modern humans	Recent African origin Multiregional origin Archaic admixture Behavioral modernity Early migrations Recent evolution

Timelines

Others

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