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Gerry Adams Gearóid Mac ÁdhaimhTD
Adams in 2013
Leader of Sinn Féin
Incumbent
Assumed office 13 November 1983
Deputy	Phil Flynn John Joe McGirl Pat Doherty Mary Lou McDonald
Preceded by	Ruairí Ó Brádaigh
Teachta Dála
Incumbent
Assumed office February 2011
Constituency	Louth
Member of Parliament for Belfast West
In office 1 May 1997 – 26 January 2011
Preceded by	Joe Hendron
Succeeded by	Paul Maskey
In office 9 June 1983 – 9 April 1992
Preceded by	Gerry Fitt
Succeeded by	Joe Hendron
Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for Belfast West
In office 25 June 1998 – 7 December 2010
Preceded by	Constituency created
Succeeded by	Pat Sheehan
Personal details
Born	Gerard Adams (1948-10-06) 6 October 1948 (age 76) Belfast, Northern Ireland
Nationality	Irish
Political party	Sinn Féin
Spouse	Collette McArdle
Children	1
Occupation	Politician
Website	Official website

Gerard "Gerry" Adams (Template:Lang-ga; born 6 October 1948) is an Irish republican politician who is the president of the Sinn Féin political party and a Teachta Dála (TD; a member of the Irish parliament) for Louth since the 2011 general election.

From 1983 to 1992 and from 1997 to 2011, he was an abstentionist Member of Parliament (MP) of the British Parliament for the Belfast West constituency.

He has been the president of Sinn Féin since 1983. Since that time the party has become the third-largest party in the Republic of Ireland, the second-largest political party in Northern Ireland and the largest Irish nationalist party in that region. In 1984, Adams was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt by several gunmen from the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), including John Gregg. From the late 1980s onwards, Adams was an important figure in the Northern Ireland peace process, initially following contact by the then-Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) leader John Hume and then subsequently with the Irish and British governments.

Under Adams, Sinn Féin changed its traditional policy of abstentionism towards the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Republic of Ireland, in 1986 and later took seats in the power-sharing Northern Ireland Assembly. In 2005, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) stated that its armed campaign was over and that it was exclusively committed to democratic politics.

In 2014, he was held for four days by the Police Service of Northern Ireland for questioning in connection with the abduction and murder of Jean McConville in 1972. He was freed without charge and a file was sent to the Public Prosecution Service, which later stated there was insufficient evidence to charge him.

Family background and early life

Adams was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. His parents, Gerry Adams, Sr. and Anne Hannaway, came from republican backgrounds. His grandfather, also named Gerry Adams, had been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) during the Irish War of Independence. Two of Adams's uncles, Dominic and Patrick Adams, had been interned by the governments in Belfast and Dublin. J. Bowyer Bell states in his book, The Secret Army that Dominic Adams was a senior figure in the IRA of the mid-1940s. Gerry Adams Sr. joined the IRA at age sixteen. In 1942, he participated in an IRA ambush on a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) patrol but was himself shot, arrested and sentenced to eight years imprisonment.

Adams's maternal great-grandfather, Michael Hannaway, was also a member of the IRB during its dynamiting campaign in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Michael's son, Billy, was election agent for Éamon de Valera at the Irish general election, 1918 in West Belfast.

Adams attended St Finian's Primary School on the Falls Road, where he was taught by La Salle brothers. Having passed the eleven-plus exam in 1960, he attended St Mary's Christian Brothers Grammar School. He left St Mary's with six O-levels and became a barman. He was increasingly involved in the Irish republican movement, joining Sinn Féin and Fianna Éireann in 1964, after being radicalised by the Divis Street riots during that year's general election campaign.

In 1971, Adams married Collette McArdle, with whom he has one son, Gearoid (born 1973) who has played Gaelic football for Antrim GAA senior men's team and was its assistant manager in 2012.

Early political career

In the late 1960s, a civil rights campaign developed in Northern Ireland. Adams was an active supporter and joined the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in 1967. However, the civil rights movement was met with violence from loyalist counter-demonstrations and the Royal Ulster Constabulary. In August 1969, Northern Ireland cities like Belfast and Derry erupted in major rioting. British troops were called in at the request of the Government of Northern Ireland (see 1969 Northern Ireland riots).

Adams was active in rioting at this time and later became involved in the republican movement. In August 1971, internment was reintroduced to Northern Ireland under the Special Powers Act 1922. Adams was interned in March 1972, on HMS Maidstone, but on the Provisional IRA's insistence was released in June to take part in secret, but abortive talks in London. The IRA negotiated a short-lived truce with the British government and an IRA delegation met with British Home Secretary William Whitelaw at Cheyne Walk in Chelsea. The delegation included Adams, Martin McGuinness, Sean Mac Stiofain (IRA Chief of Staff), Daithi O'Conaill, Seamus Twomey, Ivor Bell and Dublin solicitor Myles Shevlin. Adams was re-arrested in July 1973 and interned at the Long Kesh internment camp. After taking part in an IRA-organised escape attempt, he was sentenced to a period of imprisonment. During this time, he wrote articles in the paper An Phoblacht under the by-line "Brownie", where he criticised the strategy and policy of Sinn Féin president Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and IRA Belfast OC Billy McKee. He was also highly critical of a decision taken by McKee to assassinate members of the rival Official IRA, who had been on ceasefire since 1972. After his release in 1976, Adams was again arrested in 1978 for alleged IRA membership; the charges were subsequently dismissed.

During the 1981 hunger strike, which saw the emergence of his party as a political force, Adams played an important policy-making role. In 1983, he was elected president of Sinn Féin and became the first Sinn Féin MP elected to the British House of Commons since Phil Clarke and Tom Mitchell in the mid-1950s. Following his election as MP for Belfast West, the British government lifted a ban on his travelling to Great Britain. In line with Sinn Féin policy, he refused to take his seat in the House of Commons. Sinn Féin retains a policy of abstentionism towards the Westminster Parliament, but since 2002, has received allowances for staff and takes up offices in the House of Commons.

On 14 March 1984 in central Belfast, Adams was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt when several Ulster Defence Association (UDA) gunmen fired about 20 shots into the car in which he was travelling. He was hit in the neck, shoulder and arm. After the shooting, he was rushed to the Royal Victoria Hospital, where he underwent surgery to remove three bullets. John Gregg and his team were apprehended almost immediately by a British Army patrol that opened fire on them before ramming their car. The attack had been known in advance by security forces due to a tip-off from informants within Rathcoole; Adams and his co-passengers had survived in part because Royal Ulster Constabulary officers, acting on the informants' information, had replaced much of the ammunition in the UDA's Rathcoole weapons dump with low-velocity bullets. An Ulster Defence Regiment NCO subsequently received the Queen's Gallantry Medal for chasing and arresting an assailant.

IRA allegations

Adams has stated repeatedly that he has never been a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). However, authors such as Ed Moloney, Peter Taylor, Mark Urban and historian Richard English have all named Adams as part of the IRA leadership since the 1970s. Adams has denied Moloney's claims, calling them "libellous". At a dinner for his Fine Gael party on 29 September 2012, Taoiseach Enda Kenny accused Adams of having not only been a member of the IRA, but a member of the IRA Army Council, calling for Adams to "be absolutely truthful about this" in response to Adams' calls for a truth and reconciliation commission in Northern Ireland.

Former IRA member Sean O'Callaghan has claimed he was at an IRA Revolutionary Council meeting in 1983 which was also attended by Adams. O'Callaghan gave his account in testimony to the High Court in Dublin. Former IRA members Anthony McIntyre and Richard O'Rawe have claimed Adams was a key figure in the IRA. Adams said: "I'm very, very clear about my denial of IRA membership but I don't disassociate myself from the IRA." Former IRA member Peter Rogers has alleged that Adams and Martin McGuinness ordered Rogers to transport explosives to Great Britain in 1980. Sinn Féin said Rogers' allegations were untrue. Rogers was jailed for the 1980 killing of Detective Garda Seamus Quaid in the Republic of Ireland, and was later released under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement. Father Gerry Reynolds, who facilitated secret meetings between SDLP leader John Hume and Adams, has said that asking Adams about his IRA membership is a "stupid question" as the IRA was a secret society and the "raison d'etre of the secret society is that it is secret". Adams described Father Reynolds as a "champion of the peace process" upon his death.

In 2003, using parliamentary privilege, Democratic Unionist Party MP Iris Robinson claimed that Adams was involved in the 1978 IRA La Mon restaurant bombing. Adams denied the allegation and said the remarks were made to deflect attention away from developments in the Stevens Inquiry into collusion.

Former Belfast IRA commander Brendan Hughes has named Adams as ordering the murder and secret burial of Jean McConville in 1972. McConville was one of the 16 "Disappeared", who were abducted and killed during the Troubles. Former republican prisoner Evelyn Gilroy, who was active in Divis where McConville was abducted, says that Adams was the only person in a position to order the murder. Among the abductors of McConville was Dolours Price, who has claimed that she did so on the orders of Adams. Hughes and Price also claimed that Adams was involved in approving IRA bomb attacks in London in the early 1970s. Former Garda Detective Superintendent PJ Browne has claimed that Adams was "the leader of the psychotic IRA unit in Belfast in the early 1970s".

2014 arrest

On 30 April 2014, Adams was arrested by detectives from the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) Serious Crime Branch, under the Terrorism Act 2000, in connection with the murder of Jean McConville in 1972. He had previously voluntarily arranged to be interviewed by police regarding the matter, and maintained he had no involvement. Fellow Sinn Féin politician Alex Maskey claimed that the timing of the arrest, "three weeks into an election", was evidence of a "political agenda a negative agenda" by the PSNI. Jean McConville’s family had campaigned for the arrest of Adams over the murder. Jean McConville's son Michael said that his family did not think the arrest of Adams would ever happen, but were "quite glad" that the arrest took place. Adams was released without charge after four days in custody and it was decided to send a file to the Public Prosecution Service, which would decide if criminal charges should be brought.

At a press conference after his release, Adams also criticised the timing of his arrest, while reiterating Sinn Féin's support for the PSNI and saying: "The IRA is gone. It is finished". Adams has denied that he had any involvement in the murder or was ever a member of the IRA, and has said the allegations against him came from "enemies of the peace process". On 29 September 2015 the Public Prosecution Service announced Adams would not face charges, due to insufficient evidence.

Rise in Sinn Féin

In 1978, Gerry Adams became joint vice-president of Sinn Féin and a key figure in directing a challenge to the Sinn Féin leadership of President Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and joint vice-president Dáithí Ó Conaill.

The 1975 IRA-British truce is often viewed as the event that began the challenge to the original Provisional Sinn Féin leadership, which was dominated by southerners like Ó Brádaigh and Ó Conaill.

One of the reasons that the Provisional IRA and Provisional Sinn Féin were founded, in December 1969 and January 1970, respectively, was that people like Ó Brádaigh, O'Connell and McKee opposed participation in constitutional politics. The other reason was the failure of the Cathal Goulding leadership to provide for the defence of Irish nationalist areas during the 1969 Northern Ireland riots. When, at the December 1969 IRA convention and the January 1970 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis, the delegates voted to participate in the Dublin (Leinster House), Belfast (Stormont) and London (Westminster) parliaments, the organisations split. Adams, who had joined the republican movement in the early 1960s, sided with the Provisionals.

In Long Kesh in the mid-1970s, writing under the pseudonym "Brownie" in Republican News, Adams called for increased political activity among republicans, especially at local level. The call resonated with younger Northern people, many of whom had been active in the Provisional IRA but few of whom had been active in Sinn Féin. In 1977, Adams and Danny Morrison drafted the address of Jimmy Drumm at the annual Wolfe Tone commemoration at Bodenstown. The address was viewed as watershed in that Drumm acknowledged that the war would be a long one and that success depended on political activity that would complement the IRA's armed campaign. For some, this wedding of politics and armed struggle culminated in Danny Morrison's statement at the 1981 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis in which he asked "Who here really believes we can win the war through the ballot box? But will anyone here object if, with a ballot paper in one hand and the Armalite in the other, we take power in Ireland?" For others, however, the call to link political activity with armed struggle had already been defined in Sinn Féin policy and in the presidential addresses of Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, but this had not resonated with young Northerners.

Even after the election of Bobby Sands as MP for Fermanagh/South Tyrone, a part of the mass mobilisation associated with the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike by republican prisoners in the H blocks of the Maze Prison (known as Long Kesh by republicans), Adams was cautious that the level of political involvement by Sinn Féin could lead to electoral embarrassment. Charles Haughey, the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland, called an election for June 1981. At an Ard Chomhairle meeting, Adams recommended that they contest only four constituencies which were in border counties. Instead, H-Block/Armagh candidates contested nine constituencies and elected two TDs. This, along with the election of Sands, was a precursor to an electoral breakthrough in elections in 1982 to the 1982 Northern Ireland Assembly. Adams, Danny Morrison, Martin McGuinness, Jim McAllister, and Owen Carron were elected as abstentionists. The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) had announced before the election that it would not take any seats and so its 14 elected representatives also abstained from participating in the Assembly and it was a failure. The 1982 election was followed by the 1983 Westminster election, in which Sinn Féin's vote increased and Gerry Adams was elected, as an abstentionist, as MP for Belfast West. It was in 1983 that Ruairí Ó Brádaigh resigned as President of Sinn Féin and was succeeded by Gerry Adams.

President of Sinn Féin

Republicans had long claimed that the only legitimate Irish state was the Irish Republic declared in the Proclamation of the Republic of 1916, which they considered to be still in existence. In their view, the legitimate government was the IRA Army Council, which had been vested with the authority of that Republic in 1938 (prior to the Second World War) by the last remaining anti-Treaty deputies of the Second Dáil. Adams continued to adhere to this claim of republican political legitimacy until quite recently. However, in his 2005 speech to the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis he explicitly rejected it. "But we refuse to criminalise those who break the law in pursuit of legitimate political objectives. ... Sinn Féin is accused of recognising the Army Council of the IRA as the legitimate government of this island. That is not the case. do not believe that the Army Council is the government of Ireland. Such a government will only exist when all the people of this island elect it. Does Sinn Féin accept the institutions of this state as the legitimate institutions of this state? Of course we do."

As a result of this non-recognition, Sinn Féin had abstained from taking any of the seats they won in the British or Irish parliaments. At its 1986 Ard Fheis, Sinn Féin delegates passed a resolution to amend the rules and constitution that would allow its members to sit in the Dublin parliament (Leinster House/Dáil Éireann). At this, Ruairí Ó Brádaigh led a small walkout, just as he and Sean Mac Stiofain had done sixteen years earlier with the creation of Provisional Sinn Féin. This minority, which rejected dropping the policy of abstentionism, now nominally distinguishes itself from Provisional Sinn Féin by using the name Republican Sinn Féin (or Sinn Féin Poblachtach), and maintains that they are the true Sinn Féin republicans.

Adams' leadership of Sinn Féin was supported by a Northern-based cadre that included people like Danny Morrison and Martin McGuinness. Over time, Adams and others pointed to Republican electoral successes in the early and mid-1980s, when hunger strikers Bobby Sands and Kieran Doherty were elected to the British House of Commons and Dáil Éireann respectively, and they advocated that Sinn Féin become increasingly political and base its influence on electoral politics rather than paramilitarism. The electoral effects of this strategy were shown later by the election of Adams and McGuinness to the House of Commons.

Voice ban

Adams's prominence as an Irish republican leader was increased by the ban on the media broadcast of his voice (the ban actually covered eleven republican and loyalist organisations, but in practice Adams was the only one prominent enough to appear regularly on TV). This ban was imposed by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on 19 October 1988, the reason given being to "starve the terrorist and the hijacker of the oxygen of publicity on which they depend" after the BBC interviewed Martin McGuinness and Adams had been the focus of a row over an edition of After Dark, a proposed Channel 4 discussion programme which in the event was never made.

A similar ban, known as Section 31, had been law in the Republic of Ireland since the 1970s. However, media outlets soon found ways around the ban, initially by the use of subtitles, but later and more often by the use of an actor reading his words over the images of him speaking. Actors who voiced Adams included Stephen Rea and Paul Loughran. This loophole could not be used in the Republic, as word-for-word broadcasts were not allowed.

This ban was lampooned in cartoons and satirical TV shows, such as Spitting Image, and in The Day Today and was criticised by freedom of speech organisations and British media personalities, including BBC Director General John Birt and BBC foreign editor John Simpson. The ban was lifted by British Prime Minister John Major in September 1994.

Movement into mainstream politics

Sinn Féin continued its policy of refusing to sit in the Westminster Parliament after Adams won the Belfast West constituency. He lost his seat to Joe Hendron of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in the 1992 general election, regaining it at the following 1997 election. Under Adams, Sinn Féin moved away from being a political voice of the Provisional IRA to becoming a professionally organised political party in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

SDLP leader John Hume, MP, identified the possibility that a negotiated settlement might be possible and began secret talks with Adams in 1988. These discussions led to unofficial contacts with the British Northern Ireland Office under the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Brooke, and with the government of the Republic under Charles Haughey – although both governments maintained in public that they would not negotiate with terrorists. These talks provided the groundwork for what was later to be the Belfast Agreement, preceded by the milestone Downing Street Declaration and the Joint Framework Document.

These negotiations led to the IRA ceasefire in August 1994. Taoiseach Albert Reynolds, who had replaced Haughey and who had played a key role in the Hume/Adams dialogue through his Special Advisor Martin Mansergh, regarded the ceasefire as permanent. However, the slow pace of developments contributed in part to the (wider) political difficulties of the British government of John Major. His consequent reliance on Ulster Unionist Party votes in the House of Commons led to him agreeing with the UUP demand to exclude Sinn Féin from talks until the IRA had decommissioned. Sinn Féin's exclusion led the IRA to end its ceasefire and resume its campaign.

After the United Kingdom general election, 1997, the new Labour government had a majority in the House of Commons and was not reliant on unionist votes. The subsequent dropping of the insistence led to another IRA ceasefire, as part of the negotiations strategy, which saw teams from the British and Irish governments, the UUP, the SDLP, Sinn Féin and representatives of loyalist paramilitary organisations, under the chairmanship of former United States Senator George Mitchell, produce the Belfast Agreement (also called the Good Friday Agreement as it was signed on Good Friday, 1998). Under the Agreement, structures were created reflecting the Irish and British identities of the people of Ireland, creating a British-Irish Council and a Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly.

Articles 2 and 3 of the Republic's constitution, which claimed sovereignty over all of Ireland, were reworded, and a power-sharing Executive Committee was provided for. As part of their deal, Sinn Féin agreed to abandon its abstentionist policy regarding a "six-county parliament", as a result taking seats in the new Stormont-based Assembly and running the education and health and social services ministries in the power-sharing government.

Sinn Féin in government

On 15 August 1998, four months after the signing of the Good Friday Agreement, the Real IRA exploded a car bomb in Omagh, County Tyrone, killing 31 people and injuring 220, from many communities. Breaking with tradition, Adams said in reaction to the bombing "I am totally horrified by this action. I condemn it without any equivocation whatsoever." Prior to this, Adams had maintained a policy of refusing to condemn IRA or their splinter groups' actions.

Opponents in Republican Sinn Féin accused Sinn Féin of "selling out" by agreeing to participate in what it called "partitionist assemblies" in the Republic and Northern Ireland. However, Adams insisted that the Belfast Agreement provided a mechanism to deliver a united Ireland by non-violent and constitutional means.

When Sinn Féin came to nominate its two ministers to the Northern Ireland Executive, for tactical reasons the party, like the SDLP and the DUP, chose not to include its leader among its ministers. When later the SDLP chose a new leader, it selected one of its ministers, Mark Durkan, who then opted to remain in the Committee.

Adams was re-elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 March 2007, and on 26 March 2007, he met with DUP leader Ian Paisley face-to-face for the first time. These talks led to the St Andrews Agreement, which brought about the return of the power-sharing Executive in Northern Ireland.

In January 2009, Adams attended the United States presidential inauguration of Barack Obama as a guest of US Congressman Richard Neal.

Political career in Republic

On 6 May 2010, Adams was re-elected as MP for West Belfast, garnering 71.1% of the vote. In 2011 the Chancellor of the Exchequer appointed Adams to the British title of Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead to allow him to resign from the House of Commons and to stand for election to Dáil Éireann. Initially it was claimed by David Cameron that Adams had accepted the title but Downing Street has since apologised for this and Adams has publicly rejected the title stating, "I have had no truck whatsoever with these antiquated and quite bizarre aspects of the British parliamentary system". Officially, Adams held the title between January and April 2011.

Adams remains the President of Sinn Féin. In 2011 he succeeded Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin as Sinn Féin parliamentary leader in Dáil Éireann.

On 19 May 2015, while on an official royal trip to Ireland, Prince Charles shook Adams' hand in what was described as a highly symbolic gesture of reconciliation. The meeting, described as "historic", took place in Galway.

Election to Dáil Éireann

In 2010, Adams announced that he would be seeking election as a TD (member of Irish Parliament) for the constituency of Louth at the 2011 Irish general election. He subsequently resigned his West Belfast Assembly seat on 7 December 2010.

Following the announcement of the Irish general election, 2011, Adams wrote to the House of Commons to resign his seat. This was treated as an application for the position of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead, an office of profit under the Crown, the traditional method of leaving Westminster as plain resignation is not possible, and granted as such even though Adams had not explicitly made the request.

He was elected to the Dáil, topping the Louth constituency poll with 15,072 (21.7%) first preference votes.

Controversies

Brother

In October 2013 Liam Adams, Gerry Adams' brother, was found guilty of ten offences, including rape and gross indecency committed against his daughter, Áine Tyrell. When the allegations of abuse were first made public in a 2009 UTV programme, Gerry Adams subsequently alleged that his deceased father, Gerry Adams, Sr., had subjected family members to emotional, physical and sexual abuse. On 27 November 2013, Liam Adams was jailed for 16 years for raping and abusing his daughter.

Following the conviction of Liam Adams, the Attorney General of Northern Ireland, John Larkin, has been asked to review a 2011 decision not to prosecute Gerry Adams over an allegation that he withheld information in connection with the case. The request for the review has been made by Northern Ireland's Director of Public Prosecutions, Barra McGrory. A statement from the DPP read: "The Director of Public Prosecutions, Barra McGrory QC, recognises that there has been considerable public interest surrounding the decision not to prosecute Mr. Gerry Adams in October 2011 in relation to an allegation that he withheld information in connection with the Liam Adams case. While the director has confidence in the evidential decision taken by the PPS prior to his appointment, he has asked the Attorney General to independently review the matter. The Attorney General will be given full access to all materials that he considers necessary to complete this review." In a statement issued in response, Adams said "With hindsight there are things I could have done differently, but I'm not on trial here. My brother was on trial. Áine has been vindicated. There is a lot of healing that needs to be done."

"Ballymurphy Nigger" tweet

On 1 May 2016, Adams sparked controversy by tweeting "Watching Django Unchained-A Ballymurphy Nigger!" The tweet was not well received and was deleted, with Adams apologising for the use of "nigger" the next day at Sinn Féin’s Connolly House headquarter in Belfast. Adams's use of the slur in the tweet was widely reported in Irish, British and American media. Adams stood over the tweet stating "I stand over the context and main point of my tweet, which were the parallels between people in struggle. Like African Americans, Irish nationalists were denied basic rights. I have long been inspired by Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, who stood up for themselves and for justice."

On 4 May 2016 Adams reiterated his apology for the use of "nigger" but appeared to double down on the use by saying "The whole thing was to make a political point, if I had left that word out would the tweet have gotten any attention?". He also stated "I was paralleling the experiences of the Irish, not just in recent times but through the penal days when the Irish were sold as slaves, through the Cromwellian period." and that 50,000 Irish were shipped as slaves to Barbados between 1652 and 1659. The historical accuracy of these comments has been questioned by historians and met with a backlash in the media.

Media portrayals

Gerry Adams has been portrayed in a number of films, TV programmes, and books:

• 1999 – The Marching Season; a spy fiction novel by Daniel Silva.
• 2004 – film Omagh with actor Jonathan Ryan. The film is a dramatisation of the 1998 Omagh bombing and its aftermath.
• 2010 – TV film Mo with actor John Lynch; the story of Mo Mowlam and the Good Friday Agreement.
• 2012 – The Cold Cold Ground, a crime novel by Adrian McKinty. Adams is interviewed by the book's main character after an associate is found murdered.
• 2016 – film The Journey with actor Ian Beattie.

Published works

• Falls Memories, 1982
• The Politics of Irish Freedom, 1986
• A Pathway to Peace, 1988
• An Irish Voice: The Quest for Peace
• Cage Eleven, 1990, Brandon Books, ISBN 978-0-86322-114-9
• The Street and Other Stories, 1993, Brandon Books, ISBN 978-0-86322-293-1
• Free Ireland: Towards a Lasting Peace, 1995
• Before the Dawn: An Autobiography, 1996, Brandon Books, ISBN 978-0-434-00341-9
• Selected Writings
• Who Fears to Speak...?, 2001 (Original Edition 1991), Beyond the Pale Publications, ISBN 978-1-900960-13-7
• An Irish Journal, 2001, Brandon Books, ISBN 978-0-86322-282-5
• Hope and History: Making Peace in Ireland, 2003, Brandon Books, ISBN 978-0-86322-330-3
• A Farther Shore, 2005, Random House
• The New Ireland: A Vision For The Future, 2005, Brandon Books, ISBN 978-0-86322-344-0
• An Irish Eye, 2007, Brandon Books, ISBN 978-0-86322-370-9
• My Little Book Of Tweets, 2016, Mercier Press, ISBN 978-1-78117-449-4

Bibliography

• A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969 – 1992, John Potter, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001, ISBN 0-85052-819-4
• The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?, Chris Ryder 1991 ISBN 0-413-64800-1
• Allen Randolph, Jody. "Gerry Adams, August 2009." Close to the Next Moment: Interviews from a Changing Ireland. Manchester: Carcanet, 2010.
• Keena, Colm. Biography of Gerry Adams. Cork: Mercier Press, 1990

See also

• List of Irish Republican Army chiefs of staff
• Public Prosecution Service of Northern Ireland v. Liam Adams
• Resignation from the British House of Commons

References

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12. Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams held over Jean McConville murder, BBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
13. Gerry Adams remains in custody over McConville murder, BBC News, 1 May 2014.
14. ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-27278039 quotes:"A file will be sent to the Public Prosecution Service, police said as he was released. ... The Sinn Féin leader said police had conducted 33 taped interviews and detectives had presented him with old photographs of himself and Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness and with interviews conducted by people who were "enemies of the peace process". ...At Sunday's press conference, he again said he was innocent of any involvement in her murder."
15. "Jean McConville murder: Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams will not face Disappeared charges". BBC News, 29 September 2015.
16. J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army: The IRA 1916 (Irish Academy Press)
17. ^ Lalor, Brian (ed) (2003). The Encyclopaedia of Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: Gill & Macmillan. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-7171-3000-9. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
18. The Independent, 10 April 2006
19. ,Ed Moloney (2003). A Secret History of the IRA. Penguin. p. 129.
20. Adams declares Antrim interest HoganStand, 2012-09-05.
21. The long war: the IRA and Sinn Féin, Brendan O'Brien, p169. Books.google.co.uk. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8156-0597-3. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
22. Moloney, pp. 166–168.
23. Northern Ireland Assembly Information Office (3 June 2010). "Biography — Gerry Adams". Niassembly.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
24. "Microsoft Word — snpc-01667.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 16 June 2010.
25. Henry McDonald & Jim Cusack, UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror, Penguin Ireland, 2004, p. 129
26. McDonald & Cusack, UDA, pp. 129–130
27. Kevin Maguire (14 December 2006). "Adams wants 1984 shooting probe". BBC. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
28. Potter p268
29. Rosie Cowan (1 October 2002). "Adams denies IRA links as book calls him a genius". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
30. Moloney, Ed (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. Penguin Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-14-101041-0.
31. Taylor, Peter (1997). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7475-3818-9.
32. English, Richard (2003). Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA. Pan Books. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-330-49388-8.
33. Urban, Mark (1993). Big Boys' Rules: SAS and the Secret Struggle Against the IRA. Faber and Faber. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-571-16809-5.
34. Adams denies IRA book allegations. BBC News. 12 September 2002
35. The Irish Independent, 30 September 2012
36. Informer identifies IRA's top personnel. Irish Independent. 10 May 2007
37. More pressure for Adams as documentary puts issue of IRA membership back in spotlight. thejournal.ie. 24 Nov 2013
38. Gerry Adams accused of giving IRA orders by ex-IRA man Peter Rogers. BBC News. 23 April 2014
39. "It's God's will for us to live in peace". The Irish Catholic. 23 January 2014
40. "Peacemaker priest Fr Gerry Reynolds from Belfast's Clonard Monastery dies". BBC. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
41. Adams 'was involved in bombing'. BBC News. 13 February 2003
42. Gerry Adams ordered Jean McConville killing, says ex-IRA commander on tape. The Guardian. 3 November 2013
43. ^ "Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams held over Jean McConville murder". London: BBC News. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
44. 'Arrest Gerry Adams now' – former republican prisoner breaks her silence on IRA murder of Jean McConville. The Belfast Telegraph. 24 April 2014
45. ^ Graham, Bob (23 September 2012). "IRA bomber says Gerry Adams sanctioned mainland bombing campaign". The Daily Telegraph. London.
46. Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams arrested in Northern Ireland over IRA’s killing of widow Jean McConville. The National Post. April 30, 2014
47. PJ Browne: Remember the innocent victims of the IRA. The Herald. 16 February 2011
48. O'Connell, Hugh (2 May 2014). "The PSNI have been granted an extra 48 hours to question Gerry Adams". thejournal.ie. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
49. McDonald, Henry (30 April 2014). "Sinn Féin president Gerry Adams held over 1972 Jean McConville killing". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
50. Beaton, Connor (30 April 2014). "SF MLA: Adams arrest 'negative PSNI agenda'". The Targe. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
51. Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams arrested over murder of widowed mother abducted in 1972
52. Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams held over Jean McConville murder. BBC News. 2014-04-30.
53. Shadow of Jean McConville murder still hangs over Gerry Adams and Sinn Fein Irish Independent, 2014-05-05.
54. "Adams released without charge". BBC. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
55. "BBC News – Gerry Adams freed in Jean McConville murder inquiry". BBC News.
56. "Gerry Adams denies McConville son 'backlash threat'". BBC. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014. The Sinn Fein president was questioned for four days in connection with the murder of Jean McConville and membership of the IRA.He has strongly denied all those allegations. ... He again said he was innocent of any involvement in Mrs McConville's murder.
57. "Gerry Adams will not face charges over Jean McConville murder". The Guardian. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
58. "Sinn Féin: where does the money come from?". Irish Independent. 19 June 2004. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
59. Robert White, Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary, pp. 258–59.
60. Nicholas Whyte. "Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 1982". Ark.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
61. Adams, Gerry, Speech to 2005 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis. CAIN Web Service.
62. Taylor, p. 291.
63. Anderson, Brendan (2002). Joe Cahill: A Life in the IRA. O'Brien Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-86278-836-0.
64. O'Brien, Brendan (1999). The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin. O'Brien Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-86278-606-9.
65. Bishop, Patrick & Mallie, Eamonn (1987). The Provisional IRA. Corgi Books. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-552-13337-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
66. The 'broadcast ban' on Sinn Fein, BBC News, 5 April 2005
67. Edgerton, Gary Quelling the "Oxygen of Publicity": British Broadcasting and "The Troubles" During the Thatcher Years, The Journal of Popular Culture, Volume 30, Issue 1, pp. 115–32
68. Dubbing SF voices becomes the stuff of history Archived 14 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, By Michael Foley The Irish Times, 17 September 1994 Archived 17 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
69. "Paul Loughran". Ulsteractors.com. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
70. Foy, Ken; Murphy, Cormac (24 January 2014). "Dolours Price, former IRA terrorist and ex-wife of actor Stephen Rea, dies of suspected overdose". Irish Independent. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
71. "BBC News – Twenty years on: The lifting of the ban on broadcasting Sinn Féin". BBC News.
72. "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1994". Conflict Archive on the Internet. University of Ulster. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
73. "Britain Ends Broadcast Ban on Irish Extremists : Negotiations: Prime Minister Major also backs referendum on Northern Ireland's fate. Both moves indicate desire to move ahead on peace plan". Los Angeles Times. 17 September 1994. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
74. "When peace almost died of exhaustion".
75. "Sinn Fein condemnation 'unequivocal' BBC News". Retrieved 13 March 2011
76. Sinn Fein's Gerry Adams Wins In Northern Ireland. Associated Press, 8 March 2007.
77. "May date for return to devolution". BBC. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
78. 19/Jan/2009 Barack Obama inauguration: Gerry Adams to attend ceremony The Daily Telegraph
79. "Election 2010". BBC. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
80. "Gerry Adams forced to accept British title in order to resign MP seat | Irish News". IrishCentral. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
81. "Downing Street apology for Gerry Adams". BBC News. 26 January 2011.
82. John Bercow says Gerry Adams is not an MP. BBC News – Northern Ireland, 26 January 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
83. "McGuinness to inherit Adams' old British title under SF reorganisation". The Journal. 11 June 2012.
84. "Prince Charles and Gerry Adams share historic handshake". The Guardian. Henry McDonald. 19 May 2015 retrieved 20 May 2015
85. "Adams to contest Co Louth seat for SF in next election". The Irish Times. 14 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
86. Northern Ireland Assembly Information Office. "NI Assembly membership, note 17". Niassembly.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
87. "Gerry Adams quits Westminster seat". The Belfast Telegraph. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
88. "Gerry Adams resigns as West Belfast MP". BBC. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
89. "Adams 'must follow parliamentary rules to resign as MP'". BBC. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
90. Hennessy, Mark (28 January 2011). "SF leader has not refused crown post". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
91. Ashton, Emily (26 January 2011). "Cameron confirms Gerry Adams resignation". The Independent. London. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
92. "Manor of Northstead". HM Treasury. 26 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
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98. "Liam Adams convicted of raping and abusing daughter". BBC News. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
99. McDonald, Henry (1 October 2013). "Liam Adams found guilty of raping his eldest daughter". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
100. "Sinn Féin's Gerry Adams reveals family abuse history". The BBC. 20 December 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
101. Adams reveals family history of abuse. RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Sunday, 20 December 2009. Audio interview also available from that page.
102. Liam Adams jailed for raping and abusing daughter, BBC News, 27 November 2013
103. "Review sought over Adams role in brother's abuse case". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
104. "Review of Gerry Adams role in brother's abuse case ordered". The Irish Times. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
105. "Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams apologises for racial slur". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
106. "Adams admits N-word tweet 'was inappropriate'". RTÉ.ie. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
107. "Adams Apologises For Using 'N-Word' In Tweet". Sky News. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
108. http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Gerry Adams, Sinn Fein president, tweets N-word". The Washingtion Times. Retrieved 16 May 2016. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
109. Bailey, Issac. "Facing the consequences of using the N-word". CNN. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
110. McDonald, Henry (2 May 2016). "Gerry Adams defends N-word tweet". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
111. Brennan, Cianan. ""The Irish were sold as slaves" - Gerry Adams has spoken once again about THAT tweet".
112. "Sinn Féin not allowing facts derail good 'Irish slaves' yarn".
113. "Adams hit with furious backlash after racial slur - Independent.ie".
114. "Gerry Adams reignites N-word row with civil rights blog comparison - BelfastTelegraph.co.uk".

External links

• Léargas blog by Gerry Adams
• Column archive at The Guardian
• Gerry Adams Sinn Féin profile
• Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
• Gerry Adams at IMDb
• Template:Worldcat id
• Gerry Adams collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Gerry Adams collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Gerry Adams Man Of War and Man Of Peace? Anthony McIntyre, The Blanket, 28 April 2004
• Interview with Gerry Adams February 2006
• Gerry Adams Profile at New Statesman

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