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"Capone" redirects here; for other uses, see Capone (disambiguation).

Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al "Scarface" Capone, was an infamous Italian-American gangster in the 1920s and 1930s, although his business card reportedly described him as a used furniture dealer. A Neapolitan born in New York City to Gabriele and Teresina Capone, he began his career in Brooklyn before moving to Chicago and becoming Chicago's most notorious crime figure. By the end of the 1920s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation had placed Capone on its "Most Wanted" list. Capone's downfall occurred in 1931 when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income tax evasion.

Birth and early life

Capone was bor to Gabriele Capone (12 December 1864 – 14 November 1920) and his wife Teresina Raiola (28 December 1867 – 29 November 1952) in Brooklyn, New York, at the turn of the 20th century. Gabriele was a barber from Castellammare di Stabia, a village about 15 miles south of Naples, Italy. Teresina was a seamstress and the daughter of Angelo Raiola from Angri, a town in the province of Salerno. The Capones had immigrated to the United States in 1894, and settled in the Williamsburg neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. Gabriele and Teresina had seven sons and two daughters:

• Vincenzo Capone (1892 – 1 October 1952). Called James Vincenzo Capone upon entering the United States. He left the family in 1908 to join a circus operating in the Midwest. He served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army during World War I. He changed his name to “Richard Joseph Hart” shortly after his discharge. Ironically, he had a career as a law enforcement officer. He served in the Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs and later became Justice of the Peace in Homer, Nebraska.
• Raffaele Capone (1894 – 22 November 1974). Called Ralph after entering the United States. He later joined his younger brother in Chicago. His nickname was "Bottles." He was convicted of income tax evasion in 1930 and served his sentence in Leavenworth.

• Salvatore Capone (January 1895 – 1 April 1924). Better known as “Frank”, he was a representative of his brother in Cicero, Illinois. Frank was murdered on April 1st 1924. Frank was found with a cousin, Charles Fischetti, outside a mayoral polling station for Joseph Z. Klenha, who was running against William K. Pflaum. Frank had led an attack on Pflaum's mayoral headquarters and organized Pflaum supporter abductions. In one incident, a supporter was shot in the legs as a deterrent. Frank supposedly drew a gun on the team of seventy detectives sworn in by Cook County Judge Edward K. Jarecki, who then gunned him down. The pro-Capone Chicago Tribune noted that a $20,000 funeral was fitting for a "distinguished statesman." As a mark of respect, the all-night saloons in Cicero were closed for two hours on the night of his burial.

• Alphonse Gabriel Capone (17 January 1899 – 25 January 1947).
• Erminio Capone (1901 – ?). Called “John” or affectionately “Mimi”. He served prison terms for minor offenses such as vagrancy and illegal possession of alcohol. He changed his last name to “Martin” and reportedly was still alive in 1994.
• Umberto Capone (1906 – June 1980). Called “Albert”. He was an employee of the newspaper Cicero Tribune under the ownership of his brother Al. He changed his last name to “Raiola” in 1942.
• Amedeo "Matthew" Capone (1908 – 31 January 1967). A Tavern owner.
• Rose Capone (Born and died in 1910).
• Mafalda Capone (28 January 1912 – 25 March 1988).

Alphonse's life of crime began early. As a teenager, he joined two gangs, the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors, and engaged in petty crime.

Capone quit school in the seventh grade at the age of 14, after he fought with a teacher at Public School 133. He then worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including in a candy store and a bowling alley. After his initial stint with small-time gangs, Capone joined the notorious Five Points Gang, headed by Frankie Yale. It was at this time he began working as a bartender and bouncer at Yale's establishment, The Seedy Harvard Inn. It was there that Capone would engage in a knife fight with a thug, Frank Gallucio, after Capone had made a bold move on Gallucio's sister. Gallucio deeply slashed Capone's right cheek with a switchblade, earning him the nickname that he would bear for the rest of his life, “Scarface”.

On 30 December 1918, Capone married Mary Josephine Coughlin, an Irish woman who shortly before their marriage had given birth to his son, Albert Francis ("Sonny") Capone. The couple lived in Brooklyn for a year. In 1919, they lived in Amityville, Long Island, to be close to “Rum Row”. Capone was still working for Frankie Yale and is thought to have committed at least two murders before he was sent to Chicago in 1919. Yale ordered his protégé to Chicago after Capone was involved in a fight with a rival gang. Yale's intention was for Capone to “cool off” there. The move primed one of the most notorious crime careers in modern American history.

Capone in Chicago

The Capone family moved to a small, unassuming house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue in Chicago. Cicero, Illinois, a Chicago suburb, would serve as Al Capone's first headquarters. Initially, Capone took up grunt work with Johnny Torrio's outfit, but the elder Torrio immediately recognized Capone's talents and by 1922 Capone was Torrio's second in command, responsible for much of the alcohol and prostitution rackets in the city of Chicago. One of his greatest triumphs was the seizure of the region of Cicero in 1924. It became known as one of the most crooked elections in Chicago's long history with voters threatened at the polling station by thugs. His mayoral candidate won by a huge majority, but it was only weeks later he claimed he would run Capone out of town. In order to counter this, Capone met with his puppet-mayor and personally knocked him down the town hall steps. It was a powerful assertion of gangster power and a huge victory for the Torrio-Capone alliance. The event was marred, however, by the death of Capone's brother Frank at the hands of the police. It broke Al's heart. Unshaven (a gangster form of mourning), Capone cried openly at the funeral and ordered the closure of all the speakeasies in Cicero for a day as a mark of respect.

Severely injured in a 1925 assassination attempt, the shaken Torrio returned to Italy and turned over his business to Capone. Capone was notorious during the Prohibition era for his control of the Chicago underworld and his bitter rivalries with gangsters such as Bugs Moran and Hymie Weiss. Raking in vast amounts of money from illegal prostitution and alcohol (some estimates were that between 1925 and 1930 Capone was making $100 million a year), the Chicago kingpin was largely immune to prosecution due to witness intimidation and the bribing of city officials, such as Chicago mayor William "Big Bill" Hale Thompson. Capone was reputed to have several other retreats and hideouts including Brookfield, Wisconsin; French Lick, Indiana; Dubuque, Iowa; Hot Springs, Arkansas; Johnson City, Tennessee; and Lansing, Michigan.

In 1928, Capone bought a retreat on Palm Island, Florida. It was shortly after this purchase that he orchestrated the most notorious gangland killing of the century, the 1929 St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Although details of the killing of the 7 victims are still in dispute and no one was ever indicted for the crime, their deaths are generally linked to Capone and his henchmen, especially Jack "Machine Gun" McGurn, who is thought to have led the operation. By staging the massacre, Capone was trying to dispose of his arch-rival Bugs Moran, who controlled gang operations on the North Side of Chicago. Moran was late for the meeting and escaped an otherwise certain death.

Throughout the 1920s, Capone was often the target of attempted assasinations, being shot once in a restaurant and having his car riddled with bullets on more than one occasion. However, the assassins were normally amateurs and Capone was never seriously wounded.

Capone also often tried to rehabilitate his image and be seen as a community leader. For example, he started a program to fight rickets by providing a daily milk ration to Chicago school children, one that was continued even decades after his death. Such efforts, however, did not change his lifelong legacy of violence and murder within the city.

The fall of Capone

Although Capone always did his business through front men and had no accounting records (which are receipts - even his mansion was in his wife's name), Al Alcini started linking him to his earnings. New laws enacted in 1927 allowed the federal government to pursue Capone on tax evasion, their best chance of finally convicting him.

Part of the reason Capone was taken to task in this way was his status as a celebrity. On the advice of his publicist, he did not hide from the media by the mid 1920s and began to make public appearances. When Charles Lindbergh performed his famous trans-atlantic flight in 1927, Capone was among the first to push forward and shake his hand upon his arrival in Chicago. He gained a great deal of admiration from many of the poor in Chicago for his flagrant disregard of the prohibition law that they all despised. He was viewed for a time as a loveable outlaw, partially due to his extravagant generosity to strangers and often lending a hand to struggling Italian-Americans. His night club, the Cotton Club, became a hot-spot for hot new acts such as Charlie Parker and Bing Crosby. He was often cheered in the street and it was only the brutal murders of the St Valentines day massacre and the 1929 crash that made people view him once again as a killer and social parasite. This was despite Capone's opening of soup kitchens in Chicago's poorest suburbs.

Contributing to his vilification in April 1930, Frank J. Loesch, chairman of the Chicago Crime Commission compiled a list of “Public Enemies” whom he saw as corrupting the city. The list was published by newspapers nationwide and Capone's name was at its head, leading to him earning the nickname “Public Enemy No. 1”.

Pursuing Capone were Treasury agent Eliot Ness and his hand picked team of incorruptible U.S. Treasury agents, "The Untouchables", and internal revenue agent Frank Wilson of the Treasury Department's Bureau of Internal Revenue, who was able to find receipts linking Capone to illegal income and evasion of taxes on that income.

The trial and indictment occurred in 1931. The Alcinis tried to help Capone, but he pleaded guilty to the charges, hoping for a plea bargain. But after the judge refused his lawyer's offers and Capone's associates failed to bribe or tamper with the jury, Al Capone was found guilty on five of twenty-two counts of tax evasion for years 1925, 1926, and 1927, and willful failure to file returns for years 1928 and 1929. He was sentenced to eleven years in a federal prison.

Capone was first sent to an Atlanta prison in 1932. However, the mobster was still able to control most of his interests from this facility. Therefore, he was ordered to be transferred to the infamous California island prison of Alcatraz in August of 1934. Here, Capone was strictly guarded and prohibited from any contact with the outside world. His number was AZ-85. With the repeal of Prohibition and the arrest and confinement of their leader, the Capone empire soon began to wither. Capone entered Alcatraz with his usual confidence. Many of his “friends” -- who were in fact people who feared him rather than liked him -- had mostly gone straight. When Al Capone returned, these friends tried to avoid him or simply agreed to do as he asked without following up on the agreement. Capone beat one of his “best friends” half to death for defying him. When Capone attempted to bribe guards, he would find himself sent to the “hole”, or solitary confinement. Eventually Capone's mental state began to deteriorate. One example of his erratic behavior was that he would make his bed and then undo it, continuing this pattern for hours. At times, Capone refused to leave his cell at all, crouching in a corner and talking to himself in Italian or, according to some, complete gibberish. He began telling people that he was being haunted by the ghost of James Clark, a victim in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Paranormal investigators were even sent in to observe him and his surroundings, though they ultimately decided that Capone was simply mentally unhealthy. It was apparent over time that Capone no longer posed much of a threat of resuming his previous gangster-related activities.

Physical decline and death

Once he had been imprisoned, Capone's control and interests within organized crime immediately ran into rapid decline. It is often argued that Capone's decline in mental health during his imprisonment was caused by the loss of his power and income. Both Capone's physical and mental health were seen to decline, most noticeably with an onset of dementia probably caused by an infection of syphilis, untreated since it was contracted in his youth. He also suffered a noticeable weight loss. Capone spent the final year of his 11 year sentence as a resident of the Baltimore State Mental Institution. He then retired to his estate in Miami, Florida.

On 21 January 1947, Capone had an apoplectic stroke. He regained consciousness and started to improve, until pneumonia set in on 24 January. He died the next day.

Alphonse Capone was originally buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, in Chicago's far South Side between the graves of his father, Gabriele, and brother, Frank. However, in March 1950, the remains of all three family members were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois, west of Chicago.

Popular culture

One of the most notorious American gangsters of the 20th century, Capone has been the subject of numerous articles, books, and films. He has been portrayed on screen by Nicholas Kokenes, Wallace Beery, Paul Muni, Barry Sullivan, Rod Steiger, Neville Brand, Jason Robards, Ben Gazzara, Robert De Niro, William Devane, Titus Welliver and William Forsythe.

The Paper Lace song entitled "The Night Chicago Died" imagines Capone and his army of criminals waging war against the Chicago Police force.

Capone and his era were highlighted in the 1959 television film The Untouchables and its feature film and television series remakes, which have created the myth of the personal war between the crime lord and Eliot Ness.

Capone was also featured as an off-screen character (in a deleted scene that was added to the DVD release) in the 2002 film Road to Perdition; the comic book, Tintin in America as the only real person to ever appear in The Adventures of Tintin in character; and as a Possesor in Peter F. Hamilton's The Night's Dawn Trilogy science fiction novels. Capone also plays a role in the famous gangster novel "The Godfather," where he figures into Vito Corleone's past. In the Godfather, he is portrayed as a ruthless man, but one without tact.

In several stories in the alternative history anthology Back in the USSA by Kim Newman and Eugene Byrne, Capone is imagined as the brutal dictator of a United States of America which experienced a communist revolution in 1917 instead of Russia, and is presented as an obvious analog to Joseph Stalin.

In The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd, Capone was toyed with in a very humorous episode.

Capone is also the subject of the Prince Buster song Al Capone and is also the namesake of Rancid's Young Al Capone. Capone also appeared on the album art for Sufjan Stevens's 2005 album Illinois.

He also makes an appearance as a non-playable character in the video game Shadow Hearts: From the New World.

An alleged vault of Capone's was opened by Geraldo Rivera on live television in 1986 on The Mystery of Al Capone's Vault. It turned out to be empty, except for an old whiskey bottle.

Tunnels found under the city of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan are said to have been another hideout of Capone's. The anfractuous tunnels are a very popular tourist attraction, due in part to the alleged link to Capone.

In addition, often in western world culture, Capone's persona and character have been used for inspiration and as a model for countless crime lords and criminal master minds ever since his death. His accent, mannerisms, facial construction, sometimes his physical stature, type of dress, and often even parodies of his name are found throughout various cartoon series villains as well as some movies. Usually the portrayals are not slighting or insulting parodies in their nature, as these characters are generally shown as wily and crafty criminal characters.

Notes

1. In the early 1950s, the name of the bureau was changed to Internal Revenue Service.
2. For court decisions regarding Al Capone and his tax problems, see Capone v. United States, 56 F.2d 927, 3 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) paragr. 885 (7th Cir. 1932), cert. denied, 286 U.S. 553 (1932); and United States v. Capone, 93 F.2d 840, 38-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) paragr. 9011 (7th Cir. 1937), cert. denied, 303 U.S. 651 (19__).

External links

• Al Capone in the 1900-1930 Census
• Selective Service System Records — Has photograph and registration card.
• Complete FBI files on Al Capone
• Find-A-Grave Alphonse ‘Al’ Capone
• A short profile of his older brother Vincenzo
• An article on the Brothers Capone
• Al Capone at IMDb

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