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| '''Breast Tax''' or '''Mulakkaram''' was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests including their breasts in public in the ] ,now part of Kerala.<ref name="Velayudhan2015">{{cite book|author=Sanjai Velayudhan|title=Dance of the spirits: A Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR0PCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139|accessdate=26 July 2016|date=13 April 2015|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-5206-017-7|pages=139–}}</ref><ref name="Joseph2005">{{cite book|author=Kalarickal P. Joseph|title=Hormis: legend of a great banker with passion for development : biography of K.P. Hormis, founder of Federal Bank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1gWAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 July 2016|date=1 January 2005|publisher=D.C. Books|isbn=978-81-264-1117-7|page=187}}</ref><ref name="Jayakumar1999">{{cite book|author=Vijayalayam Jayakumar|title=Sree Narayana Guru, a Critical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10qAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=26 July 2016|date=1 January 1999|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0120-4|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://gnomemag.com/breast-tax-in-ancient-india/ | title=Breast Tax In Ancient India | publisher=Genone Magazine | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/200-years-on-nangelis-sacrifice-only-a-fading-memory/article5255026.ece | title=200 years on, Nangeli’s sacrifice only a fading memory | publisher=The Hindu | work=Nidhi Surendranath | date=21 October 2013 | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/She-died-fighting-breast-tax-her-name-lives-on/articleshow/51283819.cms | title=She died fighting `breast tax', her name lives on | publisher=] | work=Vijay Singh | date=7 March 2016 | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130112/news-current-affairs/article/reason-read-vivekananda-again | title=Reason to read Vivekananda again | publisher=] | work=Nadeesh Kareemadathi | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://asianhistory.about.com/od/governmentandlaw/tp/worsttaxes.htm | title=The Worst Taxes Ever | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref> | '''Breast Tax''' or '''Mulakkaram''' was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests including their breasts in public in the ] ,now part of Kerala.<ref name="Velayudhan2015">{{cite book|author=Sanjai Velayudhan|title=Dance of the spirits: A Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR0PCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139|accessdate=26 July 2016|date=13 April 2015|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-5206-017-7|pages=139–}}</ref><ref name="Joseph2005">{{cite book|author=Kalarickal P. Joseph|title=Hormis: legend of a great banker with passion for development : biography of K.P. Hormis, founder of Federal Bank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1gWAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 July 2016|date=1 January 2005|publisher=D.C. Books|isbn=978-81-264-1117-7|page=187}}</ref><ref name="Jayakumar1999">{{cite book|author=Vijayalayam Jayakumar|title=Sree Narayana Guru, a Critical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10qAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=26 July 2016|date=1 January 1999|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0120-4|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://gnomemag.com/breast-tax-in-ancient-india/ | title=Breast Tax In Ancient India | publisher=Genone Magazine | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/200-years-on-nangelis-sacrifice-only-a-fading-memory/article5255026.ece | title=200 years on, Nangeli’s sacrifice only a fading memory | publisher=The Hindu | work=Nidhi Surendranath | date=21 October 2013 | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/She-died-fighting-breast-tax-her-name-lives-on/articleshow/51283819.cms | title=She died fighting `breast tax', her name lives on | publisher=] | work=Vijay Singh | date=7 March 2016 | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130112/news-current-affairs/article/reason-read-vivekananda-again | title=Reason to read Vivekananda again | publisher=] | work=Nadeesh Kareemadathi | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://asianhistory.about.com/od/governmentandlaw/tp/worsttaxes.htm | title=The Worst Taxes Ever | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
| Nangeli was a Ezhava woman who lived in the early 19th century at Cherthala in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore in India. She questioned the mulakkaram (breast tax) system that existed during that time, by which women of lower caste were required to pay a tax to cover their bosom in public. She refused to either uncover her bosom or pay the breast tax. When the pravathiyar (village officer) of Travancore asked her to pay tax, she chopped off her breasts and presented them in a plantain leaf to him. She died the same day due to loss of blood. | Nangeli was a Ezhava woman who lived in the early 19th century at Cherthala in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore in India. She questioned the mulakkaram (breast tax) system that existed during that time, by which women of lower caste were required to pay a tax to cover their bosom in public. Self protest .She refused to either uncover her bosom or pay the breast tax. When the pravathiyar (village officer) of Travancore asked her to pay tax, she chopped off her breasts and presented them in a plantain leaf to him. She died the same day due to loss of blood. | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
Revision as of 12:36, 27 March 2017
Breast Tax or Mulakkaram was a Tax imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests including their breasts in public in the Kingdom of Travancore ,now part of Kerala. Nangeli was a Ezhava woman who lived in the early 19th century at Cherthala in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore in India. She questioned the mulakkaram (breast tax) system that existed during that time, by which women of lower caste were required to pay a tax to cover their bosom in public. Self protest .She refused to either uncover her bosom or pay the breast tax. When the pravathiyar (village officer) of Travancore asked her to pay tax, she chopped off her breasts and presented them in a plantain leaf to him. She died the same day due to loss of blood.
References
- Sanjai Velayudhan (13 April 2015). Dance of the spirits: A Novel. Notion Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-93-5206-017-7. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- Kalarickal P. Joseph (1 January 2005). Hormis: legend of a great banker with passion for development : biography of K.P. Hormis, founder of Federal Bank. D.C. Books. p. 187. ISBN 978-81-264-1117-7. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- Vijayalayam Jayakumar (1 January 1999). Sree Narayana Guru, a Critical Study. D.K. Printworld. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-246-0120-4. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- "Breast Tax In Ancient India". Genone Magazine. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- "200 years on, Nangeli's sacrifice only a fading memory". Nidhi Surendranath. The Hindu. 21 October 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- "She died fighting `breast tax', her name lives on". Vijay Singh. The Times of India. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- "Reason to read Vivekananda again". Nadeesh Kareemadathi. Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- "The Worst Taxes Ever". Retrieved 26 July 2016.