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| == '''YOU FUCKING PEICE OF SHIT ASSHOLES! BURN IN THE LAKE OF FIRE!!!!!!!''' == | |||
| ] | |||
| '''Lolicon''' (ロリコン), in the western world, means ]-style sexual artwork involving childlike characters. The term is ] from ], where it is slang, short for ''Lolita Complex'', that refers to an attraction to any girl below the ], or to an individual attracted to such a person. Lolicon images are of girls; see ] for the male equivalent. | |||
| ==Lolicon in Japan== | |||
| Lolicon is a ] of ''Lolita complex'', a term derived from ]'s book '']''. Generally, it is a term used to describe an attraction to any girl beneath the ], both perceived and actual ] and ]. Strictly speaking, ''Lolita complex'' in Japanese refers only to the ] itself, but the abbreviation ''lolicon'' can refer to an individual that has the paraphilia as well. Lolicon is a widespread phenomenon in Japan, where it is a frequent subject of scholarly articles.<ref>Sharon Kinsella, ''Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society''. ISBN 0-8248-2318-4</ref> Many general bookstores and newsstands openly offer illustrated lolicon material. | |||
| Sexual manga featuring children or childlike characters are called lolicon manga.<ref>Gelder, Ken. ''The Subcultures Reader'', 2nd ed. Oxon: Routledge, 2005. p. 547. ISBN 0-415-34415-8</ref> These are generally legal in Japan, although ] was outlawed in 1999.<ref>Tim Richardson, "". '']'', ] ]</ref> | |||
| ==Lolicon in the West== | |||
| The meaning of ''lolicon'' has evolved much in the West (as have the meanings of other words such as '']'', '']'' and '']''). In the West, ''lolicon'' refers to anime or manga that contains sexual or erotic portrayals of prepubescent or childlike characters, and is thus close cognate to the Japanese term ''loli-manga''.<ref>]</ref> The use of the word ''lolicon'' is an indication that the material is overtly—even if not explicitly—erotic. <ref name=amrgloss> ''Anime Meta-Review'' web site URL accessed May 13, 2006</ref> | |||
| ==Controversy & legal issues== | |||
| Opponents of illustrated lolicon pornography claim that fictional material encourages viewing children as ]s and can incite actual sexual abuse.<ref>: ''President's Remarks Upon Signing of S. 151, the Protect Act'' (30 April 2003). Retrieved January 28, 2006.</ref> However, there is no evidence to support these claims of causality. <ref> ''The Early Window'' Liebert, R. M., Neale, J. M., & Davison, E. S. ISBN 0-08-017091-9</ref> Despite the fact that most lolicon artwork is produced in Japan, there is no evidence that it has caused an increase of violent crimes against children and teens. The number of reported incidents of crime against children in Japan, as well as violent crime in general, is well below that of most other developed countries.<ref> International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 22(1): 1-22. 1999.</ref> | |||
| ===Legal status in Canada=== | |||
| Section 163.1 of the ] Criminal Code defines child pornography as "a visual representation, whether or not it was made by electronic or mechanical means", that "shows a person who is or is depicted as being under the age of eighteen years and is engaged in or is depicted as engaged in explicit sexual activity", or "the dominant characteristic of which is the depiction, for a sexual purpose, of a sexual organ or the anal region of a person under the age of eighteen years." The definitive ] decision, ], interprets the statute to include purely fictional material even when no real children were involved in its production. From paragraph 38 of the decision: | |||
| {{Quotation| | |||
| Interpreting "person" in accordance with Parliament's purpose of criminalizing possession of material that poses a reasoned risk of harm to children, it seems that it should include visual works of the imagination as well as depictions of actual people. Notwithstanding the fact that 'person' in the charging section and in s. 163.1(1)(b) refers to a flesh-and-blood person, I conclude that "person" in s. 163.1(1)(a) includes both actual and imaginary human beings. |]|], Paragraph 38 <ref> (26 January 2001). Retrieved February 20, 2006.</ref>}} | |||
| In October 2005, Canadian courts sentenced an ] man to one year of community service for importing ] depicting child sex, possibly the first manga-related child pornography case in Canada. <ref> (20 October 2005). Retrieved January 20, 2006. </ref> The man was on probation at the time for possession of child pornography that featured real children. | |||
| In April 2006, an American was sentenced to 30 days in jail for bringing child pornography to Canada. While he had possession of three videos and three images of real children, a criminal investigator cited the 13,000 "mostly cartoon" or "anime" images in his possession and the "prohibitive nature of these goods". <ref> (April 4 2006)</ref> | |||
| ===Legal status in Germany=== | |||
| In ], the contribution of pornographic depictions of children is '''forbidden''', both realistic and fictive (§ 184b Abs. 1 StGB). But the only possession of fictive depictions of children is '''allowed''' (§ 184b Abs. 4 StGB). | |||
| ===Legal status in Hungary=== | |||
| According to the latest definition of the act (Law 1997/LXXIII., Penal Code 195/A. §), "Production of Forbidden Pornography" is only forbidden if an underage person actually suffered through the production process. Due to this, any sort of graphics that were produced without using actual live models, or those using live models that were not sexually abused is legal. (Similarly it is legal if the resulting graphics is not original but a derivative of two or more pictures, in where the original picture of the underage person contains no matter violating the above paragraph of the Code. It does not need to bear any express label that the material was produced by any of those methods; and it is the task of the State to prove guilty, not of the defendant to prove innocent, which, with the recent developments in computer graphics, might be a burdensome if not impossible task.) | |||
| ===Legal status in the Netherlands=== | |||
| On ], ], the ] introduced legislation (''Bulletin of Acts and Decrees 470'') which deemed "virtual child pornography" as illegal. <ref> (1 October 2002). Retrieved January 20, 2006. </ref> The laws appear to only outlaw "''realistic'' images representing a minor engaged in a sexually explicit conduct," and hence lolicon is not included. <ref> (25 April 2000). Retrieved January 20, 2006.</ref> | |||
| ===Legal status in Norway=== | |||
| Any images or videos that depict pornography in a childish context (which also even would include i.e. an adult model with childish clothes/toys/surroundings)<ref>{{no icon}} </ref> are to be considered child pornography. Lolicon are therefore counted as child pornography, and not legal, in Norway (although this has not been proved by Norwegian court). So far, however, has only been used to sentence individuals in possession of real child porn.<ref>{{no icon}} </ref> | |||
| ===Legal status in South Africa=== | |||
| With the promulgation of the "Films and Publications Amendment Bill" in September 2003, a broad range of simulated child pornography became illegal in South Africa. For the purposes of the act, any image or description of a person "real or simulated" who is depicted or described as being under the age of 18 years and engaged in sexual conduct, broadly defined, constitutes 'child pornography'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Films and Publications Amendment Bill of 2003 (104kb pdf file)|url=http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/bills/2003/b61-03.pdf|accessdate=14 January|accessyear=2006}}</ref> Under the act, anyone is guilty of an offence punishable by up to ten years imprisonment if he or she possesses, creates or produces, imports, exports, broadcasts, or in any way takes steps to procure or access child pornography. | |||
| ===Legal status in Sweden=== | |||
| Any images or videos that depict children in a pornographic context are to be considered child pornography in Sweden, regardless of how realistic or abstract they are.<ref>{{sv icon}} </ref> This means that lolicon is considered to be child pornography and is therefore illegal in Sweden. It has, however, not yet been tried in court. | |||
| ===Legal status in the United Kingdom=== | |||
| UK law has dealt with simulated images quite differently since 1994, when the ''Criminal Justice and Public Order Act'' introduced the legal definition of an "]", which is prohibited as if it were a true photograph (it should be noted, however, that this law is unlikely to include ''lolicon'', as the Act goes on to define a ''pseudo-photograph'' as an image "which appears to be a photograph"). The application, if any, to lolicon is as yet untested. | |||
| ===Legal status in the United States=== | |||
| {{Wikisource|Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996}} | |||
| The ] decided in 2002, and affirmed in 2004, that previous prohibition of simulated child pornography under the ] was unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition|url=http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-795.ZS.html|accessdate=12 January|accessyear=2006}}</ref> The majority ruling stated that "the CPPA prohibits speech that records no crime and creates no victims by its production. Virtual child pornography is not 'intrinsically related' to the sexual abuse of children." | |||
| On ] ], ] ] signed into law the ] (also dubbed the ''Amber Alert Law'') which again criminalizes cartoon child pornography.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bush signs child protection bill|url= http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/04/30/bush.amber|accessdate=May 1, 2003 }}</ref> In December 2005, ] was convicted under this law <ref>{{cite web|title=Richmond man first convicted under expanded child-porn law|url=http://www.timesdispatch.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=RTD/MGArticle/RTD_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1128768481527|accessdate=12 January|accessyear=2006}}</ref> for receiving both "...obscene Japanese anime cartoons that graphically depicted prepubescent female children being forced to engage in genital-genital and oral-genital intercourse with adult males," and "...digital photographs of actual children engaging in sexually explicit conduct."<ref>{{cite press release|title=Whorley Sentencing|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice, Eastern District of Virginia|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/ceos/Press%20Releases/EDVA%20Whorley%20Verdict%20PR_120105.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Whorley Verdict|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice, Eastern District of Virginia|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/ceos/Press%20Releases/EDVA%20Whorley%20Verdict%20PR_120105.pdf}}</ref> Neither Whorley's, nor any other conviction under this law has been reviewed by the Supreme Court. However, the reason that "lolicon" was used against him in his trial was because he was on parole from prison, and the charge that put him there was having child porn also. Having any depiction of "child porn", this includes lolicon, violated his parole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Virginia Man Sentenced in Landmark Obscenity Case|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|accessdate=2006-09-15|url=http://www.fbi.gov/page2/march06/obscenity031006.htm}} (March 10 2006)</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *], the male equivalent of lolicon. | |||
| *], a similar aesthetic | |||
| *'''Legal aspects''' | |||
| **] | |||
| **] | |||
| **] | |||
| == Footnotes == | |||
| <div class="references-small"> | |||
| <references/> | |||
| </div> | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{wiktionary}} | |||
| * ''Duke Law & Technology Review'', 9/23/2002, | |||
| * ''Japan Times'' (] ]) | |||
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