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| '''thieism''' | |||
| [[File:Gods.jpg|240px|thumb|Gods in | |||
| ]'s ''The Triumph of Civilization'' (1793)]] | |||
| {{God}} | |||
| '''Theism''' is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of either a ] or deities.<ref> ''Dictionary.com''. Retrieved 2016-10-21.</ref><ref> ''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary''. Retrieved 2011-03-18.</ref> In popular parlance, or when contrasted with ''deism'', the term often describes the classical conception of god(s) that is found in the ] and ] religions; a belief in a god or in gods without the rejection of ] as is characteristic of ]. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/theism?s=t |title= Dictionary.com Online Dictionary | accessdate=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/deism?s=t |title= Dictionary.com Online Dictionary | accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref> | |||
| The term ''theism'' derives from the Greek ''theos'' meaning "god". The term ''theism'' was first used by ] (1617–1688).<ref> | |||
| {{cite book|last=Halsey|first=William|author2=Robert H. Blackburn |author3=Sir Frank Francis | title =Collier's Encyclopedia|editor=Louis Shores|publisher=Crowell-Collier Educational Corporation|year=1969| edition =20|volume=22|pages=266–7|editor-link=Louis Shores}} | |||
| </ref> In Cudworth's definition, they are "strictly and properly called Theists, who affirm, that a perfectly conscious understanding being, or mind, existing of itself from eternity, was the cause of all other things".<ref>Cudworth, Ralph (1678). ''The True Intellectual System of the Universe, Vol. I''. New York: Gould & Newman, 1837, p. 267.</ref> | |||
| ] is commonly understood as rejection of theism in the broadest sense of theism, i.e. the rejection of belief in a god or gods.<ref> | |||
| *{{Cite encyclopedia |first=Kai |last=Nielsen |authorlink=Kai Nielsen (philosopher) |encyclopedia=] |title=Atheism |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism |year=2010 |accessdate=2011-01-26 |quote=Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.... Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)...}} | |||
| *{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Atheism |first=Paul |last=Edwards |authorlink=Paul Edwards (philosopher) |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA (Gale)|editor=Donald M. Borchert |origyear=1967 |year=2005 |edition=2nd |encyclopedia=] |volume=Vol. 1 |page=359 |isbn=9780028657806 |quote=On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.}}(page 175 in 1967 edition) | |||
| </ref> The claim that the existence of any deity is unknown or unknowable is ].<ref name=Hepburn> | |||
| {{Cite encyclopedia | |||
| |title=Agnosticism | |||
| |first=Ronald W. | last=Hepburn | authorlink= | |||
| |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA (Gale) | editor=Donald M. Borchert | |||
| |origyear=1967 | year=2005 | edition=2nd | |||
| |encyclopedia=] | |||
| |volume=Vol. 1 | page=92 | isbn=9780028657806 | |||
| |quote=In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not.}} | |||
| (page 56 in 1967 edition) | |||
| </ref><ref name=RoweRoutledge> | |||
| {{cite encyclopedia | |||
| | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ-GhVWTH84C&pg=PA122 | |||
| | title=Agnosticism | |||
| | first=William L. | last=Rowe | authorlink=William L. Rowe | |||
| | encyclopedia=] | isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=1998 | |||
| | editor=Edward Craig | |||
| | quote=In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational.}} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| ==Types of Theism== | |||
| ===Monotheism=== | |||
| {{Main|Monotheism}} | |||
| Monotheism (from ] {{lang|grc|]}}) is the belief in ] that only one ] exists.<ref>“Monotheism”, in Britannica, 15th ed. (1986), 8:266. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Some modern day ] religions include ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and some forms of ]. | |||
| ===Polytheism=== | |||
| {{Main|Polytheism}} | |||
| Polytheism is the belief that there is more than one god.<ref> | |||
| </ref> | |||
| In practice, polytheism is not just the belief that there are multiple gods; it usually includes belief in the existence of a specific ] of distinct deities. | |||
| Within polytheism there are ''hard'' and ''soft'' varieties: | |||
| * ] views the gods as being distinct and separate beings; an example of this would be certain schools of Hinduism as well as ]. | |||
| * ] views the gods as being subsumed into a greater whole. Some other forms of ] such as ]/] serve as examples of soft polytheism. | |||
| Polytheism is also divided according to how the individual deities are regarded: | |||
| *]: The viewpoint/belief that there may be more than one deity, but only one of them is worshiped. | |||
| *]: The viewpoint/belief that there is more than one deity, but only one deity is worshiped at a time or ever, and another may be worthy of worship at another time or place. If they are worshiped one at a time, then each is supreme in turn. | |||
| *]: The belief that there may be more than one deity, but that only one is worthy of being worshiped. Most of the modern ] religions may have begun as monolatric ones, although this is disputed. | |||
| ===Pantheism and panentheism=== | |||
| {{Main|Pantheism|Panentheism}} | |||
| *]: The belief that the physical universe is equivalent to god, and that there is no division between a Creator and the substance of its creation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/p.htm#pant |title=Philosophical Dictionary: Pacifism-Particular}}</ref> | |||
| *]: Like Pantheism, the belief that the physical universe is joined to a god or gods. However, it also believes that a god or gods are greater than the material universe. Examples include most forms of ] and the philosophy of ]. | |||
| Some people find the distinction between these two beliefs as ambiguous and unhelpful, while others see it as a significant point of division.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web |url=http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/religion/blrel_theism_panen.htm |title=What is Panentheism? |publisher=About.Com: Agnosticism/Atheism |accessdate=2011-03-18}}</ref> Pantheism may be understood a type of ], where the physical universe takes on some of the roles of a theistic God, and other roles of God viewed as unnecessary.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Levine|first1=Michael P.|title=Pantheism : a non-theistic concept of deity|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=London u.a.|isbn=0415070643|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> | |||
| ===Deism=== | |||
| {{Main|Deism}} | |||
| *Classical deism is the belief that at least one deity exists and created the world, but that the creator(s) does/do not alter the original plan for the universe.<ref> | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Deism typically rejects supernatural events (such as prophecies, miracles, and divine revelations) prominent in organized religion. Instead, Deism holds that religious beliefs must be founded on human reason and observed features of the natural world, and that these sources reveal the existence of a supreme being as creator.<ref>Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language (G. & C. Merriam, 1924) defines deism as "belief in the existence of a personal god, with disbelief in Christian teaching, or with a purely rationalistic interpretation of Scripture". Although listed as a type of theism, deism is completely different from theism. If anything, theism would be an off shoot of deism since it takes beliefs a step further to include miracles and divine revelation, with deism being the "base" belief in God. | |||
| </ref> | |||
| :*]: The belief that a god preceded the universe and created it, but is now equivalent with it. | |||
| :*]: The belief that multiple gods exist, but do not intervene in the universe. | |||
| ===Autotheism=== | |||
| {{Main|Apotheosis}} | |||
| Autotheism is the viewpoint that, whether divinity is also external or not, it is inherently within 'oneself' and that one has the ability to achieve ]. This can be in a selfless way, a way following the implications of statements attributed to ethical, philosophical, and religious leaders (such as ]<ref>Matthew 5:38 "Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect" | |||
| </ref><ref> | |||
| Luke 17:21 "The Kingdom of God is within you" | |||
| </ref> | |||
| and ]{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}). | |||
| Autotheism can also refer to the belief that one's self is a deity, within the context of ]. This is a fairly extreme version of subjectivism, however. | |||
| ===Value-judgment theisms=== | |||
| *] is the belief that a deity is wholly benevolent. | |||
| *] is the belief that a deity is not wholly good, and is possibly evil. | |||
| *] is the belief that a deity exists, but is wholly malicious. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| <!-- This is a "Notes" section because its messy and because "References" by CSM ''demand'' '''strictness'''! See for example Westview Press standards. ~~~~ --> | |||
| {{Theism}} | |||
| {{Theology |god}} | |||
| {{Religion topics}} | |||
| {{Philosophy of religion}} | |||
| {{Subject bar |portal1=Philosophy |portal2=Religion |wikt=yes |wikt-search=theism |q=yes |d=yes|d-search=Q620805}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | |||
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