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===Early history=== ===Early history===


In ] times a large town called ''Ulpiana'' existed 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the south of modern-day Prishtina. This city was destroyed but was restored by the ] ]. Today the town of ] stands on the site of the Roman city, and remains of the old city can still be seen. In ] times a large town called ''Ulpiana'' existed 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the south of modern-day Priština. This city was destroyed but was restored by the ] ]. Today the town of ] stands on the site of the Roman city, and remains of the old city can still be seen.


After the fall of Rome, Prishtina grew from the ruins of the former Roman city. The city was located at a junction of roads leading in all directions throughout the ]. For this reason Priština rose to become an important trading centre on the main trade routes across south-eastern ]. After the fall of Rome, Priština grew from the ruins of the former Roman city. The city was located at a junction of roads leading in all directions throughout the ]. For this reason Priština rose to become an important trading centre on the main trade routes across south-eastern ].


Prishtina came to be of great importance to the medieval Serbian state, and served as the capital of King Milutin (]-]) and other Serbian rulers from the Nemanjic and Brankovic dynasties until the ] in ], when an invading Ottoman army decisively defeated the Balkans coalition army. The whole of Serbia was subsequently conquered by the ] in ]. Priština came to be of great importance to the medieval Serbian state, and served as the capital of King Milutin (]-]) and other Serbian rulers from the Nemanjic and Brankovic dynasties until the ] in ], when an invading Ottoman army decisively defeated the Balkans coalition army. The whole of Serbia was subsequently conquered by the ] in ].


The oldest Albanian writer ] came from Prishtina. He published his book ''Qeta e Profeteve'' (The Band of Prophets) in 1555. During the ], Prishtina became increasingly Ottoman in character following the conversion to ] of many of its inhabitants, both Albanian and Slav. The oldest Albanian writer ] came from Priština. He published his book ''Qeta e Profeteve'' (The Band of Prophets) in 1555. During the ], Priština became increasingly Ottoman in character following the conversion to ] of many of its inhabitants, both Albanian and Slav.


From the ] onwards Albanians in the region formed the ] to resist Ottoman rule, and a provisional government was formed in ]. In ] Kosova was briefly included in the newly independent state of ]. But the following year the ] forced Albania to cede the region to ]. In ] Kosova became a part of the newly formed ], though without any of the autonomy that the region later enjoyed. From the ] onwards Albanians in the region formed the ] to resist Ottoman rule, and a provisional government was formed in ]. In ] Kosovo was briefly included in the newly independent state of ]. But the following year the ] forced Albania to cede the region to ]. In ] Kosovo became a part of the newly formed ], though without any of the autonomy that the region later enjoyed.


Before ], Prishtina was an ethnically mixed town with large communities of Albanians and Serbs. Many Albanians were deported during to Turkey in consequence of ethnic cleaning program applied by the Serbs. Muslim Albanians were identified as Turks and thus forcibly evicted from their ancestors' homes. Albanians were sent to Turkey, where the Turkish government enforced them to accept new Turkish names and settle the Turkish provinces formerly inhabited by ] and ]. Before ], Priština was an ethnically mixed town with large communities of Albanians and Serbs. Many Albanians were deported during to Turkey in consequence of ethnic cleaning program applied by the Serbs. Muslim Albanians were identified as Turks and thus forcibly evicted from their ancestors' homes. Albanians were sent to Turkey, where the Turkish government enforced them to accept new Turkish names and settle the Turkish provinces formerly inhabited by ] and ].


The Second World War saw the decline of Priština's ]ian community as well as a large-scale settling of Albanians in the town. Between ] and ] Priština was incorporated into the ]-occupied ]. The Second World War saw the decline of Priština's ]ian community as well as a large-scale settling of Albanians in the town. Between ] and ] Priština was incorporated into the ]-occupied ].
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] ]


===Prishtina after World War II=== ===Priština after World War II===
In ], Prishtina became the capital of the Socialist Autonomous Region of Kosova. Between ] and 1999, the population increased from around 24,000 to over 300,000. All of the national communities of the city increased over this period, but the greatest increase was among the Albanian population, a large number of whom had moved from rural areas to settle in the city. The Albanian population increased from around 9,000 in 1953 to nearly 76,000 in ]. The Serbian and Montenegrin population increased too but by a far more modest number, from just under 8,000 in 1953 to around 21,000 by 1981. By the start of the 1980s, Albanians constituted over 70% of the city's population. In ], Priština became the capital of the Socialist Autonomous Region of Kosovo. Between ] and 1999, the population increased from around 24,000 to over 300,000. All of the national communities of the city increased over this period, but the greatest increase was among the Albanian population, a large number of whom had moved from rural areas to settle in the city. The Albanian population increased from around 9,000 in 1953 to nearly 76,000 in ]. The Serbian and Montenegrin population increased too but by a far more modest number, from just under 8,000 in 1953 to around 21,000 by 1981. By the start of the 1980s, Albanians constituted over 70% of the city's population.


Although Kosova was under the rule of local Albanian members of the Communist Party, economic decline and political instability in the late 1960s and at the start of the 1980s led to outbreaks of nationalist unrest. In November ], student demonstrations and riots in ] spread to Prishtina, but were put down by the Yugoslav security forces. Some of the demands of the students were nonetheless met by the ] government, including the establishment in ] of the ] as an independent institution. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of ] and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosova. The Albanians were also allowed to use the Albanian flag. Although Kosovo was under the rule of local Albanian members of the Communist Party, economic decline and political instability in the late 1960s and at the start of the 1980s led to outbreaks of nationalist unrest. In November ], student demonstrations and riots in ] spread to Priština, but were put down by the Yugoslav security forces. Some of the demands of the students were nonetheless met by the ] government, including the establishment in ] of the ] as an independent institution. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of ] and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use the Albanian flag.


In March 1981, students at Prishtina University rioted over poor food in their university canteen. This seemingly trivial dispute rapidly spread throughout Kosova and took on the character of a national revolt, with massive popular demonstrations in Prishtina and other Kosova towns. The Communist Yugoslav presidency quelled the disturbances by sending in riot police and the army and proclaiming a state of emergency, with several people being killed in clashes and thousands subsequently being imprisoned or disciplined. In March 1981, students at Priština University rioted over poor food in their university canteen. This seemingly trivial dispute rapidly spread throughout Kosovo and took on the character of a national revolt, with massive popular demonstrations in Priština and other Kosovo towns. The Communist Yugoslav presidency quelled the disturbances by sending in riot police and the army and proclaiming a state of emergency, with several people being killed in clashes and thousands subsequently being imprisoned or disciplined.


] Head Quarters - Priština]] ] Head Quarters - Priština]]


===Prishtina in the Kosova War and afterwards=== ===Priština in the Kosovo War and afterwards===


Following the reduction of Kosova's autonomy by ] ] in ], a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Serbian government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. University of Prishtina was seen as a hotbed of Albanian nationalism and was duly purged: 800 lecturers were sacked and 22,500 of the 23,000 students expelled. In response, the Kosova Albanians set up a "shadow government" under the authority of the ] (LDK), led by the writer ]. Although the city was formally controlled by Serbs appointed by the ] government, the LDK established parallel structures, funded by private contributions, to provide free services such as health care and education that were largely denied to the Albanian population. Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by ] ] in ], a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Serbian government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. University of Prishtina was seen as a hotbed of Albanian nationalism and was duly purged: 800 lecturers were sacked and 22,500 of the 23,000 students expelled. In response, the Kosovo Albanians set up a "shadow government" under the authority of the ] (LDK), led by the writer ]. Although the city was formally controlled by Serbs appointed by the ] government, the LDK established parallel structures, funded by private contributions, to provide free services such as health care and education that were largely denied to the Albanian population.


The LDK's role meant that when the ] began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Prishtina remained largely calm until the outbreak of the ] in March ]. The city was placed under a state of emergency at the end of March and large areas were sealed off. After ] began air strikes against Yugoslavia on ], 1999, widespread violence broke out in Prishtina. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Priština's main station for the express purpose of taking them to the border of the ], where they were forced into exile. The ] estimated in May 1999 that between 100,000-120,000 people had been driven out of Priština by government forces and ]. The LDK's role meant that when the ] began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Priština remained largely calm until the outbreak of the ] in March ]. The city was placed under a state of emergency at the end of March and large areas were sealed off. After ] began air strikes against Yugoslavia on ], 1999, widespread violence broke out in Priština. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Priština's main station for the express purpose of taking them to the border of the ], where they were forced into exile. The ] estimated in May 1999 that between 100,000-120,000 people had been driven out of Priština by government forces and ].
] ]
Several strategic targets in Prishtina were attacked by NATO during the war, but physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighborhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war, most of the city's 40,000 Serbs fled. The few who remained were subjected to harassment and violence in revenge by Albanian gangs, which reduced Priština's Serb population still further. Other national groups accused of collaboration with the Serbian war effort by Albanians – notably the ] – were also driven out. According to the ], by August 1999 fewer than 2,000 Serbs were left in the city. The number reportedly fell even further after the March ]. Several strategic targets in Priština were attacked by NATO during the war, but physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighborhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war, most of the city's 40,000 Serbs fled. The few who remained were subjected to harassment and violence in revenge by Albanian gangs, which reduced Priština's Serb population still further. Other national groups accused of collaboration with the Serbian war effort by Albanians – notably the ] – were also driven out. According to the ], by August 1999 fewer than 2,000 Serbs were left in the city. The number reportedly fell even further after the March ].


== Demographics == == Demographics ==
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* The ] conducted their first census in 1486; there were 392 families then. * The ] conducted their first census in 1486; there were 392 families then.


* In 1487, an ] census was conducted in the domain of the ]. Prishtina had together with Vushtri/Vucitrn 412 ] households and 94 ] housing. * In 1487, an ] census was conducted in the domain of the ]. Pristina had together with Vucitrn 412 ] households and 94 ] housing.


* The Ottomans conducted an official census in ] in 1569; listing 692 families * The Ottomans conducted an official census in ] in 1569; listing 692 families
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* In 1850 the Ottomans officially conducted a population census in the ]; enlisting around 12,000 citizens in around 3,000 families. * In 1850 the Ottomans officially conducted a population census in the ]; enlisting around 12,000 citizens in around 3,000 families.


* An Austrian agent, Spiridon Gopchevich conducted a research in the City of Prishtina, enlisting that it had 3,510 households of which 350 belonged to Christian Serbs, 2,600 to Muslim Serbs, 260 to Turks, 70 to Jews, 70 to Albanians * An Austrian agent, Spiridon Gopchevich conducted a research in the City of Pristina, enlisting that it had 3,510 households of which 350 belonged to Christian Serbs, 2,600 to Muslim Serbs, 260 to Turks, 70 to Jews, 70 to Albanians


* The Ottomans conducted in 1902 an official population census in the ]; enlisting around 18,000 citizens in some 3,760 families. * The Ottomans conducted in 1902 an official population census in the ]; enlisting around 18,000 citizens in some 3,760 families.
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==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]<sub></sub> * ]<sub></sub>


Revision as of 09:17, 3 October 2006

Template:Kosovo cities Priština, also spelled Pristina (Albanian: Prishtinë/Prishtina; Serbian: Priština/Приштина) is the capital and the largest city of Kosovo, Serbia's southern UN administered province. It is located at 42°40′N 21°10′E / 42.667°N 21.167°E / 42.667; 21.167.

It is estimated that the current population stands between 550,000 and 600,000 . The city has a majority Albanian population, alongside other smaller communities including Serbs, Bosniaks, Roma and others. The territory's interim government and the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) have their headquarters in the city. It is the administrative, educational, cultural center of Kosovo. The city is home to the University of Prishtina and has an international airport, Priština International Airport, with the IATA airport code of PRN and ICAO code LYPR (temporarily BKPR while UNMIK in effect).

Inhabitants of Priština are called "Prishtinali" or "Prishtinas".

History

Early history

In Roman times a large town called Ulpiana existed 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the south of modern-day Priština. This city was destroyed but was restored by the Emperor Justinian I. Today the town of Lipjan stands on the site of the Roman city, and remains of the old city can still be seen.

After the fall of Rome, Priština grew from the ruins of the former Roman city. The city was located at a junction of roads leading in all directions throughout the Balkans. For this reason Priština rose to become an important trading centre on the main trade routes across south-eastern Europe.

Priština came to be of great importance to the medieval Serbian state, and served as the capital of King Milutin (1282-1321) and other Serbian rulers from the Nemanjic and Brankovic dynasties until the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, when an invading Ottoman army decisively defeated the Balkans coalition army. The whole of Serbia was subsequently conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1459.

The oldest Albanian writer Pjetër Bogdani came from Priština. He published his book Qeta e Profeteve (The Band of Prophets) in 1555. During the Ottoman Empire, Priština became increasingly Ottoman in character following the conversion to Islam of many of its inhabitants, both Albanian and Slav.

From the 1870s onwards Albanians in the region formed the League of Prizren to resist Ottoman rule, and a provisional government was formed in 1881. In 1912 Kosovo was briefly included in the newly independent state of Albania. But the following year the Great Powers forced Albania to cede the region to Serbia. In 1918 Kosovo became a part of the newly formed Yugoslavia, though without any of the autonomy that the region later enjoyed.

Before World War II, Priština was an ethnically mixed town with large communities of Albanians and Serbs. Many Albanians were deported during to Turkey in consequence of ethnic cleaning program applied by the Serbs. Muslim Albanians were identified as Turks and thus forcibly evicted from their ancestors' homes. Albanians were sent to Turkey, where the Turkish government enforced them to accept new Turkish names and settle the Turkish provinces formerly inhabited by Greeks and Armenians.

The Second World War saw the decline of Priština's Serbian community as well as a large-scale settling of Albanians in the town. Between 1941 and 1945 Priština was incorporated into the Italian-occupied Greater Albania.

The City Center

Priština after World War II

In 1946, Priština became the capital of the Socialist Autonomous Region of Kosovo. Between 1953 and 1999, the population increased from around 24,000 to over 300,000. All of the national communities of the city increased over this period, but the greatest increase was among the Albanian population, a large number of whom had moved from rural areas to settle in the city. The Albanian population increased from around 9,000 in 1953 to nearly 76,000 in 1981. The Serbian and Montenegrin population increased too but by a far more modest number, from just under 8,000 in 1953 to around 21,000 by 1981. By the start of the 1980s, Albanians constituted over 70% of the city's population.

Although Kosovo was under the rule of local Albanian members of the Communist Party, economic decline and political instability in the late 1960s and at the start of the 1980s led to outbreaks of nationalist unrest. In November 1968, student demonstrations and riots in Belgrade spread to Priština, but were put down by the Yugoslav security forces. Some of the demands of the students were nonetheless met by the Tito government, including the establishment in 1970 of the University of Priština as an independent institution. This ended a long period when the institution had been run as an outpost of Belgrade University and gave a major boost to Albanian-language education and culture in Kosovo. The Albanians were also allowed to use the Albanian flag.

In March 1981, students at Priština University rioted over poor food in their university canteen. This seemingly trivial dispute rapidly spread throughout Kosovo and took on the character of a national revolt, with massive popular demonstrations in Priština and other Kosovo towns. The Communist Yugoslav presidency quelled the disturbances by sending in riot police and the army and proclaiming a state of emergency, with several people being killed in clashes and thousands subsequently being imprisoned or disciplined.

UNMIK Head Quarters - Priština

Priština in the Kosovo War and afterwards

Following the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in 1990, a harshly repressive regime was imposed throughout Kosovo by the Serbian government with Albanians largely being purged from state industries and institutions. University of Prishtina was seen as a hotbed of Albanian nationalism and was duly purged: 800 lecturers were sacked and 22,500 of the 23,000 students expelled. In response, the Kosovo Albanians set up a "shadow government" under the authority of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), led by the writer Ibrahim Rugova. Although the city was formally controlled by Serbs appointed by the Milošević government, the LDK established parallel structures, funded by private contributions, to provide free services such as health care and education that were largely denied to the Albanian population.

The LDK's role meant that when the Kosovo Liberation Army began to attack Serbian and Yugoslav forces from 1996 onwards, Priština remained largely calm until the outbreak of the Kosovo War in March 1999. The city was placed under a state of emergency at the end of March and large areas were sealed off. After NATO began air strikes against Yugoslavia on March 24, 1999, widespread violence broke out in Priština. Serbian and Yugoslav forces shelled several districts and, in conjunction with paramilitaries, conducted large-scale expulsions of ethnic Albanians accompanied by widespread looting. Many of those expelled were directed onto trains apparently brought to Priština's main station for the express purpose of taking them to the border of the Republic of Macedonia, where they were forced into exile. The United States Department of State estimated in May 1999 that between 100,000-120,000 people had been driven out of Priština by government forces and paramilitaries.

"Stadiumi i Qytetit" - City's Football Stadium

Several strategic targets in Priština were attacked by NATO during the war, but physical damage appears to have largely been restricted to a few specific neighborhoods shelled by Yugoslav security forces. At the end of the war, most of the city's 40,000 Serbs fled. The few who remained were subjected to harassment and violence in revenge by Albanian gangs, which reduced Priština's Serb population still further. Other national groups accused of collaboration with the Serbian war effort by Albanians – notably the Roma – were also driven out. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, by August 1999 fewer than 2,000 Serbs were left in the city. The number reportedly fell even further after the March 2004 unrest in Kosovo.

Demographics

Ottoman Empire

  • The Ottomans conducted their first census in 1486; there were 392 families then.
  • The Ottomans conducted an official census in Rumelia in 1569; listing 692 families
  • The Ottomans conducted an official census in Rumelia in 1669; listing some 2,060 families
  • In 1685 the Ottomans officially conducted a population census in Rumelia; enlisting around 3,000 families.
  • The Ottomans officially conducted a population census in 1689 in Rumelia; enlisting around 4,000 families.
  • In 1850 the Ottomans officially conducted a population census in the Viyalet of Kosovo; enlisting around 12,000 citizens in around 3,000 families.
  • An Austrian agent, Spiridon Gopchevich conducted a research in the City of Pristina, enlisting that it had 3,510 households of which 350 belonged to Christian Serbs, 2,600 to Muslim Serbs, 260 to Turks, 70 to Jews, 70 to Albanians
  • The Ottomans conducted in 1902 an official population census in the Viyalet of Kosovo; enlisting around 18,000 citizens in some 3,760 families.

Prishtine Disctrict between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia

In 1912, a German scholar by the name of conducted an estimate within the Priština District just before the Balkan War. The population of the entire district was:

Serbia and Kingdom of Yugoslavia

  • The 1931 official population census organized by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia listed 18,358 inhabitants by mother tongues:

Socialist Yugoslavia

  • The 1953 official population census of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija organized by the government of Serbia under the Yugoslav government recorded 24,229 citizens:
  • The 1961 official population census of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government recorded 38,593 citizens in 9,095 families:
  • The 1971 official population census of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government 69,514 citizens in 14,813 families:
  • The 1981 official population census of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo organized by the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia government 108,083 citizens in 21,017 families:

According to the last census in 1991 (boycotted by the Albanian majority), the population of the Priština municipality was 199,654, including 77.63% Albanians, 15.43% Serbs and Montenegrins, 1.72% Muslims by nationality, and others. . This census cannot be considered accurate as it is based on previous records and estimates.

In 2004 it was estimated that the population exceeded half a million, and that Albanians form around 98% of it. The Serbian population in the city has fallen significantly since 1999, many of the city's Serbs having fled or been expelled following the end of the war. In early 1999 Priština had about 230,000 inhabitans. There were more than 40,000 Serbs and about 6,500 Romas with the remainder being Albanians.

Demographics
Year Albanians  % Serbs  % Roma  % Others  % Total
1991 census 161,314 78.7 27,293 13.3 6,625 3.2 9,861 4.8 205,093
1998 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 225,388
February 2000 estimate 550,000 97.4 12,000 2.2 1,000 0.1 1,800 0.3 564,800
Source: 1991 figures from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) Institute for Statistics – others include Montenegrins, Muslim Slavs, Turks, etc. 1999 figures from UNHCR, "Kosovo Village List", 9 March 1999 (1998 population estimate excluding forced displacement). 2001 figures from KFOR – MNB (c) and for minority figures

OSCE/UNHCR ‘Situation of Ethic Minorities in Kosovo’, February 2001. It is noted that the 1991 census was highly politicised and is thus unreliable.

More Pictures

See also

References and links


Municipalities of Kosovo
District of Ferizaj
District of Gjakova
District of Gjilan
District of Mitrovica
District of Peja
District of Pristina
District of Prizren
  1. UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office Country Profiles: Kosovo
  2. Cite error: The named reference osce was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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