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A googol is the large number 10. In decimal notation, it is written as the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeroes: 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

The systematic German name of this number is ten sexual oscillations (also Sedezilliarden). In the analogous American system is the English term for a Googol ten duotrigintillion (also dotrigintillion ). The practical use of these theoretical designations is low, so that only a few applications can be demonstrated.

Concept

The term was coined in 1920 by 9-year-old Milton Sirotta (1911–1981), nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner. Kasner popularized the concept in his 1940 book Mathematics and the Imagination. Other names for googol include ten duotrigintillion on the short scale, ten thousand sexdecillion on the long scale, or ten sexdecilliard on the Peletier long scale.

Size

A googol has no special significance in mathematics. However, it is useful when comparing with other very large quantities such as the number of subatomic particles in the visible universe or the number of hypothetical possibilities in a chess game. Kasner used it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and infinity, and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics. To give a sense of how big a googol really is, the mass of an electron, just under 10 kg, can be compared to the mass of the visible universe, estimated at between 10 and 10 kg. It is a ratio in the order of about 10 to 10, or only about one ten-billionth of a googol (0.00000001% of a googol).

Carl Sagan points out that the total number of elementary particles in the universe is around 10 (the Eddington number) and that if the whole universe were packed with neutrons so that there would be no empty space anywhere, there would be around 10. He also notes the similarity of the first calculation to that of Archimedes in The Sand Reckoner.

The decay time for a supermassive black hole of roughly 1 galaxy-mass (10 solar masses) due to Hawking radiation is on the order of 10 years. Therefore, the heat death of the universe is lower-bounded to occur a googol years in the future.

Properties

A googol is approximately 70! (factorial of 70). Using an integral, binary numeral system, one would need 333 bits to represent a googol, i.e., 1 googol ≈ 2, or exactly ${\displaystyle 2^{(100/\mathrm {log} _{10}2)}}$. However, a googol is well within the maximum bounds of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point type.

The series of residues (mod n) of one googol is:

0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 1, 0, 1, 4, 3, 4, 10, 0, 4, 10, 9, 0, 4, 12, 13, 16, 0, 16, 10, 4, 16, 10, 5, 0, 1, 4, 25, 28, 10, 28, 16, 0, 1, 4, 31, 12, 10, 36, 27, 16, 11, 0, ... (sequence A066298 in the OEIS)

Cultural impact

Widespread sounding of the word occurs through the name of the company Google, with the name "Google" being an accidental misspelling of "googol" by the company's founders, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information. In 2004, family members of Kasner, who had inherited the right to his book, were considering suing Google for their use of the term googol; however, no suit was ever filed.

Since October 2009, Google has been assigning domain names to its servers under the domain "1e100.net", the scientific notation for 1 googol, in order to provide a single domain to identify servers across the Google network.

The word is notable for being the subject of the £1 million question in a 2001 episode of the British quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, when contestant Charles Ingram cheated his way through the show with the help of an accomplice.

"Googolplex"

As Googolplex becomes the number designated. A Googolplex is therefore a 1 withZeros. As mentioned above, a googol is already significantly larger than the number of protons in the visible universe . Compared to a Googolplex however, a Googol appears ridiculously small, as the following example illustrates:

A normal home computer is easily able to count on numbers in the Googol range when using data structures that are tailored to large numbers. (The usual integer representation or display as IEEE-754 - floating-point number are not suitable.)

However, the total storage capacity of all the Earth's computers would not be sufficient to store a single number in the Googolplex area.

Other names are:

• Googolplexplex  (10) (Also referred to as Googolplexian)
• Googolplexplexplex (10)
• Googolplexplexplexplex (10)

etc.

It should also be noted that its successor (Googolplex + 1) is not a prime . A factor of this figure is: 316,912,650,057,057,350,374,175,801,344,000.001

Fame

Some objects were named after this number:

• From Googol the search engine Google derives their name, based on the endeavor to index as many Internet pages as possible .  The name of the company's headquarters is Googleplex , following the Googolplex. Google uses Domain 1e100.net, which is based on Googol, for its own servers. 
• There is a novel called Googol and the sequel Googolplex by HD Klein .
• By the Sachbuch Dr. Googol's miraculous world of numbers by Clifford A. Pickover (the original title: Wonders of Numbers ) is led by the fictional teacher Dr. Francis Googol .
• A cinema of Springfield in the TV series The Simpsons is called Googolplex.
• A shopping center in Disney's drawing series Phineas and Ferb is called Googolplex.
• In Douglas Adams novel Per Hitchhiker through the galaxy is called a powerful computer Gugelplex Sterndenker . 
• The American author Jonathan Safran Foer uses the term in his novel Extremely loud and incredibly close in 2005 .
• In Cologne, an art project with the name gugolplex has existed since 2005, with the goal of combining musical and literary elements.
• There is a German pop band named One In A Googolplex .
• There was a hardcore punk band in Japan called Googol Plex .
• In the film Back to the Future III calls Dr. Emmett L. Brown ("Doc Brown") the chance to meet his wife, 1 to Googolplex.
• In a Peanuts comic, Schroeder explains to his admirer Lucy that the chances for her marriage are 1 to Googol.

See also

• Googolplex
• Infinity
• Names of large numbers
• Only a Trillion

References

1. Bialik, Carl (June 14, 2004). "There Could Be No Google Without Edward Kasner". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) (retrieved March 17, 2015)
2. Kasner, Edward; Newman, James R. (1940). Mathematics and the Imagination. Simon and Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-486-41703-4. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) The relevant passage about the googol and googolplex, attributing both of these names to Kasner's nine-year-old nephew, is available in James R. Newman, ed. (2000) . The world of mathematics, volume 3. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. pp. 2007–2010. ISBN 978-0-486-41151-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
3. Elert, Glenn; et al. "Mass of the Universe". Archived from the original on 2017-07-23. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2013-18-18 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
4. Sagan, Carl (1981). Cosmos. Book Club Associates. pp. 220–221.
5. Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole, Don N. Page, Physical Review D 13 (1976), pp. 198–206. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198. See in particular equation (27).
6. Koller, David (January 2004). "Origin of the name "Google"". Stanford University. Archived from the original on July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
7. "Google! Beta website". Google, Inc. Archived from the original on February 21, 1999. Retrieved October 12, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
8. "Have your Google people talk to my `googol' people". Archived from the original on 2014-09-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
9. Cade Metz (8 February 2010). "Google doppelgänger casts riddle over interwebs". The Register. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
10. "What is 1e100.net?". Google. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
11. Falk, Quentin; Falk, Ben (2005), "A Code and a Cough: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1998–)", Television's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary But True Tales from the History of Television, Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 245–246, ISBN 9781861058744.

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Googol". MathWorld.
• googol at PlanetMath.
• Padilla, Tony; Symonds, Ria. "Googol and Googolplex". Numberphile. Brady Haran.

• Large integers
• Integers
• Units of amount