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{{Infobox religious biography
| image = ]
| caption = ''Bodhidharma'', ] woodblock print by Tsukioka ], 1887.
| name = Bodhidharma
{{aligned table|fullwidth = y
| col1style = text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;
| col2style = text-align:left;
| class = collapsible collapsed
| above = Names (''details'')
| abovestyle = background: #ccf
| Known in English: | Bodhidharma
| ]: | Darmo
| ]: | বোধিধর্ম
| ]: | ဗောဓိဓမ္မ
| Chinese abbreviation: | {{lang|zh|達摩}}
| ]: | ''Pútídámó''
| ]: | ''Tatmo''
| ]: | Budhi Darma
| ]: | {{lang|ja|達磨}} ''Daruma''
| ]: | ಬೋಧಿ ಧರ್ಮ
| ]: | ពោធិធម្ម ''Pothi-thaom-meahk''
| ]: | 달마 ''Dalma''
| ]: | Dharuma
| ]: | {{lang|ml|]}} ''Bodhidharman| ]:| ବୋଦିଦର୍ମନ୍
| ]: | {{lang|ne|बोधि धर्म|बोधि धर्म}}
| ]: | بودی‌دارما
| ]: | {{lang|sa|बोधिधर्म|बोधिधर्म}}
| ]: | {{lang|zh|菩提达摩}}
| ]: | බෝධිධර්ම
| ]: | Dharāma
| ]: | {{lang|ta|]}} ''Pōtitaruman''
| ]: | {{lang|te|]}}
| ]: | {{lang|th|ตั๊กม๊อ}} ''Takmoh''
| ]: | ''Dharmottāra''
| ]: | {{lang|zh|菩提達摩}}
| ]: | Bồ-đề-đạt-ma
| ]: | ''P'u-t'i-ta-mo''
}}
<!--|birth name =-->
|alias =
|dharma name =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|nationality =
|religion = ]
|school = ]
|lineage =
|title = ]<br />1st Chan Patriarch
|location =
|education =
<!--|occupation =-->
|teacher =
|reincarnation of =
|predecessor =
|successor = ]
|students = Huike
|spouse =
<!--|partner =-->
|children =
|website =
}}
{{Zen Buddhism}}
{{Buddhism and China}}
'''Bodhidharma ''' <!---Before adding a name in another language, please see discussion on the talk page and discuss the edit before making it---> was a ] who lived during the 5th or 6th century. He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of ] to ], and regarded as its first Chinese ]. According to Chinese legend, he also began the physical training of the monks of ] that led to the creation of ]. In Japan, he is known as '''Daruma'''.

Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend.{{sfn|McRae|2003}}<!--**START OF NOTE**-->{{refn|group=note|There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography:{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=85-90}}
* Yáng Xuànzhī's ''The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang'' (547);
* Tánlín's preface to the ''Two Entrances and Four Acts'' (6th century CE), which is also preserved in Ching-chüeh's ''Chronicle of the Lankavatar Masters'' (713-716);{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=88}}
* Dàoxuān's ''Further Biographies of Eminent Monks'' (7th century CE).}}<!--**END OF NOTE**-->

According to the principal Chinese sources, Bodhidharma came from the ],{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}}{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}} which refers to Central Asia but may also include the Indian subcontinent, and was either a "Persian Central Asian"{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}} or a "South Indian the third son of a great Indian king."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}}<!--**START OF NOTE**-->{{refn|group=note|<!---PLEASE NOTE: The following statements are direct quotes from a reliable source. Please don't change them. See ] for an extensive overview of the discussion on Bodhidharma's birthplace, including a wide variety of sources--->The origins which are mentioned in these sources are:
* " monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma, a ]"{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}} c.q. "from Persia"{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}} (''Buddhist monasteries, 547'');
* " South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}} (''Tanlin, 6th century CE'');
* "ho came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}} c.q. "the third son of a Brahman of South India" {{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}} (''Lankavatara Masters, 713-716''{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=88}}''/ca. 715''{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}});
* "f South Indian Brahman stock"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=87}} c.q. "a ] monk from South India"{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}} (''Further Biographies, 645'').
Broughton further notes: "The guide's Bodhidharma is an Iranian, not an Indian. There is, however, nothing implausible about an early sixth-century Iranian Buddhist master who made his way to North China via the fabled Silk Road. This scenario is, in fact, more likely than a South Indian master who made his way by the sea route."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54-55}}}}<!--** END OF NOTE **-->
<!---PLEASE NOTE: Kanchipuram is being mentioned under 'modern scholarship', including a reference. Please read that section--->
Throughout ], Bodhidharma is depicted as an ill-tempered, profusely-bearded, wide-eyed ]. He is referred as "The Blue-Eyed Barbarian" ({{zh|c=碧眼胡|p=Bìyǎnhú}}) in Chan texts.{{sfn|Soothill|1995}}

Aside from the Chinese accounts, several popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins.<!--**START OF NOTE**-->{{refn|group=note|An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a ] ] from ].{{sfn|Kambe|(year unknown)}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1987|p=125-126}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Dravidian"}} The Tibetan and Southeast traditions consistently regard Bodhidharma as South Indian,<ref name=Krishna /> the former in particular characterising him as a dark-skinned Dravidian.{{sfn|Edou|1996}} Conversely, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma to be from Persia.<ref group=web name="Tojo"></ref>}}<!--**END OF NOTE**-->

The accounts also differ on the date of his arrival, with one early account claiming that he arrived during the ] (420–479) and later accounts dating his arrival to the ] (502–557). Bodhidharma was primarily active in the territory of the ] (386-634). Modern scholarship dates him to about the early 5th century.{{sfn|Macmillan (publisher)|2003|p=57, 130}}

Bodhidharma's teachings and practice centered on meditation and the '']''. The ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' (952) identifies Bodhidharma as the 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in an uninterrupted line that extends all the way back to the ] himself.<ref>Philippe Cornu, ''Dictionnaire enclyclopédique du Bouddhisme''</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Principal sources ===
]

There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma. According to these sources, Bodhidharma came from the Western regions,{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}}{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}} and was either a "Persian Central Asian"{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}} or a "South Indian the third son of a great Indian king."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}} Later sources draw on these two sources, adding additional details, including a change to being descendent from a ''Brahmin'' king,{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}}{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=87}} which accords with the reign of the ], who were Brahmins.{{sfn|Jorgensen|2000|p=159}}

The '']'' was a historical name specified in the Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD<ref>{{cite book |title=China and her neighbours, from ancient times to the Middle Ages: a collection of essays |author=Tikhvinskiĭ, Sergeĭ Leonidovich and Leonard Sergeevich Perelomov |publisher=Progress Publishers|year=1981|page=124}}</ref> that referred to the regions west of ], most often ] or sometimes more specifically the easternmost portion of it (e.g. ] or the ] in southern ]). Sometimes it was used more generally to refer to other regions to the west of China as well, such as the ] (as in the novel '']'').

==== ''The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang'' ====
] teaching an East Asian monk. A fresco from the ], dated to the 9th or 10th century; although ] (1913) assumed the ] monk was a ],<ref>von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). . Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, . (Accessed 3 September 2016).</ref> modern scholarship has identified similar ] of ] (No. 9) as ethnic ]ns,<ref name="gasparini 2014 pp134-163">Gasparini, Mariachiara. "" in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds), ''Transcultural Studies'', Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp 134-163. {{ISSN|2191-6411}}. See also . (Accessed 3 September 2016.)</ref> an ] who inhabited ] as an ethnic minority community during the phases of ] (7th-8th century) and ] (9th-13th century).<ref>Hansen, Valerie (2012), ''The Silk Road: A New History'', Oxford University Press, p. 98, {{ISBN|978-0-19-993921-3}}.</ref>]]
The earliest text mentioning Bodhidharma is ''The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of ]'' ({{zh|t=洛陽伽藍記}} ''Luòyáng Qiélánjì'') which was compiled in 547 by Yáng Xuànzhī (楊衒之), a writer and translator of ] into Chinese. Yang gave the following account:
{{quote|At that time there was a monk of the ] named Bodhidharma, a ].{{refn|group=note|According to Jorgensen, the mentioning by Yáng Xuànzhī of Bodhidharma as Persian is mistaken, since the Sassanian realm was not Buddhist. Johnston supposes that Yáng Xuànzhī mistook the name of the south-Indian Pallava dynasty for the name of the Sassanian Pahlavi dynasty;{{sfn|Jorgensen|2000|p=159}} however, Persian Buddhists did exist within the Sassanian realm, particularly in the formerly ] east, see ].}} He traveled from the wild borderlands to China. Seeing the golden disks on the pole on top of Yǒngníng's ] reflecting in the sun, the rays of light illuminating the surface of the clouds, the jewel-bells on the stupa blowing in the wind, the echoes reverberating beyond the heavens, he sang its praises. He exclaimed: "Truly this is the work of spirits." He said: "I am 150 years old, and I have passed through numerous countries. There is virtually no country I have not visited. Even the distant Buddha-realms lack this." He chanted homage and placed his palms together in salutation for days on end.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}}}}

==== Tánlín – preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts ====
] porcelain statuette of Bodhidharma from the late ], 17th century]]
The second account was written by Tánlín (曇林; 506–574). Tánlín's brief biography of the "] Master" is found in his preface to the '']'', a text traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma and the first text to identify him as ]:
{{quote|The Dharma Master was a South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king. His ambition lay in the Mahayana path, and so he put aside his white layman's robe for the black robe of a monk Lamenting the decline of the true teaching in the outlands, he subsequently crossed distant mountains and seas, traveling about propagating the teaching in Han and Wei.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}}}}

Tánlín's account was the first to mention that Bodhidharma attracted disciples,{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=9}} specifically mentioning Dàoyù (道育) and ] (慧可), the latter of whom would later figure very prominently in the Bodhidharma literature. Although Tánlín has traditionally been considered a disciple of Bodhidharma, it is more likely that he was a student of Huìkě.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=53}}

==== "Chronicle of the ''Laṅkāvatāra'' Masters" ====
Tanlin's preface has also been preserved in Jingjue's (683-750) ''Lengjie Shizi ji'' "Chronicle of the ''Laṅkāvatāra'' Masters", which dates from 713-716.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=88}}/ca. 715{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}} He writes,
{{quote|The teacher of the Dharma, who came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king."{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}}}}

==== "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks" ====
] points directly to the human heart, see into your nature and become ]." It was created by ] (1685–1768)]]

In the 7th-century historical work "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks" (續高僧傳 ''Xù gāosēng zhuàn''), ] (道宣; 596-667) possibly drew on Tanlin's preface as a basic source, but made several significant additions:

Firstly, Dàoxuān adds more detail concerning Bodhidharma's origins, writing that he was of "South Indian ] stock" (南天竺婆羅門種 ''nán tiānzhú póluómén zhŏng'').{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=87}}

Secondly, more detail is provided concerning Bodhidharma's journeys. Tanlin's original is imprecise about Bodhidharma's travels, saying only that he "crossed distant mountains and seas" before arriving in Wei. Dàoxuān's account, however, implies "a specific itinerary":{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=56}} "He first arrived at ] during the ]. From there he turned north and came to the Kingdom of Wei"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=87}} This implies that Bodhidharma had travelled to China by sea and that he had crossed over the ].

Thirdly, Dàoxuān suggests a date for Bodhidharma's arrival in China. He writes that Bodhidharma makes landfall in the time of the Song, thus making his arrival no later than the time of the Song's fall to the ] in 479.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=56}}

Finally, Dàoxuān provides information concerning Bodhidharma's death. Bodhidharma, he writes, died at the banks of the ], where he was interred by his disciple Dazu Huike, possibly in a cave. According to Dàoxuān's chronology, Bodhidharma's death must have occurred prior to 534, the date of the Northern Wei's fall, because Dazu Huike subsequently leaves Luoyang for ]. Furthermore, citing the shore of the Luo River as the place of death might possibly suggest that Bodhidharma died in ] (河陰) in 528. Supporting this possibility is a report in the ] stating that a Buddhist monk was among the victims at Héyīn.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=139}}

=== Later accounts ===
]

==== ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' ====
In the '']'' (祖堂集 ''Zǔtángjí'') of 952, the elements of the traditional Bodhidharma story are in place. Bodhidharma is said to have been a disciple of ],{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=2}} thus establishing the latter as the 27th patriarch in India. After a three-year journey, Bodhidharma reached China in 527,{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=2}} during the Liang (as opposed to the Song in Dàoxuān's text). The ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' includes Bodhidharma's encounter with ], which was first recorded around 758 in the appendix to a text by Shenhui (神會), a disciple of Huineng.{{sfn|McRae|2000}}

Finally, as opposed to Daoxuan's figure of "over 180 years,"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=88}} the ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' states that Bodhidharma died at the age of 150. He was then buried on Mount Xiong'er (熊耳山 ''Xióng'ĕr Shān'') to the west of Luoyang. However, three years after the burial, in the ], Sòngyún (宋雲)—an official of one of the later Wei kingdoms—encountered Bodhidharma, who claimed to be returning to India and was carrying a single sandal. Bodhidharma predicted the death of Songyun's ruler, a prediction which was borne out upon the latter's return. Bodhidharma's tomb was then opened, and only a single sandal was found inside.

According to the ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'', Bodhidharma left the Liang court in 527 and relocated to ] near Luoyang and the Shaolin Monastery, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time",{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=182}} his date of death can have been no earlier than 536. Moreover, his encounter with the Wei official indicates a date of death no later than 554, three years before the fall of the ].

==== Dàoyuán – Transmission of the Lamp ====
Subsequent to the ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'', the only dated addition to the biography of Bodhidharma is in the '']'' (景德傳燈錄 ''Jĭngdé chuándēng lù'', published 1004 ]), by Dàoyuán (道原), in which it is stated that Bodhidharma's original name had been Bodhitāra but was changed by his master Prajñātāra.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=119}} The same account is given by the Japanese master Keizan's 13th century work of the same title.{{sfn|Cook|2003}}

=== Popular traditions ===
Several contemporary popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins. An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a ] from ].{{sfn|Kambe|(year unknown)}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name="Dravidian"|See also ], ], ] and ] for backgrounds on the Tamil identity.}} This is consistent with the Southeast Asian traditions which also describe Bodhidharma as a former ]n Tamil prince who had awakened his ] and renounced royal life to become a monk.<ref name=Krishna /> The Tibetan version similarly characterises him as a dark-skinned ] from South India.{{sfn|Edou|1996}} Conversely, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma as ].<ref group=web name="Tojo" />

== Legends about Bodhidharma ==
Several stories about Bodhidharma have become popular legends, which are still being used in the Ch'an, Seon and Zen-tradition.

=== Encounter with Emperor Xiāo Yǎn 蕭衍 ===
The ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' says that in 527, Bodhidharma visited ] (Xiāo Yǎn 蕭衍, posthumous name Wǔdì 武帝), a fervent patron of Buddhism:
{{quote|<poem>
Emperor Wu: "How much karmic merit have I earned for ordaining Buddhist monks, building monasteries, having sutras copied, and commissioning Buddha images?"
Bodhidharma: "None. Good deeds done with worldly intent bring good karma, but no merit."
Emperor Wu: "So what is the highest meaning of ]?"
Bodhidharma: "There is no noble truth, there is only emptiness."
Emperor Wu: "Then, who is standing before me?"
Bodhidharma: "I know not, Your Majesty."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|pp=2–3}}</poem>}}

This encounter was included as the first ] of the '']''.

=== Nine years of wall-gazing ===
]]]
Failing to make a favorable impression in ], Bodhidharma is said to have travelled to the Shaolin Monastery. After either being refused entry or being ejected after a short time, he lived in a nearby cave, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time".{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=182}}

The biographical tradition is littered with apocryphal tales about Bodhidharma's life and circumstances. In one version of the story, he is said to have fallen asleep seven years into his nine years of wall-gazing. Becoming angry with himself, he cut off his eyelids to prevent it from happening again.{{sfn|Maguire|2001|p=58}} According to the legend, as his eyelids hit the floor the first ] sprang up, and thereafter ] would provide a stimulant to help keep students of Chan awake during ].{{sfn|Watts|1962|p=106}}

The most popular account relates that Bodhidharma was admitted into the Shaolin temple after nine years in the cave and taught there for some time. However, other versions report that he "passed away, seated upright";{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=182}} or that he disappeared, leaving behind the '']'';{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}} or that his legs atrophied after nine years of sitting,{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=86}} which is why ]s have no legs.

=== Huike cuts off his arm ===
In one legend, Bodhidharma refused to resume teaching until his would-be student, ], who had kept vigil for weeks in the deep snow outside of the monastery, cut off his own left arm to demonstrate sincerity.{{sfn|Maguire|2001|p=58}}{{refn|group=note|Dàoxuān records that Huìkě's arm was cut off by bandits.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=62}}}}

=== Transmission ===

==== Skin, flesh, bone, marrow ====
''Jǐngdé Records of the Transmission of the Lamp'' (Jǐngdé chuándēng lù 景德传灯录) of Dàoyuán 道原, presented to the emperor in 1004, records that Bodhidharma wished to return to India and called together his disciples:
{{quote|<poem>Bodhidharma asked, "Can each of you say something to demonstrate your understanding?"
Dao Fu stepped forward and said, "It is not bound by words and phrases, nor is it separate from words and phrases. This is the function of the Tao."
Bodhidharma: "You have attained my skin."
The nun Zong Chi{{refn|group=note|Various names are given for this nun. Zōngzhǐ is also known by her title Soji, and by Myoren, her nun name. In the ''Jǐngdé Records of the Transmission of the Lamp'', Dharani repeats the words said by the nun Yuanji in the ''Two Entrances and Four Acts'', possibly identifying the two with each other .{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=132}} Heng-Ching Shih states that according to the ''Jǐngdé chuándēng lù'' 景德传灯录 the first `bhikṣuni` mentioned in the Chán literature was a disciple of the First Chan Patriarch, Bodhidharma, known as Zōngzhǐ 宗旨 <ref group=web>{{cite web|url=http://www.thubtenchodron.org/BuddhistNunsMonasticLife/the_committee_of_western_bhikshunis.html|title=The Committee of Western Bhikshunis|work=thubtenchodron.org}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|In the Shōbōgenzō 正法眼蔵 chapter called Katto ("Twining Vines") by Dōgen Zenji 道元禅師 (1200–1253), she is named as one of Bodhidharma's four Dharma heirs. Although the First Patriarch's line continued through another of the four, Dogen emphasizes that each of them had a complete understanding of the teaching.<ref group=web>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/zennun12_8/chanwomen.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027135930/http://www.geocities.com/zennun12_8/chanwomen.html |title=WOMEN IN ZEN BUDDHISM: Chinese Bhiksunis in the Ch'an Tradition|author=Zen Nun|archivedate=27 October 2009|work=geocities.com}}</ref>}} stepped up and said, "It is like a glorious glimpse of the realm of Akshobhya Buddha. Seen once, it need not be seen again."
Bodhidharma; "You have attained my flesh."
Dao Yu said, "The four elements are all empty. The five skandhas are without actual existence. Not a single dharma can be grasped."
Bodhidharma: "You have attained my bones."
Finally, Huike came forth, bowed deeply in silence and stood up straight.
Bodhidharma said, "You have attained my marrow." <ref>Ferguson, pp 16-17</ref></poem>
}}
Bodhidharma passed on the symbolic robe and bowl of dharma succession to Dazu Huike and, some texts claim, a copy of the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra''.{{sfn|Faure|1986|p=187-198}} Bodhidharma then either returned to India or died.

=== Bodhidharma at Shaolin ===
].]]
{{See also|Shaolin Monastery#Patron saint|l1=Patron Saint of Shaolin monastery}}
Some Chinese myths and legends describe Bodhidharma as being disturbed by the poor physical shape of the Shaolin monks,{{sfn|Garfinkel |2006|p=186}} after which he instructed them in techniques to maintain their physical condition as well as teaching meditation.{{sfn|Garfinkel |2006|p=186}} He is said to have taught a series of external exercises called the ]{{sfn|Garfinkel |2006|p=186}} and an internal practice called the Sinew Metamorphosis Classic.{{sfn|Wong|2001|p=Chapter 3}} In addition, after his departure from the temple, two manuscripts by Bodhidharma were said to be discovered inside the temple: the '']'' and the ''Xisui Jing''. Copies and translations of the ''Yijin Jing'' survive to the modern day. The ''Xisui Jing'' has been lost.{{sfn|Haines|1995|p=Chapter 3}}

=== Travels in Southeast Asia ===
According to ]n folklore, Bodhidharma travelled from ] by sea to ], ]. Passing through ], ], ], and ], he eventually entered China through ]. In his travels through the region, Bodhidharma is said to have transmitted his knowledge of the Mahayana doctrine and the martial arts. Malay legend holds that he introduced ] to ].{{sfn|Shaikh Awab|2006}}

] tradition links Bodhidharma with the 11th-century south Indian monk ] who travelled extensively to Tibet and China spreading tantric teachings.{{sfn|Edou|1996|p=32, p.181 n.20}}

=== Appearance after his death ===
Three years after Bodhidharma's death, Ambassador Sòngyún of northern Wei is said to have seen him walking while holding a shoe at the ]. Sòngyún asked Bodhidharma where he was going, to which Bodhidharma replied "I am going home". When asked why he was holding his shoe, Bodhidharma answered "You will know when you reach Shaolin monastery. Don't mention that you saw me or you will meet with disaster". After arriving at the palace, Sòngyún told the emperor that he met Bodhidharma on the way. The emperor said Bodhidharma was already dead and buried and had Sòngyún arrested for lying. At Shaolin Monastery, the monks informed them that Bodhidharma was dead and had been buried in a hill behind the temple. The grave was exhumed and was found to contain a single shoe. The monks then said "Master has gone back home" and prostrated three times: "For nine years he had remained and nobody knew him; Carrying a shoe in hand he went home quietly, without ceremony."{{sfn|Watts|1958|p=32}}

== Practice and teaching ==
Bodhidharma is traditionally seen as introducing dhyana-practice in China.

=== Pointing directly to one's mind ===
One of the fundamental Chán texts attributed to Bodhidharma is a four-line stanza whose first two verses echo the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra''{{'}}s disdain for words and whose second two verses stress the importance of the insight into reality achieved through "self-realization":
{{quote|<poem>A special transmission outside the scriptures
Not founded upon words and letters;
By pointing directly to mind
It lets one see into nature and attain Buddhahood.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=85}}</poem>
}}
The stanza, in fact, is not Bodhidharma's, but rather dates to the year 1108.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=102}}

=== Wall-gazing ===
Tanlin, in the preface to ''Two Entrances and Four Acts'', and Daoxuan, in the ''Further Biographies of Eminent Monks'', mention a practice of Bodhidharma's termed "wall-gazing" (壁觀 ''bìguān''). Both Tanlin{{refn|group=note|{{sfn|Broughton|1999|pp=9, 66}} translates 壁觀 as "wall-examining".}} and Daoxuan<ref group=web>, p. 551c 06(02)</ref> associate this "wall-gazing" with "quieting mind"{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=9}} ({{zh|c=安心|p=ānxīn}}).

In the ''Two Entrances and Four Acts'', traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma, the term "wall-gazing" is given as follows:{{quote|Those who turn from delusion back to reality, who ''meditate on walls'', the absence of self and other, the oneness of mortal and sage, and who remain unmoved even by scriptures are in complete and unspoken agreement with reason".{{sfn|Red Pine|1989|p=3, emphasis added}}{{refn|group=note|{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=9}} offers a more literal rendering of the key phrase 凝住壁觀 (''níngzhù bìguān'') as " in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining".}}}} Daoxuan states, "The merits of Mahāyāna wall-gazing are the highest".{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=96}}

These are the first mentions in the historical record of what may be a type of ] being ascribed to Bodhidharma.

Exactly what sort of practice Bodhidharma's "wall-gazing" was remains uncertain. Nearly all accounts have treated it either as an undefined variety of meditation, as Daoxuan and Dumoulin,{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=96}} or as a variety of seated meditation akin to the ] ({{zh|c=坐禪|p=zuòchán}}) that later became a defining characteristic of Chan. The latter interpretation is particularly common among those working from a Chan standpoint.<ref group=web> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901213528/http://www.wwzc.org/translations/denkoroku.htm |date=September 1, 2006 }}</ref><ref group=web>{{cite web|url=http://www.westernchanfellowship.org/in-the-spirit-of-chan.html|title=In The Spirit of Chan|author=Simon Child|work=Western Chan Fellowship}}</ref>

There have also, however, been interpretations of "wall-gazing" as a non-meditative phenomenon.{{refn|group=note|''viz.'', {{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=67–68}} where a ] interpretation of "wall-gazing" as being akin to ] is offered.}}

=== The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra ===
There are early texts which explicitly associate Bodhidharma with the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra''. Daoxuan, for example, in a late recension of his biography of Bodhidharma's successor ], has the sūtra as a basic and important element of the teachings passed down by Bodhidharma:
{{quote|In the beginning Dhyana Master Bodhidharma took the four-roll ''Laṅkā Sūtra'', handed it over to Huike, and said: "When I examine the land of China, it is clear that there is only this sutra. If you rely on it to practice, you will be able to cross over the world."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=62}}}}

Another early text, the "]" ({{zh|t=楞伽師資記|p=Léngqié Shīzī Jì}}) of Jìngjué (淨覺; 683–750), also mentions Bodhidharma in relation to this text. Jingjue's account also makes explicit mention of "sitting meditation" or zazen:<ref group=web>, p. 1285b 17(05)</ref>
{{quote|For all those who sat in meditation, Master Bodhi also offered expositions of the main portions of the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'', which are collected in a volume of twelve or thirteen pages bearing the title of "Teaching of Dharma".{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}}}}

In other early texts, the school that would later become known as Chan Buddhism is sometimes referred to as the "Laṅkāvatāra school" (楞伽宗 ''Léngqié zōng'').{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=52}}

The ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'', one of the ], is a highly "difficult and obscure" text{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=}} whose basic thrust is to emphasize "the inner ] that does away with all duality and is raised above all distinctions".{{sfn|Kohn|1991|p=125}} It is among the first and most important texts for ].{{sfn|Sutton|1991|p=1}}

One of the recurrent emphases in the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'' is a lack of reliance on words to effectively express reality:{{quote|If, Mahamati, you say that because of the reality of words the objects are, this talk lacks in sense. Words are not known in all the Buddha-lands; words, Mahamati, are an artificial creation. In some Buddha-lands ideas are indicated by looking steadily, in others by gestures, in still others by a frown, by the movement of the eyes, by laughing, by yawning, or by the clearing of the throat, or by recollection, or by trembling.{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=XLII}}}}

In contrast to the ineffectiveness of words, the sūtra instead stresses the importance of the "self-realization" that is "attained by noble wisdom"{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=XI(a)}} and occurs "when one has an insight into reality as it is":{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=XVI}} "The truth is the state of self-realization and is beyond categories of discrimination".{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=IX}} The sūtra goes on to outline the ultimate effects of an experience of self-realization:
{{quote|]] will become thoroughly conversant with the noble truth of self-realization, will become a perfect master of his own mind, will conduct himself without effort, will be like a gem reflecting a variety of colours, will be able to assume the body of transformation, will be able to enter into the subtle minds of all beings, and, because of his firm belief in the truth of Mind-only, will, by gradually ascending the stages, become established in Buddhahood.{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=VIII}}}}

== Lineage ==

=== Construction of lineages ===
The idea of a ] in Ch'an dates back to the ] for Fărú (法如 638–689), a disciple of the 5th patriarch Hóngrĕn (弘忍 601–674). In the ''Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices'' and the ''Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks'', Daoyu and Dazu Huike are the only explicitly identified disciples of Bodhidharma. The epitaph gives a line of descent identifying Bodhidharma as the first patriarch.{{sfn|Dumoulin|1993|p=37}}{{sfn|Cole|2009|p=73–114}}

In the 6th century biographies of famous monks were collected. From this genre the typical Chan lineage was developed:
{{quote|These famous biographies were non-sectarian. The Ch'an biographical works, however, aimed to establish Ch'an as a legitimate school of Buddhism traceable to its Indian origins, and at the same time championed a particular form of Ch'an. Historical accuracy was of little concern to the compilers; old legends were repeated, new stories were invented and reiterated until they too became legends.{{sfn|Yampolski|2003|p=5-6}}}}

] contends that Chan's growth in popularity during the 7th and 8th centuries attracted criticism that it had "no authorized records of its direct transmission from the founder of Buddhism" and that Chan historians made Bodhidharma the 28th patriarch of Buddhism in response to such attacks.{{sfn|Suzuki|1949|p=168}}

=== Six patriarchs ===
The earliest lineages described the lineage from Bodhidharma into the 5th to 7th generation of patriarchs. Various records of different authors are known, which give a variation of transmission lines:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! ''The Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks''<br />Xù gāosēng zhuàn 續高僧傳<br />Dàoxuān 道宣<br />(596–667)
! ''The Record of the Transmission of the Dharma-Jewel''<br />Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶記<br />Dù Fěi 杜胐
! ''History of Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra''<br />Léngqié shīzī jì 楞伽師資紀記<br />Jìngjué 淨覺<br />(ca. 683 – ca. 650)
! ''Xiǎnzōngjì'' 显宗记 of Shénhuì 神会
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 ||style="text-align:center;" | Bodhidharma ||style="text-align:center;"| Bodhidharma ||style="text-align:center;"| Bodhidharma ||style="text-align:center;"| Bodhidharma
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 2 || rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | Huìkě 慧可 (487? – 593)
| style="text-align:center;" | Dàoyù 道育 ||style="text-align:center;"| Dàoyù 道育 ||style="text-align:center;"| Dàoyù 道育
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Huìkě 慧可 (487? – 593) ||style="text-align:center;"| Huìkě 慧可 (487? – 593) ||style="text-align:center;"| Huìkě 慧可 (487? – 593)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3 || style="text-align:center;" | Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) ||style="text-align:center;"| Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) ||style="text-align:center;"| Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606) ||style="text-align:center;"| Sēngcàn 僧璨 (d.606)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4 || style="text-align:center;" | Dàoxìn 道信 (580 – 651) ||style="text-align:center;"| Dàoxìn 道信 (580 – 651) ||style="text-align:center;"| Dàoxìn 道信 (580 – 651) ||style="text-align:center;"| Dàoxìn 道信 (580 – 651)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5 || style="text-align:center;" | ] 弘忍 (601 – 674) ||style="text-align:center;"| ] 弘忍 (601 – 674) ||style="text-align:center;"| ] 弘忍 (601 – 674) ||style="text-align:center;"| ] 弘忍 (601 – 674)
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 6 || rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:center;" | Fǎrú 法如 (638–689) ||style="text-align:center;"| Shénxiù 神秀 (606? – 706) ||style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2 | ] 慧能 (638–713)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Shénxiù 神秀 (606? – 706) 神秀 (606? – 706) ||style="text-align:center;"| Xuánzé 玄賾
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 7 || style="text-align:center;" | – ||style="text-align:center;"| – ||style="text-align:center;"| – ||style="text-align:center;"| Xuánjué 玄覺 (665–713)
|}

=== Continuous lineage from Gautama Buddha ===
Eventually these descriptions of the lineage evolved into a continuous lineage from Śākyamuni Buddha to Bodhidharma. The idea of a line of descent from Śākyamuni Buddha is the basis for the distinctive lineage tradition of Chan Buddhism.

According to the '']'' (證道歌 ''Zhèngdào gē'') by Yǒngjiā Xuánjué (665-713),{{sfn|Chang|1967}} one of the chief disciples of ], was Bodhidharma, the 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in a line of descent from Gautama Buddha via his disciple ]:
<poem>Mahakashyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;
Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West;
The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;
And Bodhidharma became the First Father here
His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,
And by them many minds came to see the Light.{{sfn|Suzuki|1948|p=50}}</poem>
The ''Transmission of the Light'' gives 28 patriarchs in this transmission:{{sfn|Cook|2003}}{{sfn|Diener|1991|p=266}}

{{Zen Lineage 28 Patriarchs}}

== Modern scholarship ==
Bodhidharma has been the subject of critical scientific research, which has shed new light on the traditional stories about Bodhidharma.

=== Biography as a hagiographic process ===
According to John McRae, Bodhidharma has been the subject of a ] which served the needs of Chan Buddhism. According to him it is not possible to write an accurate biography of Bodhidharma:
{{quote|It is ultimately impossible to reconstruct any original or accurate biography of the man whose life serves as the original trace of his hagiography – where "trace" is a term from Jacques Derrida meaning the beginningless beginning of a phenomenon, the imagined but always intellectually unattainable origin. Hence any such attempt by modern biographers to reconstruct a definitive account of Bodhidharma's life is both doomed to failure and potentially no different in intent from the hagiographical efforts of premodern writers.{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=24}}}}

McRae's standpoint accords with Yanagida's standpoint: "Yanagida ascribes great historical value to the witness of the disciple T'an-lin, but at the same time acknowledges the presence of "many puzzles in the biography of Bodhidharma". Given the present state of the sources, he considers it impossible to compile a reliable account of Bodhidharma's life.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}}

Several scholars have suggested that the composed image of Bodhidharma depended on the combination of supposed historical information on various historical figures over several centuries.{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=25}} Bodhidharma as a historical person may even never have actually existed.{{sfn|Chaline|2003|pp=26–27}}

=== Origins and place of birth ===
Dumoulin comments on the three principal sources. The Persian heritage is doubtful, according to Dumoulin: "In the description of the Lo-yang temple, bodhidharma is called a Persian. Given the ambiguity of geographical references in writings of this period, such a statement should not be taken too seriously."{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89-90}} Dumoulin considers Tan-lin's account of Bodhidharma being "the third son of a great Brahman king" to be a later addition, and finds the exact meaning of "South Indian Brahman stock" unclear: "And when Tao-hsuan speaks of origins from South Indian Brahman stock, it is not clear whether he is referring to roots in nobility or to India in general as the land of the Brahmans."{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=90}}

These Chinese sources lend themselves to make inferences about Bodhidharma's origins. "The third son of a Brahman king" has been speculated to mean "the third son of a Pallavine king".{{sfn|Kambe|(year unknown)}} Based on a specific pronunciation of the Chinese characters 香至 as Kang-zhi, "meaning fragrance extreme",{{sfn|Kambe|(year unknown)}} Tsutomu Kambe identifies 香至 to be ], an old capital town in the state ], ]. According to Tsutomu Kambe, "Kanchi means 'a radiant jewel' or 'a luxury belt with jewels', and puram means a town or a state in the sense of earlier times. Thus, it is understood that the '香至-Kingdom' corresponds to the old capital 'Kanchipuram'."{{sfn|Kambe|(year unknown)}}

The ]i scholar ] speculated that according to popular accounts in Pakistan's northwest, Bodhidharma may be from the region around the ] valley, or possibly around modern Afghanistan's eastern border with Pakistan.<ref>See Dani, AH, 'Some Early Buddhist Texts from Taxila and Peshawar Valley', Paper, Lahore SAS, 1983; and 'Short History of Pakistan' Vol 1, original 1967, rev ed 1992, and 'History of the Northern Areas of Pakistan' ed Lahore: Sang e Meel, 2001</ref>

=== Caste ===
In the context of the ] the mention of "Brahman king"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}} acquires a nuance. Broughton notes that "king" implies that Bodhidharma was of a member of the ] caste of warriors and rulers.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=2}} Brahman is, in western contexts, easily understood as Brahmana or ], which means ''priest''.

=== Name ===
According to tradition Bodhidharma was given this name by his teacher known variously as Panyatara, ], or Prajñādhara.{{sfn|Eitel|1904}} His name prior to monkhood is said to be Jayavarman.<ref name=Krishna>{{cite book| title=Bodhidharma: Kata Awal adalah Kata Akhir |author=Anand Krishna |year=2005 |publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama |language=Indonesian |isbn=9792217711}}</ref>

Bodhidharma is associated with several other names, and is also known by the name Bodhitara. Faure notes that:
{{quote|Bodhidharma’s name appears sometimes truncated as Bodhi, or more often as Dharma (Ta-mo). In the first case, it may be confused with another of his rivals, ].{{sfn|Faure|1986}}}}

Tibetan sources give his name as "Bodhidharmottāra" or "Dharmottara", that is, "Highest teaching (dharma) of enlightenment".{{sfn|Goodman|1992|p=65}}

=== Abode in China ===
Buswell dates Bodhidharma abode in China approximately at the early 5th century.{{sfn|Buswell|unknown|pp=57, 130}} Broughton dates Bodhidharma's presence in Luoyang to between 516 and 526, when the temple referred to—Yǒngníngsì (永寧寺), was at the height of its glory.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=55}} Starting in 526, Yǒngníngsì suffered damage from a series of events, ultimately leading to its destruction in 534.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=138}}

=== Shaolin boxing ===
Traditionally Bodhidharma is credited as founder of the martial arts at the Shaolin Temple. However, martial arts historians have shown this legend stems from a 17th-century ] manual known as the '']''.{{sfn|Shahar |2008|pp=165–173}}

The authenticity of the ''Yi Jin Jing'' has been discredited by some historians including Tang Hao, Xu Zhen and Matsuda Ryuchi. This argument is summarized by modern historian Lin Boyuan in his ''Zhongguo wushu shi'':
{{quote|As for the "Yi Jin Jing" (Muscle Change Classic), a spurious text attributed to Bodhidharma and included in the legend of his transmitting martial arts at the temple, it was written in the Ming dynasty, in 1624, by the Daoist priest Zining of Mt. Tiantai, and falsely attributed to Bodhidharma. Forged prefaces, attributed to the Tang general Li Jing and the Southern Song general Niu Gao were written. They say that, after Bodhidharma faced the wall for nine years at Shaolin temple, he left behind an iron chest; when the monks opened this chest they found the two books "Xi Sui Jing" (Marrow Washing Classic) and "Yi Jin Jing" within. The first book was taken by his disciple Huike, and disappeared; as for the second, "the monks selfishly coveted it, practicing the skills therein, falling into heterodox ways, and losing the correct purpose of cultivating the Real. The Shaolin monks have made some fame for themselves through their fighting skill; this is all due to having obtained this manuscript." Based on this, Bodhidharma was claimed to be the ancestor of Shaolin martial arts. This manuscript is full of errors, absurdities and fantastic claims; it cannot be taken as a legitimate source.{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}}}}

The oldest available copy was published in 1827.{{sfn|Ryuchi|1986}} The composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624.{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}} Even then, the association of Bodhidharma with martial arts only became widespread as a result of the 1904–1907 serialization of the novel ''The Travels of Lao Ts'an'' in ''Illustrated Fiction Magazine'':{{sfn|Henning|1994}}
{{quote|One of the most recently invented and familiar of the Shaolin historical narratives is a story that claims that the Indian monk Bodhidharma, the supposed founder of Chinese Chan (Zen) Buddhism, introduced boxing into the monastery as a form of exercise around a.d. 525. This story first appeared in a popular novel, ''The Travels of Lao T’san'', published as a series in a literary magazine in 1907. This story was quickly picked up by others and spread rapidly through publication in a popular contemporary boxing manual, Secrets of Shaolin Boxing Methods, and the first Chinese physical culture history published in 1919. As a result, it has enjoyed vast oral circulation and is one of the most "sacred" of the narratives shared within Chinese and Chinese-derived martial arts. That this story is clearly a twentieth-century invention is confirmed by writings going back at least 250 years earlier, which mention both Bodhidharma and martial arts but make no connection between the two.{{sfn|Henning|2001|p=129}}}}

== Works attributed to Bodhidharma ==
* '']'',《二入四行論》
* ''The Bloodstream sermon''《血脈論》
* ''Dharma Teaching of Pacifying the Mind''《安心法門》
* ''Treatise on Realizing the Nature''《悟性論》
* ''Bodhidharma Treatise''《達摩論》
* ''Refuting Signs Treatise'' 《破相論》(a.k.a. ''Contemplation of Mind Treatise''《觀心論》)
* ''Two Types of Entrance''《二種入》

== See also ==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=notuue|2}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

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{{Refend}}

=== Web sources ===
{{Reflist|group=web|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bodhidharma}}
* By Bodhidharma, with annotations. Also known as "The Outline of Practice." translated by Chung Tai Translation Committee
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Revision as of 09:50, 7 August 2017