| Revision as of 15:11, 6 August 2017 edit91.176.97.27 (talk) Changed reference to Polistes annularis with the reference to Vespa orientalis. This way, more different genusses and a large geographic range are represented.← Previous edit | Revision as of 00:46, 15 August 2017 edit undoRDBrown (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users15,753 edits →Cite journal, taxonbarNext edit → | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
| ]: ]s, ]s | ]: ]s, ]s | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Vespidae''' are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, ] family of ]s, including nearly all the known ] wasps (such as '']'', '']'', and '']'') and many ] wasps.<ref> |
The '''Vespidae''' are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, ] family of ]s, including nearly all the known ] wasps (such as '']'', '']'', and '']'') and many ] wasps.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Kurt M. |last=Pickett |first2=John W. |last2=Wenzel |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of the New World ''Polistes'' (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Using Morphology and Molecules |journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=742–760 |year=2004 |doi=10.2317/E-18.1 |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2317/E-18.1}}</ref> Each social wasp ] includes a ] and a number of female ]s with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. In temperate social species, colonies usually only last one year, dying at the onset of winter. New queens and males (drones) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. The nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of ] (also true of some stenogastrines). Many species are pollen vectors contributing to the ] of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators,<ref>{{cite journal |first=R.B. |last=Sühs |first2=A. |last2=Somavilla |first3=J. |last3=Putzke |first4=A. |last4=Köhler |title=Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of ''Schinus terebinthifolius'' Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biosciences |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=138–143 |year=2009 |doi= |url=http://www.ufrgs.br/seerbio/ojs/index.php/rbb/article/view/1123}}</ref> while others are notable predators of pest insect species. | ||
| The subfamilies ] and ] are composed solely of ] species, while the ], ], and ] are all ]; the ] subfamily contains a variety of forms from solitary to social. | The subfamilies ] and ] are composed solely of ] species, while the ], ], and ] are all ]; the ] subfamily contains a variety of forms from solitary to social. | ||
| In the ] and ], rather than consuming prey directly, prey are ] and fed to the larvae, which in return, produce a clear liquid (with high ] content) for the adults to consume; the exact amino acid composition varies considerably among species, but it is considered to contribute substantially to adult nutrition.<ref> |
In the ] and ], rather than consuming prey directly, prey are ] and fed to the larvae, which in return, produce a clear liquid (with high ] content) for the adults to consume; the exact amino acid composition varies considerably among species, but it is considered to contribute substantially to adult nutrition.<ref>{{cite journal |first=J.H. |last=Hunt |first2=I. |last2=Baker |first3=H.G. |last3=Baker |title=Similarity of amino acids in nectar and larval saliva: the nutritional basis for trophallaxis in social wasps |journal=Evolution |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1318–22 |year=1982 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05501.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05501.x/full}}</ref> | ||
| ==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
| <references/> | <references/> | ||
| {{taxonbar}} | |||
| {{Hymenoptera|2}} | {{Hymenoptera|2}} | ||
| {{Eusociality}} | {{Eusociality}} | ||
Revision as of 00:46, 15 August 2017
| Vespidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Vespula germanica | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Superfamily: | Vespoidea |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamilies | |
|
Eumeninae: potter wasps | |
The Vespidae are a large (nearly 5000 species), diverse, cosmopolitan family of wasps, including nearly all the known eusocial wasps (such as Polistes fuscatus, Vespa orientalis, and Vespula germanica) and many solitary wasps. Each social wasp colony includes a queen and a number of female workers with varying degrees of sterility relative to the queen. In temperate social species, colonies usually only last one year, dying at the onset of winter. New queens and males (drones) are produced towards the end of the summer, and after mating, the queens hibernate over winter in cracks or other sheltered locations. The nests of most species are constructed out of mud, but polistines and vespines use plant fibers, chewed to form a sort of paper (also true of some stenogastrines). Many species are pollen vectors contributing to the pollination of several plants, being potential or even effective pollinators, while others are notable predators of pest insect species.
The subfamilies Polistinae and Vespinae are composed solely of eusocial species, while the Eumeninae, Euparagiinae, and Masarinae are all solitary; the Stenogastrinae subfamily contains a variety of forms from solitary to social.
In the Polistinae and Vespinae, rather than consuming prey directly, prey are masticated and fed to the larvae, which in return, produce a clear liquid (with high amino acid content) for the adults to consume; the exact amino acid composition varies considerably among species, but it is considered to contribute substantially to adult nutrition.
Gallery
-
German wasp
-
Median wasp nest
-
Polistes nest
-
Vespa tropica from India
-
Dolichovespula media (a European tree wasp) stripping wood from a fence for use in nest construction
External links
- Evolutionary history of social behavior in Vespids
- Stunning photographs of Vespidae (and other insects) in flight
- Vespidae: Potter wasps; vespid wasps; social wasps; hornets; paper wasps; yellowjackets
References
- Pickett, Kurt M.; Wenzel, John W. (2004). "Phylogenetic Analysis of the New World Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Using Morphology and Molecules". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77 (4): 742–760. doi:10.2317/E-18.1.
- Sühs, R.B.; Somavilla, A.; Putzke, J.; Köhler, A. (2009). "Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biosciences. 7 (2): 138–143.
- Hunt, J.H.; Baker, I.; Baker, H.G. (1982). "Similarity of amino acids in nectar and larval saliva: the nutritional basis for trophallaxis in social wasps". Evolution. 36 (6): 1318–22. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05501.x.
| Eusociality | ||
|---|---|---|
| Topics |  | |
| Groups | ||
| In culture | ||
| Pioneers, works |
| |