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| {{About|the letter of the alphabet}} | |||
| {{Redirect|Ess|ESS|ESS (disambiguation){{!}}ESS}} | |||
| {{Technical reasons|S#|the programming language|Script.NET}} | |||
| {{Technical reasons|ſ|the archaic medial form of the letter 's'|long s}} | |||
| {{Latin letter info|s}} | |||
| ] | |||
| '''S''' (] ''ess'' {{IPAc-en|ɛ|s}},<ref>Spelled 'es'- in compound words</ref> plural ''esses''<ref>"S", ''],'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "ess," op. cit.</ref>) is the 19th ] in the ] and the ]. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Origin=== | |||
| {{see|Shin (letter)|Sigma|San (letter)|Sho (letter)}} | |||
| ] ] represented a ] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (as in '<nowiki/>''sh''ip'). It originated most likely as a pictogram of a tooth ({{lang|sem|]}}) and represented the phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} via the acrophonic principle.<ref>"corresponds etymologically (in part, at least) to original Semitic ''ṯ'' (th), which was pronounced ''s'' in South Canaanite" Albright, W. F., "The Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from Sinai and their Decipherment," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 110 (1948), p. 15. The interpretation as "tooth" is now prevalent, but not entirely certain. The ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' of 1972 reported that the letter represented a "composite bow".</ref> | |||
| ] did not have a {{IPA|/ʃ/}} phoneme, so the derived Greek letter ] (Σ) came to represent the ] {{IPA|/s/}}. | |||
| While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician ''šîn'', its name ''sigma'' is taken from the letter '']'', while the shape of ''samekh'' but name and position of ''šîn'' is continued in the '']''. {{fact|date=June 2017}} | |||
| Within Greek, the name of ''sigma'' was influenced by its association with the Greek word σίζω (earlier ''*sigj-'') "to hiss". The original name of the letter "sigma" may have been ''san'', but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, ].<ref>Woodard, Roger D. (2006). "Alphabet". In Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. London: Routldedge. p. 38.</ref> ] reports that "San" was the name given by the ] to the same letter called "Sigma" by the ].<ref>"{{lang|grc|…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "San", but the Ionians "Sigma"…'; Herodotus, '']'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}.</ref> | |||
| The ] used in ] was adopted by the ] and ] in the 7th century BC, over the following centuries developing into a range of ] including the ] and the early ]. | |||
| In ], the value {{IPA|/s/}} of Greek sigma (𐌔) was maintained, while san (𐌑) | |||
| represented a separate phoneme, most likely {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (transliterated as ''ś''). | |||
| The early Latin alphabet adopted sigma, but not san, as Old Latin did not have a {{IPA|/ʃ/}} phoneme. | |||
| The shape of Latin S arises from Greek Σ by dropping one out of the four strokes of that letter. | |||
| The (angular) S-shape composed of three strokes existed as a variant of the four-stroke letter Σ already in the epigraphy in ], and the three and four strokes variants existed alongside one another in the classical Etruscan alphabet. In other ] (Venetic, Lepontic), the letter could be represented as a zig-zagging line of any number between three and six strokes. | |||
| The Italic letter was also adopted into ], as '']'' ({{script|Runr|ᛊ}}), and appears with four to eight strokes in the earliest runic inscriptions, but is occasionally reduced to three strokes ({{script|Runr|ᛋ}}) from the later 5th century, and appears regularly with three strokes in ]. | |||
| ===Long s=== | |||
| ], dated 1496) illustrating the use of long and round ''s'': ''prieſters tochter'' ("priest's daughter").]] | |||
| {{main|long s}} | |||
| The ] ſ, called the ], developed in the early medieval period, within the ] and ] hands, with predecessors in the ] and ] scripts of ]. It remained standard in western writing throughout the medieval period and was adopted in early printing with movable types. | |||
| It existed alongside minuscule "round" or "short" ''s'', which was at the time only used at the end of words. | |||
| In most western orthographies, the ſ gradually fell out of use during the second half of the 18th century, although it remained in occasional use into the 19th century. | |||
| In Spain, the change was mainly accomplished between the years 1760 and 1766. In France, the change occurred between 1782 and 1793. Printers in the United States stopped using the long ''s'' between 1795 and 1810. In English orthography, the London printer ] (1745–1831) pioneered the change. His edition of Shakespeare, in 1785, was advertised with the claim that he "ventured to depart from the common mode by rejecting the long 'ſ' in favor of the round one, as being less liable to error....."<ref>Stanley Morison, ''A Memoir of John Bell, 1745–1831'' (1930, Cambridge Univ. Press) page 105; Daniel Berkeley Updike, ''Printing Types, Their History, Forms, and Use – a study in survivals'' (2nd. ed, 1951, Harvard Univ. Press) page 293.</ref> '']'' of London made the switch from the long to the short ''s'' with its issue of 10 September 1803. | |||
| ]'s 5th edition, completed in 1817, was the last edition to use the long ''s''. | |||
| In ], long ''s'' was retained in ] (]) type as well as in standard cursive (]) well into the 20th century, and was officially abolished in 1941.<ref> | |||
| ] of 3 January 1941 to all public offices, signed by ]. | |||
| {{cite book |first=Albert |last=Kapr |title=Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften |location=Mainz |publisher=H. Schmidt |year=1993 |page=81 |isbn=3-87439-260-0 }}</ref> | |||
| The ] of ''ſs'' (or ''ſz'') was retained, however, giving rise to the '']'', '']'' in contemporary German orthography. | |||
| ==Use in writing systems== | |||
| The letter {{angbr|s}} is the seventh most common letter in ] and the third-most common consonant after {{angbr|t}} and {{angbr|n}}.<ref></ref> It is the most common letter in starting and ending position.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} | |||
| In English and many other languages, primarily ] ones like ] and ], final {{angbr|s}} is the usual mark of ] ]s. It is the regular ending of English ] ] ]s. | |||
| {{angbr|s}} represents the ] or ] {{IPA|/s/}} in most languages as well as in the ]. It also commonly represents the ] or ] {{IPA|/z/}}, as in ] ''mesa'' (table) or English 'rose' and 'bands', or it may represent the ] {{IPA|}}, as in most ] when syllable-finally, in ], in ] (before {{angbr|p}}, {{angbr|t}}) and some English words as 'sugar', since ] became a dominant feature, and {{IPA|}}, as in English 'measure' (also because of yod-coalescence), ] ''Islão'' (]) or, in many sociolects of ], ''esdrúxulo'' (]) in some ], it merged with ] {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|z}} and is now pronounced {{IPA|}}. In some English words of French origin, the letter {{angbr|s}} is silent, as in 'isle' or 'debris'. | |||
| The ] for English {{IPA|/ʃ/}} arises in Middle English (alongside ]), replacing the Old English {{angbr|sc}} digraph. Similarly, Old High German {{angbr|sc}} was replaced by {{angbr|sch}} in Early Modern High German orthography. | |||
| ==Related characters== | |||
| <!-- Please only list characters (symbols in a writing system, but not just convenience code points in Unicode) that are actually related in terms of origin to the letter that is the topic of this article. Characters that merely look subjectively similar need not apply. See https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Verifiability and https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources before adding more. --> | |||
| ===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== | |||
| *ſ : Latin letter ], an obsolete variant of S | |||
| *ẜ ẝ : Various forms of long S were used for medieval ]s<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|title=L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS|date=2006-01-30|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Peter|last2=Baker|first3=António|last3=Emiliano|first4=Florian|last4=Grammel|first5=Odd Einar|last5=Haugen|first6=Diana|last6=Luft|first7=Susana|last7=Pedro|first8=Gerd|last8=Schumacher|first9=Andreas|last9=Stötzner}}</ref> | |||
| *ẞ ß : ] or "sharp S", derived from a ligature of long s followed by either s or z | |||
| *S with ]s: ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ᵴ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> | |||
| *ₛ : Subscript small s was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09028-n3571-upa-additions.pdf|title=L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet|date=2009-01-27|first1=Klaas|last1=Ruppel|first2=Tero|last2=Aalto|first3=Michael|last3=Everson}}</ref> | |||
| *] : Modifier letter small s is used for phonetic transcription | |||
| *ꜱ : Small capital S was used in the Icelandic ] to mark ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|title=L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS|date=2006-01-30|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Peter|last2=Baker|first3=António|last3=Emiliano|first4=Florian|last4=Grammel|first5=Odd Einar|last5=Haugen|first6=Diana|last6=Luft|first7=Susana|last7=Pedro|first8=Gerd|last8=Schumacher|first9=Andreas|last9=Stötzner}}</ref> | |||
| *Ƨ ƨ : Latin letter ] (used in ] transliteration) | |||
| *]-specific symbols related to S: {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|ɧ}}{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} {{IPA link|ʂ}} | |||
| *Ꞅ ꞅ : ] S | |||
| ===Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations=== | |||
| *$ : ] | |||
| *₷ : ] | |||
| *§ : ] | |||
| *℠ : ] | |||
| *∫ : ], short for ] | |||
| ===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== | |||
| *𐤔 : ] letter ], from which the following symbols originally derive | |||
| **] ] could be written with different numbers of angles and strokes. Besides the classical form with four strokes ({{GrGl|Sigma normal}}), a three-stroke form resembling an angular Latin S ({{GrGl|Sigma Z-shaped}}) was commonly found, and was particularly characteristic of some mainland Greek varieties including Attic and several "red" alphabets. | |||
| ***Σ: ] letter ] | |||
| ****Ϲ ϲ: Greek ] | |||
| *****{{Script|Copt|Ⲥ ⲥ}} : ] letter sima | |||
| *****С с : ] letter ], derived from a form of sigma | |||
| ***𐌔 : ] letter S, includes the variants also found in the archaic Greek letter | |||
| ****S: ] letter S | |||
| ****{{Script|Runr|ᛊ, ᛋ, ᛌ}} : ] letter ], which is derived from Old Italic S | |||
| ***{{Script|Goth|𐍃}}: ] letter sigil | |||
| ==Computing codes== | |||
| {{charmap | |||
| | 0053 | 0073 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter S | name2 =     Latin Small Letter S | |||
| | map2 = ] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 53 | map2char2 = 73 | |||
| }} | |||
| : <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}} | |||
| ==Other representations== | |||
| {{Letter other reps | |||
| |NATO=Sierra | |||
| |Morse=··· | |||
| |Character=S | |||
| |Braille=⠎ | |||
| |fingerspelling=S | |||
| }} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *{{Commonscat-inline|S}} | |||
| *{{Wiktionary-inline|S}} | |||
| *{{Wiktionary-inline|s}} | |||
| *{{Cite NSRW|short=x|wstitle=S}} | |||
| {{Latin alphabet|S|}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
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