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| '''GUM''' ({{lang-ru|ГУМ}}, pronounced {{IPA-ru|ˈɡum|}}, an abbreviation of {{lang-rus|Глáвный универсáльный магазѝн|r=Glávnyj Universáĺnyj Magazín}}, literally "Main Universal Store") is the name of the main ] in many cities of the former ], known as '''State Department Store''' ({{lang-rus|Государственный универсальный магазин|r=Gosudarstvennyi Universalnyi Magazin}}) during the Soviet times. Similarly-named stores were found in some Soviet republics and post-Soviet states. | |||
| The most famous GUM is the large store in the ] part of ] facing ]. It is currently a shopping mall. Prior to the 1920s, the location was known as the '''Upper Trading Rows''' ({{lang-rus|Верхние торговые ряды|r=Verhnije torgovye rjady}}). | |||
| Nearby, facing The Bolshoi Theatre, is a building very similar to GUM, known formerly as the Middle Trading Rows, now the ], about the same size as a large North American shopping mall, with a glass roof. | |||
| ==Moscow GUM== | |||
| ===Design and structure=== | |||
| ] roof]] | |||
| With the façade extending for {{convert|794|ft|abbr=on}} along the eastern side of Red Square, the Upper Trading Rows were built between 1890 and 1893 by ] (responsible for architecture) and ] (responsible for engineering). The trapezoidal building features a combination of elements of ] and a ] framework and ] roof, a similar style to the great 19th-century ]s of ]. ] described the GUM building as "a tribute both to Shukhov's design and to the technical proficiency of ] toward the end of the 19th century".<ref>{{cite book|last=Brumfield|first=William Craft|title=The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture|publisher=University of California Press|year=1991|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford|ISBN=0-520-06929-3|url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1g5004bj/}}</ref> | |||
| The glass-​roofed design made the building unique at the time of construction. The roof, the diameter of which is {{convert|46|ft|abbr=on}}, looks light, but it is a firm construction made of more than 50,000 metal pods (about {{convert|819|ST|abbr=on}}, capable of supporting snowfall accumulation. Illumination is provided by huge arched skylights of iron and glass, each weighing some {{convert|820|ST|abbr=on}} and containing in excess of 20,000 panes of glass. The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers, lined with red Finnish granite, ] marble, and limestone. Each arcade is on three levels, linked by walkways of reinforced concrete. | |||
| ===History=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] commissioned ], a Neoclassical architect from Italy, to design a huge trade center along the east side of Red Square. The existing structure was built to replace the previous trading rows that had been designed by ] after the ].<ref name="artclassic">{{cite web|url=http://artclassic.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2017223|publisher=Russian Educational Portal|accessdate=20 April 2013|script-title=ru:Верхние торговые ряды на Красной площади в Москве. 1890–1893|author=Pomeratzev, Alexander |language=Russian}}</ref> | |||
| By the time of the ], the building contained some 1,200 ]. After the Revolution, the GUM was ]. During the ] period (1921–28), GUM as a State Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class, gender, and ethnicity. GUM's stores were used to further Bolshevik goals of rebuilding private enterprise along socialist lines and "democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide". In the end, GUM's efforts to build ] through ] were unsuccessful and arguably "only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hilton|first=Marjorie L.|title=Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s|journal=Journal of Social History|year=2004|volume=37|issue=4|pages=939–964; 1127|accessdate=20 September 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|issn=0022-4529|doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0049}}</ref> | |||
| GUM continued to be used as a department store until ] converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first ].<ref name="artclassic"/> After the ] of Stalin's wife ] in 1932, the GUM was used briefly to display her body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lib.rus.ec/b/66909/read|title= Chronicles of Stalin's family|language=Russian|accessdate=20 April 2013|author=Kolesnik, Alexander|publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| After reopening as a department store in 1953, the GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of ] goods, and the ] of shoppers were long, often extending entirely across Red Square.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gum.ru/history|title=History of GUM|accessdate=20 April 2013|language=Russian| publisher =Official GUM website}}</ref> | |||
| At the end of the Soviet era, GUM was partially, then fully privatized, and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company ]. In May 2005, a 50.25% interest was sold to ], a Russian luxury-goods distributor and boutique operator. As a private shopping mall, it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old abbreviation and thus still be called GUM. However, the first word ''Gosudarstvennyi'' ('state') has been replaced with ''Glavnyi'' ('main'), so that GUM is now an abbreviation for "Main Universal Store". | |||
| ==Comparable store== | |||
| There is a similar historic department store that rivals GUM in size, elegance, and opulent architecture, the sprawling TsUM, just east of the ]. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==Sources== | |||
| * Brumfield, William Craft, (1991) ''The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture'', University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, {{ISBN|0-520-06929-3}} | |||
| * English, Elizabeth Cooper (2000). , a dissertation in architecture, University of Pennsylvania | |||
| * Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004). . ''Journal of Social History'', (Oxford University Press) 37 (4): 939–964; 1127. {{ISSN|0022-4529}} | |||
| * Rainer Graefe, Jos Tomlow: “Vladimir G. Suchov 1853–1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion.”, 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, {{ISBN|3-421-02984-9}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category|Moscow GUM}} | |||
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| * {{Structurae|id=s0016929|title=GUM}} | |||
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Revision as of 22:07, 26 September 2017
Home of Adolf Hitler.