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{{History of Romania}} |
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{{History of Romania}} |
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* marta manzano es muy buena en history y alfaro mola |
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The '''Soviet occupation of Romania''' refers<ref>The term "occupation" is widely used by Western and post-Revolutionary Romanian historians. Examples include: |
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*"Soviet forces occupied Romania in 1944 and stayed for more than a decade." ], ], ''Romania Versus the United States: Diplomacy of the Absurd, 1985-1989'', p. 2. ], 1994, {{ISBN|0-312-12059-1}}. |
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*"Soviet occupation troops had been withdrawn in 1958." Gordon L. Rottman, Ron Volstad, ''Warsaw Pact Ground Forces'', p. 45. Osprey, 1987, {{ISBN|0-85045-730-0}}. |
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*"The country had to endure a long Soviet occupation (until 1958), and to pay the Soviets massive reparations." ], ''Romania: Borderland of Europe'', p. 106. Reaktion Books, 2001, {{ISBN|1-86189-103-2}}. |
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*"Soviet occupation forces in Romania unlimited interference in Romanian political life." Verona (''Military Occupation and Diplomacy: Soviet Troops in Romania, 1944-1958''), p. 31. |
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*"In June 1958, based on complex arrangements between the Romanians, the Russians, and the Yugoslavs, the occupying Soviet Army units left Romania." Tismăneanu, p. 25. "Romanian communists remained an unappealing marginal group until the occupation of the country by the Red Army in 1944." ''ibid.'', p. 59. "The Soviet Army occupied Romanian territory and ... the Soviet-controlled political formation called the RCP was exploiting this state of affairs to establish a Stalinist regime as soon as possible, whatever the human cost." ''ibid.'', p. 91. |
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*"The primary focus is the occupation of the rest of Romania from 1944 to 1958...There is little doubt that the Soviet occupation had a devastating economic, political, and social impact on Romania." ], review of ''The Red Army in Romania'', in '']'', Vol. 61, No. 1, 146-147, Spring 2002. |
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*"The withdrawal of Soviet troops signified the end of the country's direct military occupation, which lasted 14 years." ''Istoria României în date'', p. 553. ], Bucharest, 2003, {{ISBN|973-45-0432-0}} |
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*"] (who had, as an OSS officer, witnessed the brutal Soviet occupation of Romania)", David F. Rudgers, , Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 35 , no. 2 (2000), 249–262 |
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*Flori Stănescu, Dragoş Zamfirescu, ''Ocupaţia sovietică în România - Documente 1944-1946'' (''The Soviet Occupation in Romania - Documents 1944-1946''). Vremea, 1998, {{ISBN|973-9423-17-5}}. |
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* "The first period of communist rule in Romania, 1944-1958 is defined by Stefan Fisher Galati as the loss of national identity by the destruction of the "bourgeois nationalist" legacy and the diminution of Romania's national sovereignty under a virtual Soviet occupation." Constantin Iordachi, "", MA Thesis, ], 1995-1996. |
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</ref> to the period from 1944 to August 1958, during which the ] maintained a significant military presence in ]. The fate of the territories held by Romania after 1918 that were incorporated into the ] in 1940 is treated separately in the article on ]. |
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During the ] offensive of 1944, the Soviet Army occupied what had been the ] prior to the ]. The northwestern part of ] was occupied ] that took place between the months of April and August of that year, while Romania was still an ally of ]. The rest of the territory was occupied after Romania changed sides in ], as a result of the ] launched by ] on August 23, 1944. On that date, the King announced that Romania had unilaterally ceased all military actions against the ], accepted the Allied armistice offer,<ref>{{ro icon}} Valeriu Rapeanu, (from the Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on the night of August 23, 1944), '']'', August 7, 2004</ref> and joined the war against the ]. As no formal armistice offer had been extended yet, the ] occupied most of Romania as enemy territory prior to the signing of the ] Armistice of September 12, 1944. |
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The armistice convention and eventually the ] of 1947 provided a legal basis for the Soviet military presence in Romania, which lasted until 1958,<ref>, ], ], October 2007. The text of the treaty states: "The treaty also required massive war reparations by Romania to the Soviet Union, whose occupying forces left in 1958."</ref> reaching a peak of some 615,000 in 1946.<ref>Verona, pp. 49–51</ref> |
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Soviet authors and the ] referred to the events of 1944 as the "liberation of Romania by the glorious Soviet Army".<ref>{{ro icon}} </ref> On the other hand, most Romanian and Western sources use the term "Soviet occupation of Romania," some applying it to the whole period from 1944 to 1958. |
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==Background and beginning of the occupation== |
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{{See also|Romania during World War II|King Michael Coup}} |
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After having withdrawn its troops from ] and Northern ] in response to the ], ] entered an alliance with ] and declared war on the ]. ]n troops entered ] in 1941 as part of ], under the ]. Following the recapturing of the territory annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, Romanian troops occupied Southern ] all the way to the ]. However, Romania's eastern campaign ended in disaster, notably at ]. |
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By the end of 1943, the ] had regained control over most of the Soviet territory, and was advancing westward beyond the borders of USSR to defeat ] and its allies. It was in this context that the ] and occupied Northern and Eastern ]. |
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On August 23, 1944 King Michael launched ], thereby overthrowing the pro-Nazi government of ], and putting ] on the side of the ]. As a result, King Michael was the last monarch behind the ] to lose his throne, on December 30, 1947. |
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The coup facilitated the advance of the Red Army into Romania at an accelerated pace,<ref name="US Cong"/> and enabled the combined Romanian and Soviet armies to liberate the country from the German occupation. In the absence of an actual signed armistice,<ref name= "arta mil">Ioan Vlad, Alexandru Baboş, ''Războiul României pentru reîntregirea naţională(1941-1945)'', Ch. 3, in ''Istoria artei militare'', Sibiu, 1996{{Verify source|date=July 2007}}</ref> the Soviet troops continued to treat the Romanians as a hostile force. The armistice was signed three weeks later, on September 12, 1944, "on terms ] virtually dictated."<ref name= "US Cong"></ref> The coup effectively amounted to a "capitulation",<ref>, '']'', August 25, 1944</ref> an "unconditional"<ref>, '']'', August 24, 1944</ref> "surrender"<ref name="US Cong"/><ref> </ref> to the Soviets and the rest of the Allies. In the wake of the cease fire order given by King Michael,<ref>{{ro icon}} Alexandru Dutu and Florica Dobre, </ref> between 114,000<ref name="arta mil"/> and 160,000 Romanian soldiers were taken ] by the Soviets without resisting, and they were forced to march to remote detention camps, located in the Soviet Union; according to survivors interviewed in a 2004 documentary, up to a third of the prisoners perished on the way.<ref>Vartan Arachelian , ''Ziua'', August 16, 2004</ref> |
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By September 12, the Red Army had already gained control over much of the Romanian territory. Under the terms of its Armistice Agreement with the Allies, Romania became subject to an ], composed of representatives of the Soviet Union, the ], and the ], while the Soviet military command exercised predominant, de facto authority. Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were again incorporated into the Soviet Union. |
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==Founding documents== |
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] was awarded the ] (the highest Soviet order) for his personal courage in overthrowing ] in the ] and for putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies. {{As of|2015}} he is the only recipient alive]] |
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=== The Armistice Agreement === |
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Article 3 of the Armistice Agreement with Romania<ref></ref> (signed in ] on September 12, 1944), stipulated that |
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::"''The Government and High Command of Rumania will ensure to the Soviet and other Allied forces facilities for free movement on Rumanian territory in any direction if required by the military situation, the Rumanian Government and High Command of Rumania giving such movement every possible assistance with their own means of communications and at their own expense on land, on water and in the air.''" |
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Article 18 of the same agreement stipulated that |
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::"''An ] will be established which will undertake until the conclusion of peace the regulation of and control over the execution of the present terms under the general direction and orders of the Allied (Soviet) High Command, acting on behalf of the Allied Powers''. In the Annex to Article 18, it was made clear that "''The Rumanian Government and their organs shall fulfill all instructions of the Allied Control Commission arising out of the Armistice Agreement''", and that The Allied Control Commission would have its seat in ]. |
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In line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement, two ] were set up for the purpose of trying suspected ], one in Bucharest, and the other in ]. |
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The ] signatories to the armistice as indicated therein were: |
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* Allied powers: "''representative of the Allied (Soviet) High Command, Marshal of the Soviet Union, ], duly authorized hereto by the Governments of the ]; the Soviet Union, and the ].''" |
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* Romania: "''Minister of State and Minister of Justice ], Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs, Adjutant of His Majesty the King of Rumania ], ], and ].''" |
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=== Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 === |
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{{main|Paris Peace Treaties, 1947}} |
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The effect of the Armistice Agreement ceased on September 15, 1947, when the ] entered into force. Article 21, paragraph 1 of the new treaty provided the legal foundation for continued and unlimited Soviet military presence in Romania: |
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::''Upon the coming into force of the present Treaty, all Allied Forces shall, within a period of 90 days, be withdrawn from Roumania, subject to the right of the Soviet Union to keep on Roumanian territory such armed forces as it may need for the maintenance of the lines of communication of the Soviet Army with the ].'' |
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The Romanian delegation at the ] Conference was headed by ] ]. The Peace Treaty with Romania was signed on February 10, 1947, in the Salon de l'Horloge of the ]. On the Romanian side, the four signatories were ], ], ], and ]. The signatories for the Allied powers included ] ], ] ], and British ] ]. |
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==Soviet forces in Romania, 1944–1956== |
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{{see also|Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina}} |
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] |
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{| class="wikitable" align=right style="margin-left:10px;" |
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|+'''Estimated strength of Soviet forces in Romania''' <ref>Verona, pp. 47–51</ref> |
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! Date |
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! Strength |
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| May 8, 1945 |
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| 80,000 |
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| November 1, 1945 |
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| 500,000 |
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|- |
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| January 4, 1946 |
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| 420,000 |
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|- |
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| March 1, 1946 |
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| 615,000 |
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|- |
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| June 1, 1946 |
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| 400,000 |
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|- |
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| November 1, 1946 |
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| 240,000 |
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|- |
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| 1947 |
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| 60,000 – 130,000 |
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| May 1 – July 1, 1948 |
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| 35,000 |
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|- |
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| October 1, 1948 |
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| 32,000 |
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|- |
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| July 1, 1949 |
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| 28,000 |
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|- |
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| October 1, 1949 |
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| 19,000 |
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| January 1, 1950 |
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| 32,000 |
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|- |
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| April 1, 1950 |
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| 33,000 |
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| September 1, 1950 –<br> September 1952 |
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| 32,000 |
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|} |
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After the conclusion of the Armistice Agreement in 1944, Soviet troops occupied the entire territory of Romania. Estimates of troop levels vary between 750,000 and 1 million (estimates of British military officials), to between 1 and 1.5 million (estimates of the Romanian General Staff); many Western diplomats and experts refer to more than 1 million Soviet troops.<ref>Verona, pp. 46–47</ref> |
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On November 8, 1945, King Michael's ], an ] demonstration in front of the ] in ] was met with force, resulting in dozens of casualties. Soviet officers restrained Romanian soldiers and police from firing on civilians, and Soviet troops restored order.<ref name="Stone">David R. Stone, , Diplomacy & Statecraft, Volume 17, no. 1, March 2006, pp. 93-112.</ref> |
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The estimated strength of Soviet forces stationed in Romania (including air, navy, ground, and security troops), from ] to 1952, is shown in the table on the right. |
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During the second half of 1946, more than half of the combat capabilities of the ] were residing outside the USSR, with the largest portion in ] and ] (2,500 planes in each country).<ref>Verona, p. 49</ref> The troop levels surged to a high of 615,000 in March 1946, but they were drawn down after the conclusion of the Peace Treaty in 1947. By the end of 1946, Soviet units in Romania were concentrated in five areas: ]–], ]–], ], and ]–]. Troop levels reach a relatively stable level from May 1948 until October 1956: two full divisions, plus supporting units adding up to roughly a third division.<ref>Verona, pp. 58–59</ref> |
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Although with the signing of the ] in 1955 the reason for the presence of Soviet troops as stated in the Paris Peace Treaties ceased to exist, Premier ] announced that these troops would stay as long as foreign soldiers continue to be stationed in ].<ref>'''' - ] September 05, 1955</ref> |
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Soviet troops stationed in Romania participated in the suppression of the ] of November 1956. Soviet troop facilities inside Romania were off limits to all Romanians at the time.<ref>Verona, p. 104</ref> |
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==Reorganization of the Romanian Army== |
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{| class="wikitable" align=right style="margin-left:10px;" |
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|+'''Treaty limited Romanian forces'''<ref name="ACEN_1st_pt1">Assembly of Captive European Nations, First Session, pp. 65-67</ref> |
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! Type |
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! Strength |
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| Land forces |
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| 120,000 officers and troops |
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| Anti-aircraft forces |
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| 5,000 officers and troops |
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| Naval forces |
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| 5,000 officers and troops |
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| Air forces |
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| 8,000 officers and troops |
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| '''Total''' |
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| 138,000 officers and troops |
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|} |
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The Soviet occupation of Romania led to a complete reorganization of the ] under the supervision of ] representatives. The manpower of the Romanian army was limited by the Paris peace treaty to a total of 138,000 (officers and troops); however, under the Soviet occupation it grew far beyond the limits imposed by the treaty, through increasing militarization of Romania's population. By 1953, regular army forces had grown to approximately 300,000; reserve army forces to approximately 135,000; and "interior" forces (border guards, security brigades, et al.) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior to over 325,000.<ref name="ACEN_1st_pt1" /> |
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At the inception of this organizational overhaul, pro-] elements were purged from the Romanian armed forces. In 1944–45, two divisions composed of Romanian volunteers— former prisoners of war, trained in the Soviet Union during the war, and also Communist activists such as ]— were formed: the ], under the command of Colonel ], and the ], under the command of General ] (who was to serve as ] from 1946 to 1947). These two units were to form the nucleus of the new Romanian Army under Soviet control. Once the ] took the reins of power, 30% of officers and noncommissioned officers (mostly experienced soldiers, but at the same time a potential source of opposition to the ] of the Army) were purged from the military.<ref>, from the ] and the ]</ref> |
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Following the ] seizure of political power, the Sovietization of the Romanian army went into full gear, under the supervision of the new ], ]. This reorganization involved the adoption of the Soviet model of military and political organization, and a change of the ] of combat and defense, in the context of Romania's integration into the Soviet strategic system, at the dawn of the ].<!--ro:determinate, între altele, şi de includerea României în sistemul strategic al Sovietelor, la începutul Războiului rece--><ref>Oroian, p. 28</ref> |
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Soviet officers were appointed as advisers charged with supervising the thorough reorganization of the army. They held leadership and surveillance positions in the main institutions of the state, but also in areas of lesser importance. In the beginning, they only held a few positions in the Ministry of Defense, the ], and the political sections inside the army<!--DSPA - how to translate it? Happy to help. Would you please spell out this abbreviation?-->. With the passage of time, the number of Soviet advisers gradually increased, while at the same time their positions became permanent. In November 1952, there were 105 permanent and 17 temporary Soviet adviser positions in military schools. After 1955, their number began to decrease: 72 in 1955, 63 in 1956, 25 in 1957 and 10 in 1958.<ref>Oroian, p. 29-30</ref> |
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After 1945, new military regulations were developed, following the templates of the Red Army, and they were finalized in 1949–1952.<ref>Oroian, p. 37</ref> Consequently, a number of officers and military students were sent to the Soviet Union to complete their training.<ref>Oroian, p. 38-40</ref> Between 1949 and 1952, 717 Romanian students were being trained in the USSR, while in 1958 471 Romanian military students were pursuing education in the USSR. Their number decreased in the following years.<ref>Oroian, p. 40-41</ref> <!--Is this sentence needed? It seems it was also a local initiative in adopting Soviet doctrines, fighting methods and procedures, largely justified by the Soviet military occupation of Romania.<ref>Oroian, p. 32-33</ref>--> |
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==Reorganization of the security services== |
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{{main|Securitate}} |
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Immediately following the August 23, 1944 events, ]s began to infiltrate the ] on a large scale. The General Directorate of the Security of the People (Romanian initials: DGSP, but more commonly just called the ]) was officially founded on August 30, 1948 by Decree 221/30. The Securitate was set up by ], an ] unit charged with dismantling the existing intelligence agencies and replacing them with ]-style bodies in the Soviet-occupied countries of ]. The SMERSH unit in Romania, called ], was led until 1948 by the former NKVD operative ]. Its stated purpose was to "defend ] conquests and guarantee the safety of the Romanian Peoples' Republic against both internal and external enemies." The first Director of the Securitate was Soviet intelligence operative ]. Alexandru Nicolschi (by then a general) and another Soviet officer, ] ], held the two deputy director positions. |
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==Expulsion of Germans== |
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{{main|Expulsion of Germans from Romania after World War II}} |
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The Red Army took part in the expulsion of up to 70,000 ] from Romania that was initiated in January 1945. In October 1944, the ] government, at the request of the Allied Control Commission, began arresting young Romanian citizens of German descent, who were eventually placed at the disposal of the Soviet command. At the request of the Allied Commission, the ] government ordered the forced transportation by train of Transylvanian Saxons to the Soviet Union. In a protest dated January 13, 1945, the Rădescu government affirmed the Romanian government's duty to protect each of its citizens, regardless of ethnic origin, and noted the absence of a legal basis for the deportation of the Transylvanian Saxons.<ref>Marga</ref> The expellees were gradually allowed to return to Romania between late 1945 and 1949, though it is estimated that up to 10,000 perished during the expulsion or while in the Soviet Union. Such deportations would be outlawed in 1949 by the ]. |
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==SovRoms== |
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{{main|SovRoms}} |
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The ''SovRoms'' were Soviet-Romanian joint ventures established on Romanian territory at the end of World War II, and lasting until 1954–1956. An agreement between the two countries regarding the establishment of these enterprises was signed in ] on May 8, 1945. In theory, the purpose of these ventures was to generate funding for post-war reconstruction efforts. However, their real purpose was to provide resources for the Soviet side. Generally, they were a contributing factor to the draining of Romania's resources, in addition to the ]s demanded by the Armistice Agreement and the ], which had been initially set at 300 million ].<ref name="Cioroianu">Cioroianu</ref> The Soviet contribution to the creation of the SovRoms consisted mostly in reselling leftover ] equipment to Romania, at systematically overvalued prices.<ref>Alexandrescu</ref> The total value of goods sent from Romania to the Soviet Union was estimated at 2 billion dollars, exceeding by far the amount of war reparations demanded by the Soviets.<ref>Roper</ref> By 1952, 85% of Romanian exports were directed towards the Soviet Union.<ref name="Cioroianu"/> The last Sovrom was dissolved in 1956. |
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One of these companies was ''Sovromcuarţ'', which started its operations in 1950 at the ] mine in ], under a name that was meant to conceal the true object of its activity.<ref>Banu, p.28-29; Cioroianu, p.70</ref> Its initial workforce consisted of 15,000 ]s; after most of them died of ], they were replaced by local villagers, who were completely unaware of the fact that they were working with radioactive material.<ref>Khrushchev, p. 720</ref> Romania secretly <ref>Banu, p.29; Cioroianu, p.70</ref> delivered 17,288 tons of ] ore to the Soviet Union between 1952 and 1960,<ref>Banu, p.30</ref> which was used, at least in part, in the ].<ref>Cioroianu, p.70</ref> Uranium mining continued there until 1961.<ref name="Diehl">Diehl</ref> All ore was shipped abroad for processing, initially to ] in ]; the uranium concentrate was then used exclusively by the Soviet Union.<ref name="Diehl"/> |
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==Comparison with Soviet occupation of other Eastern Bloc countries== |
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Comparing the Soviet occupation of Romania to that of ], David Stone notes: "Unlike Bulgaria, Romania had few cultural and historical ties with ], and had actually waged war on the Soviet Union. As a result, Soviet occupation weighted heavier on the Romanian people, and the troops themselves were less disciplined."<ref name="Stone"/> |
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==In popular culture== |
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* ''Davai ceas, davai palton'' (eng.: ''give the wristwatch, give the overcoat''). The well-known Romanian stage actor ] was performing in Bucharest a year after the arrival of Soviet troops. He used to satirize the soldiers' habit of "requisitioning" all personal property in sight (in particular, wristwatches and coats), demanding them by saying, "Davai ceas, davai palton". There are differing accounts of his demise, in August 1945, but one of them states that he was found dead two days after one of his satirical acts.<ref>{{ro icon}} , ], January 15, 2007.</ref> |
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* The writer ] was among the eyewitnesses to the events of 1944. In his diary (''Journal, 1935-1944: The Fascist Years''), he described the atmosphere in Bucharest at the time, as follows: "Bewilderment, fear, doubt. Russian soldiers rape women (as Dina Cocea was saying yesterday). Soldiers stop cars, let the driver and passengers out, get behind the wheel, and take off. Stores looted. This afternoon, at Zaharia, three of them broke in the safe, taking watches. (The watch is the toy they like the best.)"<ref>Micu</ref> Sebastian died in a tram accident just weeks after the Soviet Army occupied Romania. His ''Journal'' has recently gained a new audience in the West. In 2004, American playwright ] wrote a one-man play, entitled ''The Journals of Mihail Sebastian''; it made its debut the same year in ], starring actor Stephen Kunken in the role of Sebastian. |
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* ''The 25th Hour''. ]'s best-known book depicts the plight of a young farmhand, Johann Moritz, under ] and Soviet occupation.<ref>, '']'', November 6, 1950</ref> Johann is sent to a labor camp by a police captain who covets his wife, Suzanna. At first, he is tagged as a ]. Later, he is "rescued" by a ] officer, who forces him into service as a model for German propaganda. Imprisoned after the war, he is severely beaten by his Russian captors, then put on trial by Allied forces because of his work for the Nazis. In 1967, ] produced ] based on this book; directed by ], it featured ] as Johann and ] as Suzanna.<ref>, '']'', February 24, 1967</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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* ": comes from the Country Studies Program, formerly the Army Area Handbook Program. The Country Studies Series presents a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of countries throughout the world." See sections "Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation" and "Postwar Romania, 1944-85." |
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* {{ro icon}} Andrei Marga, |
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* {{ro icon}} Ion Alexandrescu, "1945–1956: Din «cleştele» German — în braţele «fratelui» de la răsărit. Societăţile mixte sovieto-române (Sovrom)" ("1945–1956: From the German «Tongs» — into the Arms of the Eastern «Brother». Mixed Soviet-Romanian Societies (Sovrom)"), in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 3/1996 |
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* {{ro icon}} Florian Banu, "Uraniu românesc pentru «marele frate»" ("Romanian Uranium for the «Big Brother»"), in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 9/2005 |
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* {{ro icon}} ], ''Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc'' ("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), ], Bucharest, 2005. {{ISBN|973-669-175-6}} |
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* {{ro icon}} Cristina Diac and Florin Mihai, , ''Jurnalul Naţional'', August 23, 2006. |
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* Stephen Fischer-Galati, "The New Rumania: from People's Democracy to Socialist Republic", ], Cambridge, MA, 1967. {{OCLC|243006}} |
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* Constantin Hlihor and Ioan Scurtu, "The Red Army in Romania", Center for Romanian Studies, ], ], 2000. {{ISBN|973-98392-5-8}} |
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* {{cite book |author=], ] |title=Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |location=University Park |year=2004 |pages= |isbn= 0-271-02332-5 |oclc= |doi=}} |
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* {{ro icon}} Cornel Micu, , ''Jurnalul Naţional'', October 26, 2005. |
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*Stephen D. Roper, ''Romania: The Unfinished Revolution'', ], ], 2000. {{ISBN|90-5823-027-9}} |
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* ], ''Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism'', ], ], 2003, {{ISBN|0-520-23747-1}} |
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* Sergiu Verona, "Military Occupation and Diplomacy: Soviet Troops in Romania, 1944-1958", ], ], 1992, {{ISBN|0-8223-1171-2}} |
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* {{ro icon}} ], "«Umbrela protectoare» a consilierilor sovietici. Armata Roşie în România (Prolonged and Defying Stationing of Soviet Troops in Romania)", in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 12/2003, pp. 22-28 |
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* {{ro icon}} ], "Scurtă «cronică» a consilierilor (Soviet Counsellors in the Romanian Army. A Brief Historical Perspective)", in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 12/2003, pp. 28-32 |
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* {{ro icon}} ], "Doctrină, metode şi procedee de luptă de inspiraţie sovietică (War Doctrine, Fighting Methods and Procedures of Soviet Inspiration)", in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 12/2003, pp. 32–33, 35-41 |
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* {{ro icon}} Mircea Tănase, "Relaţii româno-sovietice sub cupola paraşutei (The Paratroopers and the Romanian-Soviet Relations)", in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 9/2005, pp. 11–16 |
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* {{ro icon}} Liviu Ţăranu, "RPR-URSS: Relaţii economice în numele «internaţionalismului proletar» (Communist Romania and Soviet Union: Economic Relations in the 50's)", in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 9/2005, pp. 23–28 |
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==Further reading== |
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* , on the website of ], January 31, 2005 |
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* , by J. Calvitt Clarke III, at ]. |
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* {{ro icon}} Paula Mihailov Chiciuc, , '']'', April 25, 2006 |
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* , at the Honorary Consulate of Romania in ], has pictures of the Romanian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference |
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{{World War II}} |
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{{Soviet occupation}} |
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{{Soviet occupation}} |
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