Misplaced Pages

List of massacres in Turkey: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 10:43, 30 October 2017 editGreenMeansGo (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, File movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers64,236 edits Undid revision 807831180 by Hitacquid (talk)← Previous edit Revision as of 10:43, 30 October 2017 edit undoHitacquid (talk | contribs)10 editsNo edit summaryNext edit →
Line 4: Line 4:
The following is a list of ] that occurred in ] (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly): The following is a list of ] that occurred in ] (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):


==Byzantine Empire==
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Name
! style="width:65px;"|Date
! style="width:120px;"|Location
! style="width:100px;"|Deaths
! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party
! style="width:75px;"|Victims
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|]
|January 532
|]
|30,000
|Byzantine Empire
|Byzantines
|About thirty thousand rioters were reportedly killed.<ref>This is the number given by Procopius, ''Wars'' (.)</ref>
|-
|]
|August 838
|]
|30,000–70,000<ref>{{cite book | last=Treadgold | first=Warren T. | authorlink=Warren Treadgold | title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842 | location=Stanford | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=1988 | isbn=0-8047-1462-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ | ref=harv}}</ref>
|Abbasid Caliphate
|Byzantines
|-
|]
|April 29, 1091
|]
|tens of thousands<ref name="Grumeza 2010 35">{{cite book|first=Ion|last=Grumeza| title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500|publisher= University Press of America |year=2010 |isbn=9780761851356 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTxu6RxdecUC&pg=PA35&dq=instead+of+finding+a+new+home,+they+were+slaughtered+en+masse,+civilians+included.&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=D9q1UfuOPIKW0AXY_IDAAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=instead%20of%20finding%20a%20new%20home%2C%20they%20were%20slaughtered%20en%20masse%2C%20civilians%20included.&f=false | pages=35}}</ref>
|Byzantine Empire & Cumans
|Pechenegs
|The ]s consisting of 80,000 warriors and their families invaded the Byzantine Empire. Near ] they were ambushed by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army, fighting soon turned into wholesale slaughter. Warriors and civilians were killed and the ] people were nearly wiped out.<ref name="Grumeza 2010 35"/>
|-
|]
|May 1182
|]
|Uncertain - tens of thousands
|Byzantine mob
|Roman Catholics
|The bulk of the Latin community, estimated at over 60,000 at the time, was wiped out or forced to flee; some 4,000 survivors were sold as slaves to the Turks. The massacre further worsened relations and increased enmity between the Western and Eastern Christian churches, and a sequence of hostilities between the two followed.
|-
|]
|8–13 April 1204
|]
|many civilians killed
<ref>{{cite book|first=Jill N.|last=Claster| title=Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095-1396|publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781442600584 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP6OzSDQJlwC&pg=PA214&dq=the+sack+of++constantinople+was+inhuman.+the+crusaders+pillaged,+wrecked,+raped,+mutilated,+adn+killed&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=j521UbrNKeqb0wXf0oH4Ag&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20sack%20of%20%20constantinople%20was%20inhuman.%20the%20crusaders%20pillaged%2C%20wrecked%2C%20raped%2C%20mutilated%2C%20adn%20killed&f=false | pages=35}}</ref>
|Crusaders
|Byzantines
|The city was sacked and looted.
|-
|-
|]
|1453
|]
|4,000<ref>{{cite book|last=Philippides|first=Marios|title=Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks : some western views and testimonies|year=2007|publisher=ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies|location=Tempe, Ariz.|isbn=0866983465|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=PuLVUZfEAsHAO4vHgOgD&hl=el&id=8focAAAAYAAJ&dq=constantinople+1453+slaughter+4000&q=%22+reports+that+4000+individuals+perished+in+the+siege+and+the+sack%3B+more+than+50%2C000+were+enslaved.%22#search_anchor}}</ref><ref name=Fuller/>
|Ottomans
|Byzantines
|4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages were massacred during these days. Moreover, the dwellings and the churches were plundered. Some 50,000 were enslaved.<ref name=Fuller>{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=J.F.C.|title=A military history of the Western World|year=1987|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=0306803046|pages=522|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNXZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+It+would+seem+that+some+4,000+persons+of+both+sexes+and+all+ages+were+massacred+when,+at+about+midday,+Mahomet+regained+control+over+his+men+and+put+a+stop+to+the+orgy.+The+houses+were+systematically+plundered,+the+churches+ransacked,+some+50,000+men,+women,+and+children+seized+as+slaves,+and+innumerable+books+destroyed+or+sold%22&dq=%22+It+would+seem+that+some+4,000+persons+of+both+sexes+and+all+ages+were+massacred+when,+at+about+midday,+Mahomet+regained+control+over+his+men+and+put+a+stop+to+the+orgy.+The+houses+were+systematically+plundered,+the+churches+ransacked,+some+50,000+men,+women,+and+children+seized+as+slaves,+and+innumerable+books+destroyed+or+sold%22&hl=el&sa=X&ei=9t_VUYOJDcnaPK-tgMAK&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ|edition=.}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Ottoman Empire==

===Before 1914===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Name
! style="width:65px;"|Date
! style="width:120px;"|Location
! style="width:100px;"|Deaths
! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party
! style="width:75px;"|Victims
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|]
|1821
|]
|unknown
|Ottoman government
|]
|Greek Orthodox Patriarch ] and other notables were executed.
|-
|]
|1840
|]
|10,000<ref name="gaunt32">{{Harvnb|Gaunt|Beṯ-Şawoce |2006|p=32}}</ref>
|] Emirs of Buhtan, ] and Nurullah
|].
|Many who were not killed were sold into slavery. 1826 Janissaries massacred by government (link to Auspicious Incident)
|-
|]
|1876
|]
|1,200–7,000<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religion, Ethnicity and Contested Nationhood in the Former Ottoman Space|last=Editors J. Rgen Nielsen, Jørgen S. Nielsen|first=|publisher=Publisher: BRILL|year=2011|isbn=9004211330|location=|pages=282|via=}}</ref>
|] irregular troops
|Bulgarians
|Occurred at the beginning of the ].
|-
|]
|1894–1896
|Eastern ]
|100,000–300,000<ref>]. ''A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility''. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. {{ISBN|0-8050-7932-7}}.</ref>
|]<br />],<br />Turkish, Arab and Turcoman irregulars
|] and Kurds
|See also ]
|-
|]
|April 1909
|]
|15,000–30,000<ref name="ShamefulAct">Akcam, Taner. ''A Shameful Act''. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"</ref><ref>Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny</ref>
|local Turkish nationalist activist, conservative reactionary to ] government
|Armenians
|
|-
|]
|Summer 1913
|]
|50,000-60,000<ref>Carnegie (1914). Report of the international commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of
the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</ref><ref>, pp. 68</ref>
|] government
|Bulgarians
|
|}

===World War I (1914–1918)===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Name
! style="width:65px;"|Date
! style="width:120px;"|Location
! style="width:100px;"|Deaths
! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party
! style="width:75px;"|Victims
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| ]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | format = PDF | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archivedate = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies&nbsp;– introduction | url = | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 }}</ref>
| 1913–1922
| ]
| 500,000–900,000
| ] government
| ]
| Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities<ref name=NYTarchives> Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name="AIHG-NYT">Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184704/http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm |date=2007-06-07 }}, , 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref>
|-
| ]<ref>Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.</ref>
| 1914–1918
| Ottoman Empire
| 270,000–750,000
| Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes
| ]
| Denied by the Turkish government
|-
| ]
| 1915–1918
| Ottoman Empire
| 850,000–1,800,000
| Young Turk government
| ]
| The Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were systematically massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide. Considered the first modern genocide by scholars.<ref name= "24.04.1998">{{cite web | url = http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html |title= Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution |publisher=Armenian genocide | accessdate= 25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name = "Ferguson">{{Cite book | authorlink = Niall Ferguson | last = Ferguson | first = Niall | title = The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West | place = New York | publisher = Penguin Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59420-100-5 | page = 177}}</ref><ref name = "IAGS">{{Cite journal | publisher = Genocide Watch | url = http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Turkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf | format = PDF | title = A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars | date = 13 June 2005}}</ref> It is the second most studied case of genocide after the ].<ref name="nazi">{{Citation | last = Rummel | first = RJ | title = The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective | journal = The Journal of Social Issues | volume = 3 | number = 2 | date = 1 April 1998}}</ref>
|-
| Massacres in the ] valley <!-- <br /><small>(partly in the ])</small> -->
| 1916<ref name="google176"/>
| ] valley
| 45,000<ref name="google176">{{cite book|last1=Gerwarth|first1=Robert|last2=Horne|first2=John|title=War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780199654918|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap94gZsbu6QC&pg=PA176&dq=These+operations+took+the+lives+of+approximately+45,000+civilians+in+the+valley+of+the+Chorukh+river+in+the+South-West+Caucasus&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=eUG0Uau4B4SZ0QWmhIDoDg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20operations%20took%20the%20lives%20of%20approximately%2045%2C000%20civilians%20in%20the%20valley%20of%20the%20Chorukh%20river%20in%20the%20South-West%20Caucasus&f=false}}</ref>
| ] regiments
| ]
| During WWI, Russian "General Liakhov, for instance 'accused the Muslims of treachery, and sent his ] from ] with orders to kill every native at sight, and burn every village and every mosque. And very efficiently had they performed their task, for as we passed up the ] valley to Artvin not a single habitable dwelling or a single living creature did we see.'" <ref name="google176"/>
|-
|Massacres in ] and ]
|1918<ref name="Mark Levene 1938">''Mark Levene.'' The Crisis of Genocide. Devastation: The European Rimlands 1912-1938. — Oxford University Press, 2013. — Т. I. — С. 217. — ].</ref>
|] and ]
|10,000<ref name="Mark Levene 1938"/>
|Armenian levies
|Muslim population
|Armenians massacred muslims in the ] after the withdrawal of Russian forces
|-
|}

===Post-World War I (1919–1923)===
{{Main article|List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)}}

==Republic of Turkey (1923–present)==
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" {|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|- |-
Line 370: Line 188:
| |
|} |}

==Gallery==
<center>
<gallery perrow="6" widths="140px" heights="140px">
File:1895erzurum-victims.jpg|Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
Image:Adanamass.PNG|An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
Image:Smyrna-massacre greeks-killed line.jpg|Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the ] in Smyrna
Image:Dead_Armenian_girl_in_Aleppo_desert.jpg|Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
</gallery></center>


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 10:43, 30 October 2017

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2016)
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2011)

The following is a list of massacres that occurred in Turkey (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Zilan massacre July 1930 Van Province 4,500-15,000 Turkish security forces Sunni Kurds 5,000 women, children, and elderly people were reportedly killed
Suppression of the Dersim rebellion Summer 1937-Spring 1938 Tunceli Province 7,594-13,806 Turkish security forces Alevi Zazas The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide
Istanbul pogrom 6–7 September 1955 Istanbul 13-30 Turkish government primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas. Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacre May 1, 1977 Taksim Square in Istanbul 34-42 Unknown Leftist demonstrators
Beyazıt massacre March 16, 1978 Istanbul 7 university students killed, 41 injured , Grey Wolves, Turkish Police, Deep State Leftist university students Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
Bahçelievler massacre October 9, 1978 Bahçelievler, Ankara 7 Neo-fascists Leftist students
Maraş massacre December 19–26, 1978 Kahramanmaraş Province 109 Grey Wolves Alevi Turks and Kurds
Çorum massacre May–July, 1980 Çorum Province 57 Grey Wolves Alevi Turks
Pınarcık massacre June 20, 1987 Pınarcık in Mardin Province 30 PKK (alleged)
The Turkish army (alleged) 		Kurdish civilians
Sivas massacre

(aka Madımak massacre)

July 2, 1993 Sivas, Turkey 37 Salafists Alevi intellectuals
Başbağlar massacre July 5, 1993 Başbağlar, near Erzincan 33 Turkish army/PKK (disputed) Turkish civilians
Yavi massacre October 25, 1993 Yavi, Çat, Erzurum Province 38 PKK Turkish civilians
Kuskonar massacre March 23, 1994 Kuskonar, Sirnak 38 Turkish forces Civilians of Kurdish origin The government bombed and killed residents of villages who refused to join the government forces. The government spread pictures of dead children in newspapers and blamed the PKK. Turkey was condemned for carrying out the massacre of Kurdish civilians in the ECHR.
Gazi Quarter massacre March 15, 1995 Istanbul and Ankara 23 Anonymous Alevi Turks More than 400 injured
Mardin engagement ceremony massacre May 4, 2009 Bilge, Mardin 44 Village guards Civilians of Kurdish origin Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.
Roboski airstrike December 28, 2011 Uludere, Sirnak 34 Turkish forces Civilians of Kurdish origin Warplanes killed villagers who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes in the area, during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels. The government gave no information about the facts.
2016 Atatürk Airport attack June 28, 2016 Atatürk Airport, Istanbul 45 Unknown Civilians
2015 Suruc Attack/Bombing, Suruc, Urfa July 20, 2015 Urfa, Urfa 33 killed, 104 were reported injured. ISIS Civilians students
2015 Ankara Attack/Bombing, Ankara October 10, 2015 Ankara 109 civilians killed, 500+ were reported injured. ISIS Kurdish HDP party election rally for general assambly elections for turkey's Great assembly
December 2016 Istanbul bombings December 10, 2016 Istanbul 45 Unknown Police forces & civilians
2017 Istanbul nightclub attack January 1, 2017 Istanbul 39 Unknown Civilians

References

  1. Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207-208. Template:Tr icon
  2. "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  3. The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.
  4. İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
  5. Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.
  6. Mills, Amy (2010). Streets of memory : landscape, tolerance, and national identity in Istanbul. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780820335735. ...the state-led local violence that shattered neighborhoods across Istanbul in 1955 made ethnic-religious difference visible and divisive as Greeks and other minorities in the city were targeted and their property violated.
  7. Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/
  8. Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish).
  9. Mavioglu, Ertugrul; Sanyer, Ruhi (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish).
  10. Yalçın, Soner; Yurdakul, Doğan (1997). "The Bahcelievler Massacre". Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi. Su Yayinlari.
  11. ^ A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books
  12. Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)
  13. "Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre". Hürriyet. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  14. "Yavi Şehitlerine vefa". Erzurum gazetesi (in Turkish). 2010-06-23. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
  15. ^ "Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings". Todayszaman.com. 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  16. ^ "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
  17. "Reuters article" Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009
  18. "Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast". Reuters. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference https://en.wikipedia.org/2015_Suru%C3%A7_bombing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Lists of massacres
By past country
or territory
By country
or territory
By war
By group
See also
Categories: