| Revision as of 15:43, 30 October 2017 view sourceBennv123 (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers40,708 editsm Reverted edits by Montu40singh (talk) to last version by MER-C← Previous edit | Revision as of 02:45, 4 November 2017 view source 75.110.33.200 (talk) ←Replaced content with 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbjU3wmevSc'Tag: blankingNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| ] | |||
| {{About|the human condition}} | |||
| {{Redirect|Healthy Living|the publishing imprint|Book Publishing Company}} | |||
| '''Health''' is the level of functional and ] efficiency of a living ]. In ]s it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental, psychological and social changes with environment.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Huber M, Knottnerus JA, Green, L., van der Horst H, Jadad AR, Kromhout D, Smid H. |title=How should we define health? | |||
| |journal=BMJ|volume=343|pages=d4163|doi=10.1136/bmj.d4163|pmid=21791490|url=http://savenhshomeopathy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Huber-Definition-Health-BMJ-21.pdf|year=2011}}</ref> The ] (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social ] and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."<ref name="WHO definition">World Health Organization. , Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. In {{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |year=2002|volume= 80 |issue=12|page=982|title=The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization|author=Grad, Frank P. }}</ref><ref name="WHO constitution">World Health Organization. (2006). – ''Basic Documents'', Forty-fifth edition, Supplement, October 2006.</ref> This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value, the ambiguity in developing cohesive health strategies, and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jadad AR, O’Grady L: How should health be defined? |title=How should health be defined?|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|volume=337|pages=a2900|pmid=19073663|year=2008|doi=10.1136/bmj.a2900}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Callahan D.|title=The WHO definition of 'health'|journal=The Hastings Center Studies|volume=1|issue=3|year= 1973|pages=77–87|jstor=3527467|doi=10.2307/3527467}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor S, Marandi A | title = How should health be defined? | journal = BMJ | volume = 337 | pages = a290 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18614520 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.a290 }}</ref> Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bellieni CV, Buonocore G |title=Pleasing desires or pleasing wishes? A new approach to pain definition|journal= Ethics Med |year=2009|volume=25|issue=1|page=7}}</ref> | |||
| <ref>. Zenit.org (February 27, 2013).</ref> Classification systems such as the ], including the ] (ICF) and the ] (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the components of health. | |||
| == History == | |||
| The definition of health has evolved over time. In keeping with the ] perspective, early definitions of health focused on the theme of the body's ability to function; health was seen as a state of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by ]. An example of such a definition of health is: "a state characterized by anatomic, physiologic, and psychological integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with ], ], ], and ]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stokes|first=J.|last2=Noren|first2=J.|last3=Shindell|first3=S.|date=1982-01-01|title=Definition of terms and concepts applicable to clinical preventive medicine|journal=Journal of Community Health|volume=8|issue=1|pages=33–41|issn=0094-5145|pmid=6764783|doi=10.1007/bf01324395}}</ref> Then, in 1948, in a radical departure from previous definitions, the ] proposed a definition that aimed higher: linking health to ], in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37089|title=The first ten years of the World Health Organization|last=World Health Organization|publisher=WHO|year=1958|isbn=|location=Geneva|publication-date=1958|pages=}}</ref> Although this definition was welcomed by some as being innovative, it was also criticized as being vague, excessively broad, and was not construed as measurable. For a long time it was set aside as an impractical ideal and most discussions of health returned to the practicality of the biomedical model.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part1-TheoryThinkingAboutHealth/ConceptsOfHealthAndIllness/DefinitionsofHealth|title=Part 1 – Theory: Thinking About Health Chapter 1 Concepts of Health and Illness|website=phprimer.afmc.ca|access-date=2016-06-22}}</ref> | |||
| Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same shift happened in definitions of health. Again, the WHO played a leading role when it fostered the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought in a new conception of health, not as a state, but in dynamic terms of resiliency, in other words, as "a resource for living". The 1984 WHO revised definition of health defined it as "the extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept, emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities".<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/107835|title=Health promotion : a discussion document on the concept and principles : summary report of the Working Group on Concept and Principles of Health Promotion, Copenhagen, 9–13 July 1984|last=World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe|first=|publisher=WHO Regional Office for Europe|year=1984|isbn=|location=Copenhagen|pages=|type=ICP/HSR 602(m01)5 p}}</ref> Thus, health referred to the ability to maintain homeostasis and recover from insults. Mental, intellectual, emotional, and social health referred to a person's ability to handle stress, to acquire skills, to maintain relationships, all of which form resources for resiliency and independent living.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
| Since the late 1970s, the federal has been a visible component of the United States’ approach to improving population health.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615184241/https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/tools-and-resources/Federal-Prevention-Initiatives |date=2016-06-15 }}. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</ref> In each decade, a new version of Healthy People is issued,<ref>. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</ref> featuring updated goals and identifying topic areas and quantifiable objectives for health improvement during the succeeding ten years, with assessment at that point of progress or lack thereof. Progress has been limited for many objectives, leading to concerns about the effectiveness of Healthy People in shaping outcomes in the context of a decentralized and uncoordinated US health system. Healthy People 2020 gives more prominence to health promotion and preventive approaches, and adds a substantive focus on the importance of addressing societal determinants of health. A new expanded digital interface facilitates use and dissemination rather than bulky printed books as produced in the past. The impact of these changes to Healthy People will be determined in the coming years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jonathan |first=E. Fielding |last2=Shiriki |first2=Kumanyika |last3=Ronald |first3=W. Manderscheid |date=2013 |title=A Perspective on the Development of the Healthy People 2020 Framework for Improving U.S. Population Health |url=http://www.publichealthreviews.eu/upload/pdf_files/13/00_Fielding.pdf |journal=Public Health Reviews |volume=35 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402220801/http://www.publichealthreviews.eu/upload/pdf_files/13/00_Fielding.pdf |archivedate=2014-04-02 |df= }}</ref> | |||
| Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by ]s. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the ]. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of ], ] or ]s. In addition to ] interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic, social conditions, and spirituality; these are referred to as "determinants of health." Studies have shown that high levels of stress can affect human health.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-24756311 |title=BBC News – How stressed are you? |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2013-11-06 |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> | |||
| ==Determinants== | |||
| {{See also|Social determinants of health|Risk factor}} | |||
| Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for both his health status and quality of their life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of ], but also through the efforts and intelligent ] choices of the individual and society. According to the ], the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.<ref name="The determinants of health">World Health Organization. Geneva. Accessed 12 May 2011.</ref> | |||
| More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether people are healthy or unhealthy include the following:<ref name="The determinants of health"/><ref>Public Health Agency of Canada. Ottawa. Accessed 12 May 2011.</ref><ref name="Lalonde">Lalonde, Marc (1974). Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028163043/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/pdf/perspect-eng.pdf |date=2014-10-28 }}</ref> | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-2}} | |||
| * Income and ] | |||
| * ] networks | |||
| * ] and ] | |||
| * Employment/working conditions | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-2}} | |||
| * Personal health practices and ] | |||
| * Healthy ] | |||
| * ] and ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| ] as part of the CDC's ] eradication team in 1966.]] | |||
| An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine the linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, ], and ] – such as the 1974 ] from Canada;<ref name="Lalonde"/> the ] in California;<ref name="Housman & Dorman 2005">{{cite journal|last1=Housman|first1=Jeff|last2=Dorman|first2=Steve|title=The Alameda County Study: A Systematic, Chronological Review|journal=American Journal of Health Education|date=September–October 2005|volume=36|issue=5|pages=302–308|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=EJ792845|accessdate=27 December 2011|publisher=American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance|location=Reston, VA|format=PDF|issn=1055-6699|id=ERIC document number EJ792845|ref=CITEREFHousmanDorman2005|doi=10.1080/19325037.2005.10608200}}</ref> and the series of ]s of the World Health Organization, which focuses on ] issues including access to health care and improving ] outcomes, especially in ].<ref>World Health Organization. . Geneva.</ref> | |||
| The concept of the "''health field,''" as distinct from ], emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:<ref name="Lalonde"/> | |||
| * Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or cause, illness or death; | |||
| * Environmental: all matters related to health external to the ] and over which the individual has little or no control; | |||
| * Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental, developed within the human body as influenced by genetic make-up. | |||
| The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of physical, ], and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as the ''"health triangle."''<ref>Georgia State University. 1998. .</ref><ref>Nutter S. (2003) ''The Health Triangle''. Anchor Points, Inc., {{ISBN|0974876003}}.</ref> The WHO's 1986 '']'' further stated that health is not just a state, but also "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."<ref>World Health Organization. Adopted at the First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986 – WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1.</ref> | |||
| Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their health via ], enough ], maintaining a healthy ], limiting ] use, and avoiding ].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Housman|Dorman|2005|pp=303–304}}. "The linear model supported previous findings, including regular exercise, limited alcohol consumption, abstinence from smoking, sleeping 7–8 hours a night, and maintenance of a healthy weight play an important role in promoting longevity and delaying illness and death." Citing {{cite journal |vauthors=Wingard DL, Berkman LF, Brand RJ | title = A multivariate analysis of health-related practices: a nine-year mortality follow-up of the Alameda County Study | journal = Am J Epidemiol | volume = 116 | issue = 5 | pages = 765–775 | year = 1982 | pmid = 7148802 }}</ref> Health and ] can co-exist, as even people with multiple chronic diseases or terminal illnesses can consider themselves healthy.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Jadad, A.R. | year = 2013 | title = On Living a Long, Healthy, and Happy Life, Full of Love, and with no Regrets, until Our Last Breath | journal = Verhaltenstherapie | volume = 23 | issue = 4| pages = 287–289 | doi=10.1159/000357490|url=http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/357490}}</ref> | |||
| The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals. This includes characteristics of the ], the ], and the ]. Factors such as clean ] and ], adequate ], and safe communities and ] all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and children.<ref name="The determinants of health"/><ref>UNESCO. Accessed 12 May 2011.</ref> Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels of ], linked to lower overall health and well being.<ref name="Fanny Price">{{cite journal |vauthors=Björk J, Albin M, Grahn P, Jacobsson H, Ardö J, Wadbro J, Ostergren PO | title = Recreational Values of the Natural Environment in Relation to Neighborhood Satisfaction, Physical Activity, Obesity and Well being | journal = Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health | volume = 62 | issue = 4 | pages = e2 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18365329 | doi = 10.1136/jech.2007.062414 }}</ref> This suggests that the positive health benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in ] and land use. | |||
| ], or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and populations. This can encompass both the ] to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of their ]. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope with ], either mental, emotional or physical. For example, ] is a very large problem in the United States that contributes to bad mental health and causes stress in a lot of people's lives<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-42070-7|title=Advances in Human Factors, Business Management, Training and Education {{!}} SpringerLink|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-42070-7}}</ref>. (One difficulty is the issue raised by the ] over the relative strengths of genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular importance.) | |||
| ===Potential issues=== | |||
| {{Citation style|section|date=March 2014}} | |||
| There are a lot of types of health issues common with many people across the globe. ] is one of the most common. According to GlobalIssues.org, approximately 36 million people die each year from non-communicable (not contagious) disease including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease (Shah, 2014). | |||
| As for communicable diseases, both viral and bacterial, ]/], ], and ] are the most common also causing millions of deaths every year (2014). | |||
| Another health issue that causes death or contributes to other health problems is malnutrition majorly among children. One of the groups malnutrition affects most is young children. Approximately 7.5 million children under the age of 5 die from malnutrition, and it is usually brought on by not having the money to find or make food (2014). | |||
| Bodily injuries are also a common health issue worldwide. These injuries, including broken bones, fractures, and burns can reduce a person's quality of life or can cause fatalities including infections that resulted from the injury or the severity injury in general (Moffett, 2013).<ref>Shah, Anup (5 January 2014). ''Global Issues''.</ref> | |||
| Some contributing factors to poor health are lifestyle choices. These include smoking cigarettes, and also can include a poor diet, whether it is overeating or an overly constrictive diet. Inactivity can also contribute to health issues and also a lack of sleep, excessive alcohol consumption, and neglect of oral hygiene (2013). | |||
| There are also genetic disorders that are inherited by the person and can vary in how much they affect the person and when they surface (2013). | |||
| The one health issue that is the most unfortunate because the majority of these health issues are preventable is that approximately 1 billion people lack access to health care systems (Shah, 2014). It is easy to say that the most common and harmful health issue is that a lot of people do not have access to quality remedies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/health/ |title=United Nations Global Issues |publisher=Un.org |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608150700/http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/health/ |archivedate=2016-06-08 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intrahealth.org/page/the-top-10-global-health-issues-to-watch-in-2013 |title=The Top 10 Global Health Issues to Watch in 2013 |publisher=Intrahealth.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> | |||
| ==Mental== | |||
| {{main article|Mental health}} | |||
| The ] describes mental health as "a state of ] in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community".<ref>World Health Organization (2005). Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging evidence, Practice: A report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. World Health Organization. Geneva.</ref> Mental Health is not just the absence of mental illness.<ref name= Bos>{{cite journal |author1=Bos, E.H.|author2=Snippe, E.|author3=de Jonge, P.|author4=Jeronimus, B.F.| year = 2016 | title = Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 11| issue = 3| pages = e0150867 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150867 |pmid=26963923}}</ref> | |||
| Mental illness is described as 'the spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral conditions that interfere with social and emotional well-being and the lives and productivity of people. Having a mental illness can seriously impair, temporarily or permanently, the mental functioning of a person. Other terms include: 'mental health problem', 'illness', 'disorder', 'dysfunction'.<ref>Long, Steven W. . niu.edu.tw</ref> | |||
| Roughly a quarter of all adults 18 and over in the US are considered diagnosable with mental illness. Mental illnesses are the leading cause of disability in the US and Canada. Examples include, ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>. nih.gov</ref> | |||
| Many teens suffer from mental health issues in response to the pressures of society and social problems they encounter. Some of the key mental health issues seen in teens are: ], ], and ]. There are many ways to prevent these health issues from occurring such as communicating well with a teen suffering from mental health issues. Mental health can be treated and be attentive to teens' behavior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/pages/Mental-Health-and-Teens-Watch-for-Danger-Signs.aspx |title=Mental Health and Teens: Watch for Danger Signs |publisher=HealthyChildren.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> | |||
| Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including: | |||
| * Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry | |||
| * Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse | |||
| * Family history of mental health | |||
| ==Maintaining== | |||
| Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process, shaped by both the evolution of ] knowledge and practices as well as personal strategies and organized interventions for staying healthy. | |||
| ===Diet=== | |||
| {{Main article|Healthy diet | Human nutrition}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| An important way to maintain your personal health is to have a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods that provide ] to your body. Such nutrients give you energy and keep your body running. Nutrients help build and strengthen bones, muscles, and tendons and also regulate body processes (i.e. ]). The ] is a pyramid-shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections. Each section shows the recommended intake for each food group (i.e. Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and Sugars). Making healthy food choices is important because it can lower your risk of heart disease, developing some types of ], and it will contribute to maintaining a healthy weight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livelifewell.nsw.gov.au/healthyeating/ |title=Healthy Eating: Why should I make healthy food choices? |publisher=Livelifewell.nsw.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2014-03-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227194359/http://www.livelifewell.nsw.gov.au/healthyeating/ |archivedate=2014-02-27 |df= }}</ref> | |||
| The ] is commonly associated with health-promoting effects due to the fact that it contains some bioactive compounds like ]s, ]s and ]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Garrido M |author2=González-Flores D |author3=Marchena AM |author4=Propr E |author5=García-Parra J |author6=Barriga C |author7=Rodríguez A.B. |title=A lycopene-enriched virgin olive oil enhances antioxidant status in humans |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=93 |issue=8 |pages=1820–6 |pmid=23225211 |year=2013 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.5972 }}</ref> | |||
| ===Exercise=== | |||
| {{Main article | Physical exercise}} | |||
| ] enhances or maintains ] and overall health and wellness. It strengthens muscles and improves the ]. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) there are four types of exercise; ], ], ], and ]. Endurance exercises are those that will elevate your heart including; walking, jogging, running, hiking etc. <ref>{{cite web|title=4 Types of Exercise|url=https://go4life.nia.nih.gov/4-types-exercise|website=Go4Life|language=en|date=15 May 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ===Sleep=== | |||
| {{Main article | Sleep | Sleep deprivation}} | |||
| Sleep is an essential component to maintaining health. In children, sleep is also vital for growth and development. Ongoing ] has been linked to an increased risk for some chronic health problems. In addition, sleep deprivation has been shown to correlate with both increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times from illness.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pilkington |first=Stephanie |date=August 7, 2013 |title=Causes and consequences of sleep deprivation in hospitalized patients |url=http://journals.rcni.com/doi/pdfplus/10.7748/ns2013.08.27.49.35.e7649 |journal=Nursing Standard |publisher=RCN Publishing |volume=27 |issue=49 |pages=35–42 |access-date=25 November 2015 |doi=10.7748/ns2013.08.27.49.35.e7649|pmid=23924135 }}</ref> In one study, people with chronic insufficient sleep, set as six hours of sleep a night or less, were found to be four times more likely to catch a cold compared to those who reported sleeping for seven hours or more a night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2015/august/sleep-and-sickness.html |title=New Research Confirms Lack of Sleep Connected to Getting Sick |publisher=cmu.edu |author=Shilo Rea |date=2015-08-31|accessdate=2015-11-25}}</ref> Due to the role of sleep in regulating ], insufficient sleep may also play a role in ] or, conversely, in impeding ].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Patel |first=Sanjay R. |last2=Hu |first2=Frank B. |date=January 17, 2008 |title=Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=Obesity (Silver Spring) |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=643–653 |doi=10.1038/oby.2007.118 |pmid=18239586 |pmc=2723045}}</ref> Additionally, in 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is the cancer research agency for the ], declared that "shiftwork that involves ] disruption is probably ]ic to humans," speaking to the dangers of long-term nighttime work due to its intrusion on sleep.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2007/pr180.html |title=IARC Monographs Programme finds cancer hazards associated with shiftwork, painting and firefighting |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer |date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=November 25, 2015}}</ref> In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation released updated recommendations for sleep duration requirements based on age and concluded that "Individuals who habitually sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of serious health problems or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and well-being."<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hirshkowitz, Max |author2=Whiton, Kaitlyn | title=National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary | journal= Sleep Health: Journal of the National Sleep Foundation |url= http://www.sleephealthjournal.org/article/S2352-7218(15)00015-7/fulltext |publisher= Elsevier Inc |date=14 January 2015 | pmid = | doi= 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010 |accessdate=25 November 2015 |display-authors=etal | volume=1 | pages=40–43}}</ref> | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
| |+ | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Age and condition | |||
| ! Sleep Needs | |||
| |- | |||
| | Newborns (0–3 months) | |||
| | 14 to 17 hours | |||
| |- | |||
| | Infants (4–11 months) | |||
| | 12 to 15 hours | |||
| |- | |||
| | Toddlers (1–2 years) | |||
| | 11 to 14 hours | |||
| |- | |||
| | Preschoolers (3–5 years) | |||
| | 10 to 13 hours | |||
| |- | |||
| | School-age children (6–13 years) | |||
| | 9 to 11 hours | |||
| |- | |||
| | Teenagers (14–17 years) | |||
| | 8 to 10 hours | |||
| |- | |||
| | Adults (18–64 years) | |||
| | 7 to 9 hours | |||
| |- | |||
| | Older Adults (65 years and over) | |||
| | 7 to 8 hours | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Role of science=== | |||
| {{Main article|Health science|Health care}} | |||
| ], May 1946]] | |||
| ] is the branch of science focused on health. There are two main approaches to health science: the study and ] of the ] and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure ]s and other physical and mental impairments. The science builds on many sub-fields, including ], ], ], ], ], ]. Applied health sciences endeavor to better understand and improve human health through applications in areas such as ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| Organized interventions to improve health based on the principles and procedures developed through the health sciences are provided by practitioners trained in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and other ]. Clinical practitioners focus mainly on the health of individuals, while public health practitioners consider the overall health of communities and populations. ] programs are increasingly adopted by companies for their value in improving the health and well-being of their employees, as are ] in order to improve the health and well-being of children. | |||
| ===Role of public health=== | |||
| {{Main article|Public health}} | |||
| {{See also|Global health}} | |||
| ], 1933. Public health has been promoted – and depicted – in a wide variety of ways.]] | |||
| Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."<ref>{{cite journal | author = Winslow CE | title = The Untilled Fields of Public Health | journal = Science | volume = 51 | issue = 1306 | pages = 23–33 | year = 1920 | pmid = 17838891 | doi = 10.1126/science.51.1306.23 | url = https://archive.org/details/cihm_90880 }}</ref> It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on ] analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents (for instance, in the case of a ]). Public health has many sub-fields, but typically includes the interdisciplinary categories of ], ] and ]. ], ], ], and ] are also important areas of public health. | |||
| The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the ], ], and (in aspects relevant to human health) ]. Its aim is to prevent health problems from happening or re-occurring by implementing ], developing ], administering services and conducting ].<ref>Association of Schools of Public Health. Retrieved 2010-06-24</ref> In many cases, treating a disease or controlling a ] can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during an ]. ] programs and distribution of ]s to prevent the spread of ]s are examples of common preventive public health measures, as are educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the use of condoms (including overcoming resistance to such). | |||
| ] also takes various actions to limit the health disparities between different areas of the ] and, in some cases, the ] or ]. One issue is the access of individuals and communities to health care in terms of financial, geographical or socio-cultural constraints to accessing and using services.<ref>Hispanics and the Future of America. </ref> Applications of the public ] include the areas of ] and child health, health services administration, emergency response, and prevention and control of ] and ]s. | |||
| The great positive impact of public health programs is widely acknowledged. Due in part to the policies and actions developed through public health, the 20th century registered a decrease in the mortality rates for ] and ]ren and a continual increase in ] in most parts of the world. For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans by thirty years since 1900,<ref>Association of Schools of Public Health. Retrieved 2010-6-24.</ref> and worldwide by six years since 1990.<ref>World Health Organization. , accessed 20 April 2011.</ref> | |||
| ===Self-care strategies=== | |||
| {{Main article|Self care}} | |||
| {{See also|Chronic care management|Social relation|Stress management}} | |||
| <!--] from health and hygiene.]] --> | |||
| ] | |||
| Personal health depends partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues people observe and adopt about their own health. These include personal actions for preventing or minimizing the effects of a disease, usually a chronic condition, through ]. They also include personal ] practices to prevent infection and illness, such as ] and ] with soap; ]; storing, preparing and handling ]; and many others. The information gleaned from personal ] – such as about sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake and environmental features – may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (''e.g.'', "I feel tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (''e.g.'', a patient who notices his or her shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload).<ref name="e-primer3">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2008). </ref> | |||
| Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance of strong ]ships, ], and other social activities have been linked to positive mental health and also increased longevity. One American study among ] over age 70, found that frequent volunteering was associated with reduced risk of dying compared with older persons who did not volunteer, regardless of physical health status.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris AH, Thoresen CE | title = Volunteering is Associated with Delayed Mortality in Older People: Analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Aging | journal = Journal of Health Psychology | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 739–52 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16176953 | doi = 10.1177/1359105305057310 | url = http://www.chce.research.va.gov/docs/pdfs/pi_publications/Harris/2005_Harris_Thoresen_JHS.pdf }}</ref> Another study from Singapore reported that volunteering retirees had significantly better ] scores, fewer ], and better mental well-being and life satisfaction than non-volunteering retirees.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schwingel A, Niti MM, Tang C, Ng TP | title = Continued work employment and volunteerism and mental well-being of older adults: Singapore longitudinal ageing studies | journal = Age and Ageing | volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 531–7 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19474036 | doi = 10.1093/ageing/afp089 }}</ref> | |||
| Prolonged ] may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor in ] with aging, depressive illness, and expression of disease.<ref>{{cite journal | author = McEwen BS | title = Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain | journal = Dialogues Clin Neurosci | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 367–81 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17290796 | pmc = 3181832 }} {{open access}}</ref> ] is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to stress. ]s are physical methods used to relieve stress. Psychological methods include ], ], and ], which work by reducing response to stress. Improving relevant skills, such as ] and ] skills, reduces uncertainty and builds confidence, which also reduces the reaction to stress-causing situations where those skills are applicable. | |||
| ==Occupational== | |||
| {{Main article|Occupational safety and health}} | |||
| In addition to ] risks, many jobs also present risks of disease, illness and other long-term health problems. Among the most common ] are various forms of ], including ] and ]. ] is another ] that many workers are vulnerable to. Workers may also be vulnerable to skin diseases, including ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name=hse> Retrieved on June 20, 2009</ref><ref name="niosh-skin">{{cite web|title=Skin Exposure & Effects|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/|work=NIOSH Topics|publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref> Other occupational diseases of concern include ] and ]. | |||
| As the number of ] jobs has risen in developed countries, more and more jobs have become ], presenting a different array of health problems than those associated with ] and the ]. Contemporary problems, such as the growing rate of ] and issues relating to ] and ] in many countries, have further complicated the interaction between work and health. | |||
| Many governments view occupational health as a social challenge and have formed public organizations to ensure the health and safety of workers. Examples of these include the ] ] and in the ], the ], which conducts research on occupational health and safety, and the ], which handles regulation and policy relating to worker safety and health.<ref name="niosh-site">{{cite web|title=The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="osha-site">{{cite web|title=Occupational Safety and Health Administration|url=https://www.osha.gov/|publisher=U.S. Department of Labor|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="hse-site">{{cite web|title=Health and Safety Executive|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/|publisher=U.K. Health and Safety Executive|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Misplaced Pages books}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|35em}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Wiktionary}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikivoyage|Stay healthy|staying healthy}} | |||
| {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{Portal bar|Health and fitness}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Health}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 02:45, 4 November 2017
]