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{{Antisemitism}}

'''New antisemitism''' is the concept that a new form of ] has developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, emanating simultaneously from the ], ], and the ], and that it tends to manifest itself as ] and the ]. The concept generally posits that much of what is purported to be ] by various individuals and world bodies, is, in fact, tantamount to ], and that, together with an alleged international resurgence of attacks on ] and ], and an increased acceptance of antisemitic beliefs in public discourse, such demonization represents an evolution in the appearance of antisemitic beliefs.<ref>Manfred Gerstenfeld, . Jewish Political Studies Review 17:1-2 Spring 2005</ref>

Proponents of the concept argue that ], ], ], ], and demonization of ], or ]s applied to its conduct, may be linked to antisemitism, or constitute disguised antisemitism.<ref name=Taguieff>Taguieff, Pierre-André. ''Rising From the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe''. Ivan R. Dee, 2004.</ref>

Critics of the concept argue that it conflates anti-Zionism with antisemitism, defines legitimate criticism of ] too narrowly and demonization too broadly, trivializes the meaning of antisemitism, and exploits antisemitism in order to silence political debate.<ref>]. . '']'', posted January 15, 2004 (February 2, 2004 issue), accessed January 9, 2006; and ]. , posted February 5, 2007, accessed February 6, 2007.</ref>

] and Bernard Harrison cited the '']'s'' January 14, 2002 cover as an example of new antisemitism.<ref>Zuckerman, Mortimer B. , ''Jewish World Review''. March 11, 2003, retrieved January 12, 2008; also see Harrison, Bernard. ''The Resurgence of Anti-Semitism: Jews, Israel, and Liberal Opinion''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.</ref>]]

==History of the concept==

=== 1960s: Origins ===
French philosopher ] has argued that the first wave of what he describes as "la nouvelle judéophobie" emerged in the Arab-Muslim world and the ] following the 1967 ], citing papers by Jacques Givet (1968) and historian ] (1969) in which the idea of a new antisemitism rooted in anti-Zionism was discussed.<ref>] cites the following early works on the new antisemitism: Jacques Givet, ''La Gauche contre Israel? Essai sur le néo-antisémitisme, Paris 1968; idem, "Contre une certain gauche," ''Les Nouveaux Cahiers'', No. 13-14, Spring-Summer 1968, pp. 116–119; Léon Poliakov, ''De l'antisionisme a l'antisémitisme, Paris 1969; Shmuel Ettinger, "Le caractère de l'antisémitisme contemporain," ''Dispersion et Unité'', No. 14, 1975, pp. 141–157; and Michael Curtis, ed., ''Antisemitism in the Modern World, Boulder, 1986. All cited in ]. ''Rising from the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe''. Ivan R. Dee, 2004, p. 159-160, footnote 1.</ref> He argues that anti-Jewish themes centered on the demonical figures of Israel and what he calls "fantasy-world Zionism": that Jews plot together, seek to conquer the world, and are imperialistic and bloodthirsty, which gave rise to the reactivation of stories about ritual murder and the poisoning of food and water supplies.<ref name=Taguieff62>]. ''Rising from the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe''. Ivan R. Dee, 2004, p. 62.</ref>

=== 1970s: Early debates ===
Writing in the ]' ''Congress Bi-Weekly'' in 1973, the ], ], identified ] as ‘the new anti-Semitism’, saying:<blockquote>"ecently we have witnessed the rise of the new left which identifies Israel with the establishment, with acquisition, with smug satisfaction, with, in fact, all the basic enemies … Let there be no mistake: the new left is the author and the progenitor of the new anti-Semitism. One of the chief tasks of any dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the distinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a distinction at all. Anti-Zionism is merely the new anti-Semitism. The old classic anti-Semitism declared that equal rights belong to all individuals within the society, except the Jews. The new anti-Semitism says that the right to establish and maintain an independent national sovereign state is the prerogative of all nations, so long as they happen not to be Jewish. And when this right is exercised not by the Maldive Islands, not by the state of Gabon, not by Barbados… but by the oldest and most authentic of all nationhoods, then this is said to be exclusivism, particularism, and a flight of the Jewish people from its universal mission."<ref>''Congress Bi-weekly'', American Jewish Congress, Vol. 40, Issues 2-14, 1973, p. xxv</ref></blockquote>

In 1974, Arnold Forster and Benjamin Epstein of the ] published a book entitled ''The New anti-Semitism'', expressing additional concern about what they described as new manifestations of antisemitism coming from radical left, radical right, and "pro-Arab" figures in the U.S.<ref>Forster, Arnold & Epstein, Benjamin, ''The New Anti-Semitism''. McGraw-Hill 1974, p.165. See for instance chapters entitled "]'s Road" (19–48), "The Radical Right" (285–296), "Arabs and Pro-Arabs" (155–174), "The Radical Left" (125–154)</ref> Forster and Epstein argued that it took the form of indifference to the fears of the Jewish people, apathy in dealing with anti-Jewish bias, and an inability to understand the importance of Israel to Jewish survival.<ref name=ForsterEpstein324>Forster, Arnold & Epstein, Benjamin, ''The New Anti-Semitism''. McGraw-Hill 1974, p. 324.</ref>

] on January 10, 2009 ]]
Reviewing Forster and Epstein's work in '']'', Earl Raab, founding director of the Nathan Perlmutter Institute for Jewish Advocacy at ], argued that a "new anti-Semitism" was indeed emerging in America, in the form of opposition to the collective rights of the Jewish people, but he criticized Forster and Epstein for conflating it with anti-Israel bias.<ref>Raab, Earl. "Is there a New Anti-Semitism?", ''Commentary'', May 1974, pp. 53–54.</ref> Allan Brownfeld writes that Forster and Epstein's new definition of antisemitism trivialized the concept by turning it into "a form of political blackmail" and "a weapon with which to silence any criticism of either Israel or U.S. policy in the Middle East,"<ref>{{cite journal
|title = Anti-Semitism: Its Changing Meaning
|last = Brownfeld
|first = Allan
|journal = ]
|publisher = ]
|issn = 1533-8614
|volume = 16
|issue = 3
|year = 1987
|pages = 53–67
|doi = 10.2307/2536789
|jstor = 2536789
|via = ]
|registration = y
}}</ref> while Edward S. Shapiro, in "A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II," has written that "Forster and Epstein implied that the new anti-Semitism was the inability of Gentiles to love Jews and Israel enough."<ref>Edward S. Shapiro. ''A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II''. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1992. {{ISBN|0-8018-4347-2}}. Page 47.</ref>

===1980s – present day: continued debate===
].]]
Historian ] addressed the issue in a 1984 lecture delivered in the home of ] ], in which he argued that a "new anti-Semitic anti-Zionism" was emerging, distinguishing features of which were the equation of Zionism with ] and the belief that Zionists had actively collaborated with Nazis during ]. He argued that such claims were prevalent in the Soviet Union, but added that similar rhetoric had been taken up by a part of the radical Left, particularly ] groups in Western Europe and America.<ref name=Wistrich1984>]. , lecture delivered to the Study Circle on World Jewry in the home of the ], December 10, 1984.</ref>

When asked in 2014 if "anti-Zionism is the new anti-Semitism", ] stated:

<blockquote>Actually, the locus classicus, the best formulation of this, was by an ambassador to the United Nations, ], ... He advised the American Jewish community that they had two tasks to perform. One task was to show that criticism of the policy, what he called anti-Zionism — that means actually criticisms of the policy of the state of Israel — were anti-Semitism. That’s the first task. Second task, if the criticism was made by Jews, their task was to show that it’s neurotic self-hatred, needs psychiatric treatment. Then he gave two examples of the latter category. One was ]. The other was me. So, we have to be treated for our psychiatric disorders, and non-Jews have to be condemned for anti-Semitism, if they’re critical of the state of Israel. That’s understandable why Israeli propaganda would take this position. I don’t particularly blame Abba Eban for doing what ambassadors are sometimes supposed to do. But we ought to understand that there is no sensible charge. No sensible charge. There’s nothing to respond to. It’s not a form of anti-Semitism. It’s simply criticism of the criminal actions of a state, period.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chomsky|first1=Noam|title=TRANSCRIPT of Amy Goodman interview of Noam Chomsky|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2014/11/27/noam_chomsky_at_united_nations_it|accessdate=19 May 2016}}</ref>
</blockquote>

== Definitions and arguments for and against the concept==

===A new phenomenon===
], Professor of Law at ] and a leading scholar of human rights, has identified nine aspects of what he considers to constitute the "new anti-Semitism":<ref>] cited ]. ''The Case For Israel''. ], 2003, p. 210-211.</ref>

* '''Genocidal antisemitism''': Calling for the destruction of Israel and the Jewish people.
* '''Political antisemitism''': Denial of the Jewish people's right to ], ] as a state, attributions to Israel of all the world's evils.
* '''Ideological antisemitism''': "Nazifying" Israel by comparing ] and ].
* '''Theological antisemitism''': Convergence of ] and Christian ], drawing on the classical hatred of Jews.
* '''Cultural antisemitism''': The emergence of anti-Israel attitudes, sentiments, and discourse in "fashionable" salon intellectuals. {{vague|date=January 2014}}
* '''Economic antisemitism''': ]s and the ] application of ]s against countries trading with Israel.
* '''Holocaust denial'''
* '''Anti-Jewish racist terrorism'''
* '''International legal discrimination''' {{smaller|("Denial to Israel of equality before the law in the international arena")}}

Cotler argues that classical antisemitism is discrimination against Jews as individuals whereas the new antisemitism, in contrast, "is anchored in discrimination against the Jews as a people{{spaced ndash}}and the embodiment of that expression in Israel. In each instance, the essence of anti-Semitism is the same{{spaced ndash}}an assault upon whatever is the core of Jewish self-definition at any moment in time." This discrimination is hard to measure, because the indices governments tend to use to detect discrimination{{spaced ndash}}such as ], housing, health and employment{{spaced ndash}}are useful only in measuring discrimination against individuals. Hence, Cotler writes, it is difficult to show that the concept is a valid one.<ref name="Cotler">]. , ''FrontPageMagazine.com'', February 16, 2004.</ref>

Cotler defines "classical or traditional anti-Semitism" as "the discrimination against, denial of or assault upon the rights of Jews to live as equal members of whatever host society they inhabit" and "new anti-Semitism" as "discrimination against the right of the Jewish people to live as an equal member of the family of nations{{spaced ndash}}the denial of and assault upon the Jewish people's right even to live{{spaced ndash}}with Israel as the "collective Jew among the nations"."<ref name="Judenstaatrein">Irwin Cotler, , '']'', February 22, 2009.</ref>

Cotler elaborated on this position in a June 2011 interview for Israeli television. He re-iterated his view that the world is "witnessing a new and escalating and even lethal anti-Semitism" focused on hatred of Israel, but cautioned that this type of antisemitism should not be defined in a way that precludes "free speech" and "rigorous debate" about Israel's activities. Cotler said that it is "too simplistic to say that ], ''per se'', is anti-Semitic" and argued that ], while in his view "distasteful", is "still within the boundaries of argument" and not inherently antisemitic. He continued: "It's you say, because it's an apartheid state, it has to be dismantled{{spaced ndash}}then crossed the line into a racist argument, or an anti-Jewish argument."<ref>], "Canadian MP Cotler: Calling Israel an apartheid state can be legitimate free speech"], ''Haaretz'', 1 July 2011. Accessed 7 July 2011.</ref>

], former chair of history at ], writes that new antisemitism is a new phenomenon stemming from a coalition of "leftists, vociferously opposed to the policies of Israel, and right-wing antisemites, committed to the destruction of Israel, were joined by millions of ]s, including ], who immigrated to Europe... and who brought with them their hatred of Israel in particular and of Jews in general." It is this new political alignment, he argues, that makes new antisemitism unique.<ref name="Fischel">Fischel, Jack R. , ''The Virginia Quarterly Review'', Summer 2005, pp. 225–234.</ref> ] of '']'' links new antisemitism to ], describing it as "the medieval image of the ] resurrected on the editorial pages of cosmopolitan European newspapers."<ref name="strauss272">Strauss, Mark. in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). ''Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism'', Random House 2004, p 272.</ref>

Rajesh Krishnamachari, researcher with the ], analyzed antisemitism in Iran, Turkey, Palestine, Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia and posited that the recent surge in antisemitism across the Muslim world should be attributed to political expediency of the local elite in these countries rather than to any theological imperative.<ref name="rajeshPaper">Tembarai Krishnamachari, Rajesh. in South Asia Analysis Group, Paper 5907, Apr 2015.</ref>

{{rquote|left|''It is the ] ... It is ] donning checkered Palestinian ]s and Palestinians lining up to buy copies of '']''... –&nbsp;]&nbsp;<ref name="strauss272"/>}}

The French philosopher ] argues that antisemitism based on racism and ] has been replaced by a new form based on ] and ]. He identifies some of its main features as the identification of Zionism with racism; the use of material related to ] (such as doubts about the number of victims and allegations that there is a "]"); a discourse borrowed from ], ], ], ] and ]; and the dissemination of what he calls the "myth" of the "intrinsically good Palestinian{{spaced ndash}}the innocent victim ''par excellence''."<ref name=Taguieff67>Taguieff, Pierre-André. ''Rising From the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe''. Ivan R. Dee, 2004, pp. 67–68.</ref>

In early 2009, 125 parliamentarians from various countries gathered in ] for the founding conference of a group called the "Interparliamentary Coalition for Combating Anti-Semitism" (ICCA). They suggest that while classical antisemitism "overlaps" modern antisemitism, it is a different phenomenon and a more dangerous one for Jews.<ref name="Judenstaatrein"/>

===A new phenomenon, but not antisemitism===
] argues that the new prejudice is not antisemitism, new or old; nor a mutation of an existing virus, but "a brand new 'bug'."<ref name=KlugCatalyst>]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927143329/http://www.catalystmagazine.org.uk/Default.aspx.LocID-0hgnew0bv.RefLocID-0hg01b00100600f009.Lang-EN.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}, ], March 17, 2006.</ref>]]

], senior research fellow in philosophy at ] — who gave expert testimony in February 2006 to a British parliamentary inquiry into antisemitism in the UK, and in November 2004 to the Hearing on Anti-Semitism at the German ] — argues against the idea that there is a "single, unified phenomenon" that could be called "new" antisemitism. He accepts that there is reason for the Jewish community to be concerned, but argues that any increase in antisemitic incidents is attributable to classical antisemitism. Proponents of the new antisemitism concept, he writes, see an organizing principle that allows them to formulate a new concept, but it is only in terms of this concept that many of the examples cited in evidence of it count as examples in the first place.<ref name=Klug>]. . '']'', February 2, 2004, accessed January 9, 2006</ref> That is, the creation of the concept may be based on a circular argument or ]. He argues that it is an unhelpful concept, because it devalues the term "antisemitism," leading to widespread cynicism about the use of it. People of goodwill who support the Palestinians resent being falsely accused of antisemitism.<ref name="KlugCatalyst"/>

Klug defines classical antisemitism as "an ingrained European fantasy about Jews as Jews," arguing that whether Jews are seen as a ], ], or ], and whether antisemitism comes from the right or the left, the antisemite's image of the Jew is always as "a people set apart, not merely by their customs but by their collective character. They are arrogant, secretive, cunning, always looking to turn a profit. Loyal only to their own, wherever they go they form a state within a state, preying upon the societies in whose midst they dwell. Mysteriously powerful, their hidden hand controls the banks and the media. They will even drag governments into war if this suits their purposes. Such is the figure of 'the Jew,' transmitted from generation to generation."<ref name=KlugRedPepper>]. , ''Red Pepper'', November 24, 2005.</ref>
{{rquote|left|''hen anti-Semitism is everywhere, it is nowhere. And when every anti-Zionist is an anti-Semite, we no longer know how to recognize the real thing—the concept of anti-Semitism loses its significance'' — ]<ref name=Klug/>}}
He argues that, although it is true that the new antisemitism incorporates the idea that antisemitism is hostility to Jews as Jews, the source of the hostility has changed; therefore, to continue using the same expression for it — antisemitism — causes confusion. Today's hostility to Jews as Jews is based on the ], not on ancient European fantasies. Israel proclaims itself as the state of the Jewish people, and many Jews align themselves with Israel for that very reason. It is out of this alignment that the hostility to Jews as Jews arises, rather than hostility to Israelis or to Zionists. Klug agrees that it is a prejudice, because it is a generalization about individuals; nevertheless, he argues, it is "not rooted in the ideology of 'the Jew'," and is therefore a different phenomenon from antisemitism.<ref name=KlugCatalyst/>

] argues that there has been no significant rise in antisemitism: "What does the evidence show? There has been good investigation done, serious investigation. All the evidence shows there's no evidence at all for a rise of a new anti-Semitism, whether in Europe or in North America. The evidence is zero. And, in fact, there's a new book put out by an Israel stalwart. His name is ], a very prominent scholar. It's called ''The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism''. It just came out, 2006, from ]. He looks at the evidence, and he says no. There's some in Europe among the Muslim community, there's some anti-Semitism, but the notion that in the heart of European society or North American society there's anti-Semitism is preposterous. And in fact — or no, a significant rise in anti-Semitism is preposterous."<ref>Goodman, Amy. , interview with Norman Finkelstein, August 29, 2006.</ref>

===Criticism of Israel is not always antisemitism===
Earl Raab writes that "here is a new surge of antisemitism in the world, and much prejudice against Israel is driven by such antisemitism," but argues that charges of antisemitism based on anti-Israel opinions generally lack credibility. He writes that "a grave educational misdirection is imbedded in formulations suggesting that if we somehow get rid of antisemitism, we will get rid of anti-Israelism. This reduces the problems of prejudice against Israel to cartoon proportions." Raab describes prejudice against Israel as a "serious breach of morality and good sense," and argues that it is often a bridge to antisemitism, but distinguishes it from antisemitism as such.<ref>Raab, Earl. , ''Judaism'', Fall 2002.</ref>

Steven Zipperstein, professor of Jewish Culture and History at ], argues that a belief in the State of Israel's responsibility for the Arab-Israeli conflict is considered "part of what a reasonably informed, progressive, decent person thinks." He argues that Jews have a tendency to see the State of Israel as a victim because they were very recently themselves "the quintessential victims."<ref name=zipperstein61>Zipperstein, Steven. "Historical Reflections of Contemporary Antisemitism" in Derek J. Penslar et al., ed., ''Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World'', Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, p. 61.</ref>

===A political ploy to stifle criticism of Israel===
] argues that organizations such as the ] have brought forward charges of new antisemitism at various intervals since the 1970s, "not to fight antisemitism but rather to exploit the historical suffering of Jews in order to immunize Israel against criticism".<ref name=Finkelstein21>Finkelstein, Norman. ''Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History'', University of California Press, 2005, pp. 21–22.</ref> He writes that most evidence purporting to show a new antisemitism has been taken from organizations that are linked in some way to Israel, or that have "a material stake in inflating the findings of anti-Semitism," and that some antisemitic incidents reported in recent years either did not occur or were misidentified.<ref name="Finkelstein66/68">Finkelstein, Norman. ''Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History'', University of California Press, 2005, p.&nbsp;66–71.</ref> As an example of the misuse of the term "antisemitism," he cites the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia's 2003 report, which included displays of the ], support for the ], and the ] in its list of antisemitic activities and beliefs.<ref name=Finkelstein37>Finkelstein, Norman. ''Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History'', University of California Press, 2005, p. 37.</ref>

] writes that anger at what he calls "Israel's brutal occupation has undoubtedly slipped over to an animus against Jews generally," which he describes as "lamentable" but "hardly cause for wonder."<ref name=Finkelstein81>]. ''Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History'', University of California Press, 2005, p. 81.</ref>]]
He writes that what is called the new antisemitism consists of three components: (i) "exaggeration and fabrication"; (ii) "mislabeling legitimate criticism of Israeli policy"; and (iii) "the unjustified yet predictable spillover from criticism of Israel to Jews generally."<ref name=Finkelstein66>Finkelstein, Norman. ''Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History'', University of California Press, 2005, p. 66.</ref> He argues that Israel's apologists have denied a causal relationship between Israeli policies and hostility toward Jews, since "if Israeli policies, and widespread Jewish support for them, evoke hostility toward Jews, it means that Israel and its Jewish supporters might themselves be causing anti-Semitism; and it might be doing so because Israel and its Jewish supporters are ''in the wrong''".<ref name=Finkelstein78>Finkelstein, Norman. ''Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History'', University of California Press, 2005, pp. 78–79.</ref>

], a British-Pakistani historian and political activist, argues that the concept of new antisemitism amounts to an attempt to subvert the language in the interests of the State of Israel. He writes that the campaign against "the supposed new 'anti-semitism'" in modern Europe is a "cynical ploy on the part of the Israeli Government to seal off the Zionist state from any criticism of its regular and consistent brutality against the Palestinians.... Criticism of Israel can not and should not be equated with anti-semitism." He argues that most pro-Palestinian, anti-Zionist groups that emerged after the ] were careful to observe the distinction between anti-Zionism and antisemitism.<ref name=Ali>]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207122412/http://www.counterpunch.org/ali03042004.html |date=2010-12-07 }}, ''Counterpunch'', March 4, 2004, first published in ''il manifesto'', February 26, 2004.</ref>

===A third wave===
] argues that the new antisemitism — what he calls "ideological antisemitism" — has mutated out of religious and racial antisemitism.]]
Historian ] argues that the new antisemitism represents the third, or ideological, wave of antisemitism, the first two waves being ] and racial antisemitism.<ref name=LewisBrandeis>]. , ''The American Scholar'', Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, pp. 25–36 The paper is based on a lecture delivered at ] on March 24, 2004.</ref>

Lewis defines antisemitism as a special case of prejudice, hatred, or persecution directed against people who are in some way different from the rest. According to Lewis, antisemitism is marked by two distinct features: Jews are judged according to a standard different from that applied to others, and they are accused of cosmic evil. He writes that what he calls the first wave of antisemitism arose with the advent of ] because of the Jews' rejection of ] as ]. The second wave, racial antisemitism, emerged in Spain when large numbers of Jews were forcibly ], and doubts about the sincerity of the converts led to ideas about the importance of "''la limpieza de sangre''", purity of blood.<ref name=LewisBrandeis/>

He associates the third wave with the ], and writes that it arose only in part because of the establishment of the State of Israel. Until the 19th century, ]s had regarded Jews with what Lewis calls "amused, tolerant superiority" — they were seen as physically weak, cowardly, and unmilitary — and although Jews living in Muslim countries were not treated as equals, they were shown a certain amount of respect. The Western form of antisemitism — what Lewis calls "the cosmic, ]ic version of Jew hatred" — arrived in the Middle East in several stages, beginning with ] in the 19th century, and continued to grow slowly into the 20th century, up to the establishment of the ]. He writes that it increased because of the humiliation of the Israeli military victories of ] and ].<ref name=LewisBrandeis/>

Into this mix entered the ]. Lewis argues that the international public response and the United Nations' handling of the 1948 refugee situation convinced the Arab world that discrimination against Jews was acceptable. When the ancient Jewish community in ] was ], they were offered no help. Similarly, when Jewish refugees ], no help was offered, but elaborate arrangements were made for Arabs who fled or were driven out of the area that became Israel. All the Arab governments involved in the conflict announced that they would not admit Israelis of any religion into their territories, and that they would not give visas to Jews, no matter which country they were citizens of. Lewis argues that the failure of the United Nations to protest sent a clear message to the Arab world.<ref name=LewisBrandeis/>

He writes that this third wave of antisemitism has in common with the first wave that Jews are able to be part of it. With religious antisemitism, Jews were able to distance themselves from Judaism, and Lewis writes that some even reached high rank within the church and the ]. With racial antisemitism, this was not possible, but with the new, ideological, antisemitism, Jews are once again able to join the critics. The new antisemitism also allows non-Jews, he argues, to criticize or attack Jews without feeling overshadowed by the crimes of the Nazis.<ref name=LewisBrandeis/>

===Antisemitism, but not a new phenomenon===
] argues that "new" antisemitism is not actually new.]]
], Professor of Holocaust Studies at the ], considers the concept "new antisemitism" to be false, since it is in fact old antisemitism that remains latent and recurs whenever it is triggered. In his view, the current trigger is the Israeli situation, and if a compromise were achieved there antisemitism would decline but not disappear.<ref name="HatesRevival">{{cite journal
|url=http://www.aijac.org.au/news/article/hate-s-revival
|journal=Australia/Israel Review
|publisher=]
|date=May 2007
|title=Hate's Revival
|author=Tzvi Fleischer
}}</ref>

Dina Porat, professor at ] says that, while in principle there is no new antisemitism, we can speak of antisemitism in a new envelope. Otherwise Porat speaks of a new and violent form of antisemitism in Western Europe starting from after the ].<ref name="HatesRevival"/>

], a British novelist and journalist, calls this phenomenon "Jew-hating pure and simple, the Jew-hating which many of us have always suspected was the only explanation for the disgust that contorts and disfigures faces when the mere word Israel crops up in conversation."<ref>{{cite web| last = Fulford| first = Robert| title = When criticizing Israel becomes ritual| publisher = nationalpost.com| date = 2009-08-15| url = http://www.nationalpost.com/opinion/columnists/story.html?id=686c1928-3518-472c-b2d6-60e15f81e140| accessdate = 2009-08-15}}</ref>

===An inappropriate redefinition===
], writing in the Israeli newspaper '']'' in September 2008, argues that the concept of a "new antisemitism" has brought about "a revolutionary change in the discourse about anti-Semitism". He writes that most contemporary discussions concerning antisemitism have become focused on issues concerning Israel and Zionism, and that the equation of anti-Zionism with antisemitism has become for many a "new orthodoxy". He adds that this redefinition has often resulted in "Jews attacking other Jews for their alleged anti-Semitic anti-Zionism". While Lerman accepts that exposing alleged Jewish antisemitism is "legitimate in principle", he adds that the growing literature in this field "exceeds all reason"; the attacks are often vitriolic, and encompass views that are not inherently anti-Zionist.

Lerman argues that this redefinition has had unfortunate repercussions. He writes that serious scholarly research into contemporary antisemitism has become "virtually non-existent", and that the subject is now most frequently studied and analyzed by "people lacking any serious expertise in the subject, whose principal aim is to excoriate Jewish critics of Israel and to promote the "anti-Zionism = anti-Semitism" equation. Lerman concludes that this redefinition has ultimately served to stifle legitimate discussion, and that it cannot create a basis on which to fight antisemitism.<ref>, ''Ha'aretz'', 12 September 2008, accessed 13 September 2008.</ref>

Peter Beaumont, writing in '']'', agrees that proponents of the concept of "new antisemitism" have attempted to co-opt anti-Jewish sentiment and attacks by some European Muslims as a way to silence opposition to the policies of the Israeli government. "riticise Israel," he writes, "and you are an anti-Semite just as surely as if you were throwing paint at a ] in ]."<ref name=beaumont>Beaumont, Peter. , ''The Observer'', February 17, 2002.</ref>

===Antisemitic anti-Zionism===
Scholars including ], ], ], ] and ] have described a distinctively 21st century form of antisemitic ] characterized by left-wing hostility to Jews.<ref name="Bergmann">{{cite book|last1=Pelinka|first1=Anton|title=Handbook of Prejudice. Chapter on Anti-Semitism by Werner Bergmann|date=2009|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=1604976276|page=56|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Schama">{{cite news|last1=Schama|first1=Simon|title=The left’s problem with Jews has a long and miserable history|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d6a75c3c-d6f3-11e5-829b-8564e7528e54.html#axzz41CoraTzu|accessdate=26 February 2016|work=]|date=19 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="HirshEmbracingPrejudice">{{cite news|last1=Hirsh|first1=David|title=Openly Embraing Prejudice|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/nov/30/anewmenacingcurrentisappe|accessdate=6 March 2016|work=]|date=30 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Julius|first1=Anthony|title=Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0199297053|page=476}}</ref><ref name="Johnson">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Alan|authorlink1=Alan Johnson (political theorist)|title=The Left and the Jews: Time for a Rethink|url=http://fathomjournal.org/the-left-and-the-jews-time-for-a-rethink/|accessdate=26 February 2016|work=Fathom|date=Fall 2015}}</ref>

==International perspectives==
{{Globalize|date=November 2012}}

===Europe===

The European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) (superseded in 2007 by the ]) noted an upswing in antisemitic incidents in France, Germany, Austria, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and The Netherlands between July 2003 and December 2004.<ref name=State>"(U.S.) State Department report on Anti-Semitism: Europe and Eurasia" excerpted from a longer piece, and covering the period of July 1, 2003 – December 15, 2004.</ref> In September 2004, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, a part of the ], called on its member nations to ensure that anti-racist criminal law covers antisemitism, and in 2005, the EUMC offered a discussion paper on a ] in an attempt to enable a standard definition to be used for data collection:<ref>Whine, Michael. , ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, February 1, 2006.</ref> It defined antisemitism as "a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred towards Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed towards Jews and non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, towards Jewish community institutions and religious facilities." The paper included “Examples of the ways in which anti-Semitism manifests itself with regard to the state of Israel taking into account the overall context could include"
* Denying the Jewish people the right to self-determination, e.g. by claiming that the existence of a state of Israel is a racist endeavor;
* Applying double standards by requiring of Israel a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation;
* Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g. claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis;
* Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
* Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the State of Israel.<ref name=workingdef> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125001633/http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/material/pub/AS/AS-WorkingDefinition-draft.pdf |date=2011-01-25 }}, EUMC.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Working Definition of Antisemitism |url=http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/material/pub/AS/AS-WorkingDefinition-draft.pdf |publisher=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |accessdate=23 July 2017 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5mYZH56QA?url=http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/material/pub/AS/AS-WorkingDefinition-draft.pdf |archivedate=5 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

The EUMC added that criticism of Israel cannot be regarded as antisemitism so long as it is "similar to that leveled against any other country."<ref name=workingdef/>

The discussion paper was never adopted by the EU as a working definition, although it was posted on the EUMC website until 2013 when it was removed during a clear-out of non-official documents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=8776547&ct=13381863 |title=SWC to EU Baroness Ashton: "Return Anti-Semitism Definition Document to EU Fundamental Rights Agency Website" &#124; Simon Wiesenthal Center |website=Wiesenthal.com |date=2013-11-06 |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref><ref name=ToI>{{cite news|title=EU drops its ‘working definition’ of anti-Semitism|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/eu-drops-its-working-definition-of-anti-semitism/|accessdate=2014-01-24|newspaper=Times of Israel}}</ref>

====France====
In France, Interior Minister ] commissioned a report on racism and antisemitism from ], president of ] and former vice-president of ], in which Rufin challenges the perception that the new antisemitism in France comes exclusively from ]n immigrant communities and the ].<ref name=BBCnas>, BBC News, October 2004.</ref><ref name=statefrance>, U.S. Department of State.</ref>

Reporting in October 2004, Rufin writes that "he new anti-Semitism appears more heterogeneous," and identifies what he calls a new and "subtle" form of antisemitism in "radical anti-Zionism" as expressed by far-left and anti-globalization groups, in which criticism of Jews and Israel is used as a pretext to "legitimize the armed Palestinian conflict."<ref name=Rufin>]. , presented to the French Ministry of the Interior, October 19, 2004.</ref><ref name=bryant>Bryant, Elizabeth. "," United Press International, October 20, 2004.</ref>

====United Kingdom====
In June 2011, Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom, ] (Lord Sacks), said that basis for the new antisemitism was the 2001 ]. Rabbi Sacks also said that the new antisemitism "unites radical Islamists with human-rights NGOs—the right wing and the left wing—against a common enemy, the State of Israel."<ref></ref>

In September 2006, the ] of the ] published the Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism, the result of an investigation into whether the belief that the "prevailing opinion both within the Jewish community and beyond" that antisemitism had "receded to the point that it existed only on the margins of society." was correct. It concluded that "the evidence we received indicates that there has been a reversal of this progress since the year 2000". In defining antisemitism, the Group wrote that it took into account the view of racism expressed by the MacPherson report, which was published after the murder of ], that, for the purpose of classifying crime by the police, an act is racist if it is defined as such by its victim. It formed the view that, broadly, "any remark, insult or act the purpose or effect of which is to violate a Jewish person’s dignity or create an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for him is antisemitic" and concluded that, given that, "it is the Jewish community itself that is best qualified to determine what does and does not constitute antisemitism."<ref name=APP1> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822190807/http://www.antisemitism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/All-Party-Parliamentary-Inquiry-into-Antisemitism-REPORT.pdf |date=2013-08-22 }}, September 2006, p. 1.</ref>

The report stated that while some witnesses pointed out that the level of antisemitism experienced by Jews in Britain is lower than that faced by Jewish communities in some other parts of Europe and that the Jewish community is not the only minority community in Britain to experience prejudice and discrimination, that these arguments, provided no comfort to victims of hate and violence, nor should they be used as an excuse to ignore the problem.

The report states that some left-wing activists and Muslim extremists are using criticism of Israel as a "pretext" for antisemitism,<ref name=Temko>Temko, Ned. , ''The Observer'', February 3, 2006.</ref> and that the "most worrying discovery" is that antisemitism appears to be entering the mainstream.<ref name=BBCreport>, BBC News, September 6, 2006.</ref> It argues that anti-Zionism may become antisemitic when it adopts a view of Zionism as a "global force of unlimited power and malevolence throughout history," a definition that "bears no relation to the understanding that most Jews have of the concept: that is, a movement of Jewish national liberation ..." Having re-defined Zionism, the report states, traditional antisemitic motifs of Jewish "conspiratorial power, manipulation and subversion" are often transferred from Jews onto Zionism. The report notes that this is "at the core of the 'New Antisemitism', on which so much has been written," adding that many of those who gave evidence called anti-Zionism "the '']'' of antisemitic movements."<ref name=APP22> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822190807/http://www.antisemitism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/All-Party-Parliamentary-Inquiry-into-Antisemitism-REPORT.pdf |date=2013-08-22 }}, September 2006, p. 22.</ref>

===Israel===
In November 2001, in response to an Abu-Dhabi television broadcast depicting ] drinking the blood of Palestinian children, the ] set up the "Coordinating Forum for Countering Antisemitism," headed by Deputy Foreign Minister Rabbi ]. According to Melchior, "in each and every generation antisemitism tries to hide its ugly face behind various disguises — and hatred of the State of Israel is its current disguise." He added that, "hate against Israel has crossed the red line, having gone from criticism to unbridled antisemitic venom, which is a precise translation of classical antisemitism whose past results are all too familiar to the entire world."<ref>, November 18, 2001.</ref>

===United Nations===
{{See also|Israel, Palestine and the United Nations}}
A number of commentators argue that the ] has condoned antisemitism.<ref>, UN Watch, February 1998 (originally published December 1997), accessed March 6, 2005.</ref> ], then-president of ], wrote that the UN's World Conference on Racism failed to condemn human rights abuses in China, Rwanda, or anywhere in the Arab world, while raising Israel's alleged ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.<ref>] , September 17, 2002. On the site of ], accessed January 9, 2006.</ref>

], senior counsel to ], has written that the UN is a forum for antisemitism, citing the example of the Palestinian representative to the UN ] who claimed in 1997 that Israeli doctors had injected Palestinian children with the ] virus.<ref name=Matas>Matas, David. ''Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism''. Dundurn Press, Toronto, 2005, pp. 129–144.</ref> Congressman ] told the U.S. ] in 2005 that the commission took "several months to correct in its record a statement by the ]n ambassador that Jews allegedly had killed non-Jewish children to make ] for ].<ref>, June 17, 2005. Accessed March 6, 2006.</ref>

], a Canadian legal scholar who addressed the UN about its treatment of Israel, argues that the UN hijacks the language of human rights to discriminate and demonize Jews. She writes that over one quarter of the resolutions condemning a state's human rights violations have been directed at Israel. "But there has never been a single resolution about the decades-long repression of the civil and political rights of 1.3 billion people in ], or the million female migrant workers in ] kept as virtual slaves, or the virulent racism which has brought 600,000 people to the brink of starvation in ]."<ref>]. , '']'' ], June 21, 2004, accessed January 9, 2006.</ref>

In a 2008 report on antisemitism from the ] to the US Congress,
<blockquote>Motives for criticizing Israel in the UN may stem from legitimate concerns over policy or from illegitimate prejudices. (...) However, regardless of the intent, disproportionate criticism of Israel as barbaric and unprincipled, and corresponding discriminatory measures adopted in the UN against Israel, have the effect of causing audiences to associate negative attributes with Jews in general, thus fueling anti-Semitism.<ref>{{cite web| last = Rickman| first = Gregg J.| title = Contemporary global anti-semitism| publisher = USDOS| year = 2008| url = https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/102301.pdf|format=PDF| accessdate = 2008-03-27}}</ref></blockquote>

===United States===
The U.S. ]'s 2004 ''Report on Global Anti-Semitism'' identified four sources of rising antisemitism, particularly in Europe:
* "Traditional anti-Jewish prejudice... This includes ultra-nationalists and others who assert that the Jewish community controls governments, the media, international business, and the financial world."
* "Strong anti-Israel sentiment that crosses the line between objective criticism of Israeli policies and anti-Semitism."
* "Anti-Jewish sentiment expressed by some in Europe's growing Muslim population, based on longstanding antipathy toward both Israel and Jews, as well as Muslim opposition to developments in Israel and the occupied territories, and more recently in Iraq."
* "Criticism of both the United States and globalization that spills over to Israel, and to Jews in general who are identified with both."<ref name=State/>
]
In July 2006, the ] issued a '''Campus Antisemitism''' report that declared that "Anti-Semitic bigotry is no less morally deplorable when camouflaged as anti-Israelism or anti-Zionism."<ref>U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Campus Anti-Semitism (2006) at 72.</ref> At the time, the Commission also announced that antisemitism is a "serious problem" on many campuses throughout the United States.<ref>''Id.''</ref>

In September 2006, ] announced that it had established ],<ref></ref> the first university-based institute in North America dedicated to the study of antisemitism. Charles Small, head of the institute, said in a press release that antisemitism has "reemerged internationally in a manner that many leading scholars and policy makers take seriously ... Increasingly, Jewish communities around the world feel under threat. It's almost like going back into the lab. I think we need to understand the current manifestation of this disease."<ref>, ''Associated Press'', September 19, 2006; also see ] & ] "Anti-Israel sentiment predicts anti-Semitism in Europe," ''Journal of Conflict Resolution'', Vol 50, No. 4, 548–561, August 2006.</ref>
YIISA has presented several seminars and working papers on the topic, for instance .

==Anti-globalization movement==
The anti-globalization movement of the late 1990s and early 2000s was accused of displaying elements of New Antisemitism by writers and researchers such as ], ], and ] . Critics of this view argue that the allegation is either unfounded or exaggerated, and is intended to discredit legitimate ] and ] economic policies.

===Strauss's allegations===
] of '']'' argues that globalization has stirred anxieties about "outside forces," and that with "familiar anxieties come familiar scapegoats."<ref name=Strauss>]. , ''Foreign Policy'', November 12, 2003.</ref>
He writes that what he calls the "backlash against globalization" has united a variety of political elements, from the left to the far-right, via a common cause, and that in so doing, it has "foster a common enemy." He quotes the French Jewish leader Roger Cukierman who identifies the ] as "an anti-Semitic brown-green-red alliance," which includes ultra-nationalists, the green movement, and communists.<ref name=Strauss/>

Strauss cites ] of Austria's far-right ] and ] of France's ] as examples of the far right exploiting their electorate's concerns about globalization. The ''Movimento Fascismo e Liberta'' in Italy identifies globalization as an "instrument in the hands of international Zionism," according to Strauss, while in Eastern Europe, ultranationalists and communists have united against foreign investors and multinationals, identifying Jews as a common enemy.<ref name=Strauss/>

American ] ] of the ] stated that the ] against the ] in ] that they were "incredibly successful from the point of view of the rioters as well as our Church. They helped shut down talks of the Jew World Order WTO and helped make a mockery of the ] around the world. Bravo."<ref name=Strauss/> Strauss also cites the ] ], which set up a website called the ''Anti-Globalism Action Network'' in order to "broaden ... the anti-globalism movement to include divergent and marginalized voices."<ref name=Strauss/>

Strauss writes that, as a result of far-right involvement, a "bizarre ideological turf war has broken out," whereby anti-globalization activists are fighting a "two-front battle," one against the ], ] (IMF), and ], the other against the extremists who turn up at their rallies.<ref name=Strauss/> He points to an anti-globalization march in ], ] at which he says some marchers displayed ]s and that Jewish peace activists were assaulted.

<blockquote>Held two months prior to the U.S.-led attack on Iraq, this year's conference &mdash; an annual grassroots riposte to the well-heeled World Economic Forum in Davos &mdash; had the theme, "Another World is Possible." But the more appropriate theme might have been "Yesterday's World is Back." Marchers among the 20,000 activists from 120 countries carried signs reading "Nazis, Yankees, and Jews: No More Chosen Peoples!" Some wore T-shirts with the ] twisted into Nazi swastikas. Members of a Palestinian organization pilloried Jews as the "true fundamentalists who control United States capitalism." Jewish delegates carrying banners declaring "Two peoples - Two states: Peace in the Middle East" were assaulted.<ref name=Strauss/></blockquote>

Strauss argues that the anti-globalization movement isn't itself antisemitic, but that it "helps enable anti-Semitism by peddling conspiracy theories."<ref name=Strauss/>

Strauss's arguments have been met with strong criticism from many in the anti-globalization movement. Oded Grajew, one of the founders of the ], has written that the WSF "is not anti-Semitic, anti-American, or even anti-socially-responsible capitalism". He claims that some fringe parties have attempted to infiltrate the WSF's demonstrations and promote demonstrations of their own, but adds that "he success of the WSF is a threat to political extremist groups that resort to violence and hatred". Grajew has also written that, to his knowledge, Strauss's claim of Nazi symbols being displayed at an anti-globalization demonstration in Porto Alegre, Brazil is false.<ref>Oded Grajew, "Debating Anti-Semitism" , ''Foreign Policy'', 1 March 2004, p. 4.</ref>

===Response to Strauss===
], national chairperson of the ], argues that Strauss has "inflamed, not enlightened" the debate over globalization by making "no distinction between the far right's critique of globalization and that of the global social justice movement", which is premised on "respect for human rights and cultural diversity". She notes that the Council of Canadians has condemned antisemitism, and that it expelled some individuals who tried to organize a ] tour under its auspices.<ref>Maude Barlow, "Debating Anti-Semitism" , ''Foreign Policy'', 1 March 2004, p. 4.</ref> John Cavanagh of the International Policy Centre has also criticized Strauss for using unproven allegations of antisemitism to criticize the entire anti-globalization movement, and for failing to research the movement's core beliefs.<ref>John Cavanagh, "Debating Anti-Semitism" , ''Foreign Policy'', 1 March 2004, p. 4.</ref>

In response to these criticisms, Strauss has written that antisemitic views "might not reflect the core values of the ] or its leading figures, yet they are facts of life in an amorphous, grassroots movement where any number of individuals or organizations express their opinions or seek to set the agenda". He has also reiterated his concern that "anti-capitalist rhetoric provides intellectual fodder for far right groups".<ref>Mark Strauss, "Debating Anti-Semitism" , ''Foreign Policy'', 1 March 2004, p. 4.</ref>

===Other views===
] describes this phenomenon:
<blockquote>Although traditional Trotskyite ideology is in no way close to radical Islamic teachings and the shariah, since the radical Islamists also subscribed to anticapitalism, antiglobalism, and anti-Americanism, there seemed to be sufficient common ground for an alliance. Thus, the militants of the far left began to march side by side with the radical Islamists in demonstrations, denouncing American aggression and Israeli crimes. ... And it was only natural that in protest demonstrations militants from the far right would join in, antisemitic banners would be displayed, anti-Jewish literature such as the '']'' would be sold.<ref>] (2006): ''The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day''. Oxford University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-19-530429-2}} p.186</ref> </blockquote>

], then president of Harvard University, also stated that "erious and thoughtful people are advocating and taking actions that are anti-Semitic in their effect if not their intent. For example ... t the same rallies where protesters, many of them university students, condemn the IMF and global capitalism and raise questions about globalization, it is becoming increasingly common to also lash out at Israel. Indeed, at the anti-IMF rallies last spring, chants were heard equating ] and ]."<ref name=Summers>]. , Office of the President, Harvard University, September 17, 2002.</ref>

Similar allegations have been made by Sol Stern, a senior fellow of the ] and a contributing editor to ''City Journal''. Stern identifies what he sees as antisemitism within the movement as a function of Jews no longer being portrayed as the victims of capitalism, but rather as its masters.<ref name=Glazov>]. , '']'' magazine, November 19, 2003.</ref>

A March 2003 report on antisemitism in the ] by ] and ] of the ] identifies anti-globalization rallies as one of the sources of antisemitism on the left.<ref name=Bergmann>Bergmann, Werner & Wetzel, Juliane. ])}}, Center for Research on Antisemitism, Technische Universitaet Berlin, March 2003.</ref>

<blockquote>In the extreme left-wing scene, anti-Semitic remarks were to be found mainly in the context of pro-Palestinian and anti-globalisation rallies and in newspaper articles using anti-Semitic stereotypes in their criticism of Israel. Often this generated a combination of anti-Zionist and anti-American views that formed an important element in the emergence of an anti-Semitic mood in Europe.<ref name=Bergmann/>
</blockquote>

Michael Kozak, then U.S. Acting Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, told reporters in 2005 that people within the anti-globalization movement have conflated their legitimate concerns "with this idea that Jews run the world and globalization is the fault of Jews."<ref name=Kozak>, U.S. Department of State, January 5, 2005.</ref> He said:

<blockquote>I think one of the disturbing things is that you're starting to see this in some &mdash; you know, it's not just sort of right-wing ultranationalist skinhead types. It's now you're getting some fairly otherwise respectable intellectuals that are left of center who are anti-globalization who are starting to let this stuff creep into their rhetoric.<ref name=Kozak/></blockquote>
<blockquote>And that's disturbing because it starts to &mdash; it starts to take what is a legitimate issue for debate, anti-globalization or the war in Iraq or any other issue, and when you start turning that into an excuse for saying therefore we should hate Jews, that's where you cross the line, in my view. It's not that you're not entitled to question all those other issues. Of course, those are fair game. But it's the same as saying, you know, you start hating all Muslims because of some policy you don't like by one Muslim country or something.<ref name=Kozak/></blockquote>

===Conflation of globalization, Jews, and Israel===
], Professor of European and Jewish History at the ], told ] that globalization has given rise to an anti-globalist left that is "viscerally anti-American, anti-capitalist, and hostile to world Jewry."<ref name=Wistrich>]. , ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', at the ], October 1, 2004.</ref> He argues that the decade that preceded the current increase in antisemitism was one that saw accelerated globalization of the world economy, a process in which the losers included the Arab and Muslim worlds, and who are now the "major consumers of anti-Jewish poison and conspiracy theories that blame everyone except themselves. Israel is only one piece on this chessboard, but it has assumed such inflated importance because it serves a classic anti-Semitic function of being an ']'."<ref name=Wistrich/>
<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: ]'' depicting image of the "]" on cover]] -->
As an example of the alleged conflation of globalization, the U.S. and Israel, ], editor and publisher of '']'' and adjunct professor at ], cited ], a French anti-globalization activist and leader of the ''Confédération Paysanne''.<ref name=RothFrance> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119110757/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2002-3/france.htm |date=2012-11-19 }}, The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Antisemitism and Racism, Tel Aviv University, 2003.</ref> Bové led what Joffe calls a "deconstructionist mob" against ] to protest against its effects on French cuisine, later turning up in ] to denounce Israel and announce his support for ]. "Arafat's cause was Bové's cause ... here was a spokesman for the anti-globalization movement who was conflating globalization with ] and extending his loathing of both to Israel."<ref name=Joffe9>]. , Posen Papers in Contemporary Antisemitism, No.1, Vidal Sassoon Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2004, p.9.</ref> Joffe argues that ''Kapitalismuskritik'' is a "mainstay of the antisemitic faith, a charge that has passed smoothly from Jews to America. Like Jews, Americans are money-grubbers who know only the value of money, and the worth of nothing. Like Jews, they seek to reduce all relationships to exchange and money. Like them, Americans are motivated only by profit, and so they respect no tradition."<ref name=Joffe12>]. , Posen Papers in Contemporary Antisemitism, No.1, Vidal Sassoon Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2004, p.12.</ref>

], writing in '']'', argues against this that "instances of anti-capitalism spilling into 'rich Jew' bigotry are ... well documented" but "stand out precisely because they conflict so sharply with the Left’s universalism and its opposition to ethnic discrimination".<ref name=Clark>]. , ''The Guardian'', March 6, 2006.</ref>

In early 2004, ], author of "Culture Jam" and founder of '']'', two influential and widely read anti-globalization texts, generated controversy when he wrote an editorial entitled "Why won't anyone say they are Jewish?".<ref name=Lasn>]. ] Magazine, March/April 2004</ref> In it he stated "Drawing attention to the Jewishness of the neocons is a tricky game. Anyone who does so can count on automatically being smeared as an anti-Semite. But the point is not that Jews (who make up less than 2 percent of the American population) have a monolithic perspective. Indeed, American Jews overwhelmingly vote Democrat and many of them disagree strongly with Ariel Sharon’s policies and Bush’s aggression in Iraq. The point is simply that the neocons seem to have a special affinity for Israel that influences their political thinking and consequently American foreign policy in the Middle East."<ref name=Lasn/> The editorial suggested that Jews represent a disproportionately high percentage of the ] who control American foreign policy, and that this may affect policy with respect to Israel.<ref name="Raynes=Goldie">Raynes-Goldie, Kate. , ''Nowtoronto.com'', March 18, 2004 – March 24, 2004.</ref> Lasn included a list of influential neo-conservatives, with dots next to the names of those who were Jewish.<ref name=Lasn/>

Lasn was criticized by a number of anti-globalization activists. Klaus Jahn, professor of the philosophy of history at the ] condemned Lasn's article stating "Whether listing physicians who perform abortions in ] tracts, gays and lesbians in office memos, Communists in government and the entertainment industry ], Jews in Central Europe under Nazism and so on, such list-making has always produced pernicious consequences."<ref name=RaynesGoldie>Raynes-Goldie, Kate, "", '']'', March 18024, 2004</ref>

Meredith Warren, a Montreal anti-globalization activist responded to the article by saying "The U.S. government has only an economic interest in having control over that region. It wants oil and stability – it has nothing to do with Jews or Judaism. Pointing out the various religious stances of those in power totally misses the point of the U.S. government's interest in Israel."<ref name=RaynesGoldie/>

===Controversy over alleged antisemitism within the French movement===
{{See also|Red-green-brown alliance}}
According to a report by the Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Antisemitism, a major event for the anti-globalization movement in France was the European Social Forum (ESF) in Paris in November 2003. The organizers allegedly included a number of Islamic groups, such as ''Présence Musulmane'', ''Secours Islamique'', and ''Collectif des Musulmans de France''. ], the grandson of ], the Egyptian founder of the ], also attended meetings. A few weeks earlier, Ramadan had published a controversial article on a website &mdash; after ''Le Monde'' and ''Le Figaro'' refused to publish it &mdash; criticizing several French intellectuals, who according to the Institute, were either Jewish or "others he mistakenly thought were Jewish," for having "supposedly betrayed their universalist beliefs in favor of unconditional support for Zionism and Israel."<ref name=RothFrance/>

], one of the intellectuals who was criticized, called on the French anti-globalization movement to distance itself from Ramadan. In an interview with ''Le Monde'', Lévy said: "Mr. Ramadan, dear anti-globalizationist friends, is not and cannot be one of yours. ... I call you on you quickly to distance yourselves from this character who, in crediting the idea of an elitist conspiracy under the control of Zionism, is only inflaming people’s thoughts and opening the way to the worst."<ref name=Monnot>Monnot, Caroline & Ternisien, Xavier. Caroline Monnot and Xavier Ternisien. , ''Le Monde'', October 10, 2003.</ref>

''Le Monde'' reported that many members of the anti-globalization movement in France agreed that Ramadan's article "has no place on a European Social Forum mailing list."<ref name=Monnot/>

Other activists defended Ramadan. One activist told the newspaper that "ne of the characteristics of the European Social Forum is the stark rise in immigrant and Muslim organizations. It is an important phenomenon and a positive one in many ways."<ref name=Monnot/> Another activist, Peter Khalfa, said: "Ramadan’s essay is not anti-Semitic. It is dangerous to wave the red flag of anti-Semitism at any moment. However, it is a text marked partly by Ramadan’s communitarian thought and which communicates his view of the world to others."<ref name=Monnot/> One of the leaders of the anti-globalization movement in France, José Bové of the ''Confédération Paysanne'', told ''Le Monde'': "The anti-globalization movement defends universalist points of view which are therefore necessarily secular in their political expression. That there should be people of different cultures and religions is only natural. The whole effort is to escape such determinisms."<ref name=Monnot/>

===Concern within the political left===
One of the protagonists of the anti-globalization movement, the Canadian writer and activist ], has written of her concern at finding antisemitic rhetoric on some activist websites that she had visited: "I couldn’t help thinking about all the recent events I’ve been to where ] violence was rightly condemned, but no mention was made of attacks on Jewish synagogues, cemeteries, and community centers."<ref name=Klein>]. , ''In These Times'', April 26, 2002.</ref> Klein urged activists to confront antisemitism as part of their work for social justice. She also suggested that allegations of antisemitism can be often politically motivated, and that activists should avoid political simplifications that could be perceived as antisemitic:

<blockquote>The globalization movement isn't anti-Semitic, it just hasn't fully confronted the implications of diving into the ] conflict. Most people on the left are simply choosing sides. In the Middle East, where one side is under occupation and the other has the U.S. military behind it, the choice seems clear. But it is possible to criticize Israel while forcefully condemning the rise of anti-Semitism. And it is equally possible to be pro-Palestinian independence without adopting a simplistic pro-Palestinian/anti-Israel dichotomy, a mirror image of the good-versus-evil equations so beloved by President ].<ref name=Klein/>
</blockquote>

In October 2004, the '']'' magazine published a special issue covering the insertion of antisemitic rhetoric into some progressive debates.<ref name=internationalist>, ''New Internationalist'', October 2004.</ref> Adam Ma’anit wrote:

<blockquote>Take Adbusters magazine’s founder Kalle Lasn’s recent editorial rant against Jewish neoconservatives....The article includes a self-selected ‘well-researched list’ of 50 of the supposedly most influential ‘neocons’ with little black dots next to all those who are Jewish....If it’s not the neocons then it’s the all-powerful ‘Jewish lobby’ which holds governments to ransom all over the world (because Jews control the global economy of course) to do their bidding. Meanwhile rightwing Judeophobes often talk of a leftist Jewish conspiracy to promote equality and human rights through a new internationalism embodied in the UN in order to control governments and suppress national sovereignty. They call it the ‘New World Order’ or the ‘Jew World Order’. They make similar lists to Lasn’s of prominent Jews in the global justice movement (Noam Chomsky, Naomi Klein, etc) to argue their case."<ref>Adam Ma’anit, </ref></blockquote>

The issue observes, however, that "While antisemitism is rife in the Arab World, the Israeli Government often uses it as moral justification for its policies."<ref>Asma Agbarieh, ''New Internationalist'', October 2004, #372.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|35em}}

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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
*]. , ''The Observer'', June 22, 2003.
*Abram, Morris B.
*Arenson, David & Grynberg, Simon. .
*]. , ''Gush Shalom''.
*]. "The UN and the Jews", ''Commentary Magazine'', February 2004.
*]. , ''The Guardian'', April 15, 2005
*Bergmann, Werner & Wetzel, Julie. {{cite web|url=http://eumc.eu.int/eumc/material/pub/FT/Draft_anti-Semitism_report-web.pdf |title="Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in the European Union" |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415100309/http://eumc.eu.int/eumc/material/pub/FT/Draft_anti-Semitism_report-web.pdf |archivedate=2005-04-15 |df= }}&nbsp;{{small|(751&nbsp;KB)}}, Berlin Research Centre on Anti-Semitism, Berlin Technical University.
*Bourne, Jenny. , ''Race and Class'', Vol. 46, 2004.
*]. , ''The Guardian'', December 6, 2003.
*Chittenden, Maurice. , ''The Sunday Times'', April 17, 2005
*]. {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020913220833/http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/ni/ni-contents.html |date=September 13, 2002 |title=''Necessary Illusions'' }}, accessed January 9, 2006.
*]. ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' 16:3–4 via the ], Fall 2004.
*]. ''New Statesman'', October 10, 2005.
*]. , ''The Observer'', April 17, 2005
*]. , ], September 25, 2006.
*Cooper, Abraham. ]' and Conjures Up 'Blood Libel' Canard"], January 30, 2003.
*]. , Jewish People Policy Planning Institute, November 2002.
*].
*Curthoys, Ned. "A new anti-Semitism: American discourse since September 11 has seen a reinvention of the eternal anti-semitism thesis applied to critics of Israel," ''Arena Magazine'', April 1, 2004.
*Dinnerstein, Leonard. "Is There a New Anti-Semitism in the United States?" ''Society'', 41 (January/February 2004), 53–58.
*]. "Antisemitism in Western Europe Today" in ''Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World''. University of Toronto Press, 2005.
*]. "The View from Ground Zero," in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). ''Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism'', Random House 2004.
*]. , ''Ha'aretz'', April 4, 2004.
*]. ''Jewish Political Studies Review 19:1–2'' ], March 1, 2007.
*]. , an interview with ], October 1, 2004.
*]. , ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 21, ], June 1, 2004.
*]. ''Europe’s Crumbling Myths: The Post-Holocaust Origins of Today’s Anti-Semitism'', ]/]/], 2003. {{ISBN|965-218-045-9}}.
*]. , ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' 15:3–4 (Fall 2003).
*]. ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', no. 2, 1 November 2002.
*]. "The Rough Beast Returns" in Rosenbaum, Ron. ''Those who forget the past''. Random House, 2004.
*Glazov, Jamie. , ''FrontPageMagazine.com'', September 19, 2003.
*Goldenberg, Suzanne. , ''The Guardian'', July 8, 2002.
*Gordon, Neve. "Seeing through the 'new anti-Semitism': Norman Finkelstein critiques Israel's human rights record and Alan Dershowitz's defense of it," ''National Catholic Reporter'', October 14, 2005.
*Grant, Linda. , ''The Guardian'', December 18, 2001.
*Greenspan, Miriam. (Nov–Dec 2003). "The New Anti-Semitism". '']'' '''18''':6. p.&nbsp;33.
*Gross, Tom. "Jeningrad: What the British Media Said," in Rosenbaum, Ron (ed). ''Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism'', Random House 2004.
*Harris, Ben. , JTA, January 23, 2006.
*Horowitz, Craig. , ''New York Magazine''.
*
*Iganski, Paul & Kosmin, Barry. (eds) ''New European Extremism: Hating America, Israel and the Jews''. Profile Books Limited, 2006. {{ISBN|1-86197-792-1}}
*Iganski, Paul & Kosmin, Barry. (eds) ''A New Antisemitism? Debating Judeophobia in 21st Century Britain'', Profile Books Limited, 2003. {{ISBN|1-86197-651-8}}
*]. , ''National Post'', October 27, 2003.
*]. , Posen Papers in Contemporary Antisemitism, No.1, Vidal Sassoon Center for the Study of Antisemitism, 2004.
*Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie. , '']'', March 2007.
*Kite, Melissa. , ''The Telegraph'', April 17, 2005.
*]. , May 2, 2002.
*]. "The collective Jew: Israel and the new antisemitism," used as a resource by the EUMC in their report ''Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002–2003'', Vienna, March 2004. See especially pp.&nbsp;12–13, 225–241.
*] & ] , International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, retrieved September 8, 2006.
*]. "Muslim Anti-Semitism" in Rosenbaum, Ron. ''Those who forget the past'', Random House, 2003. pp.&nbsp;549–62.
*Kuruvila, Matthai Chakko. , ''San Francisco Chronicle'', January 27, 2007.
*Lopez, Kathryn Jean. , ''National Review Online'', November 25, 2003.
*]. , ''The Guardian'', September 7, 2006.
*McGeal, Chris. , ''The Guardian'', November 25, 2003
*Minerbi, Sergio I. , Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Fall 2003.
*Nirenstein, Fiamma. ''Terror: The New Anti-Semitism And The War Against The West'', 2005. {{ISBN|1-57525-377-1}}
*]. , '']'', March 15, 2009.
*Pfeifer, Karl. , Scholars for Peace in the Middle East.
*]. .
*] '']''
*Rosenblum, April. .
*Rosenthal, John. , ''Policy Review Online'', retrieved August 29, 2006.
*]. , June 2002.
*]. .
*]. , '']'', November 2003.
*]. , January 1, 2002.
*Smith, Lewis. , ''The Times'', April 18, 2005
*Whine, Michael. (DOC file), Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies.
*{{Interlanguage link multi|Guillaume Weill-Raynal|fr|3=Guillaume Weill-Raynal|lt=Weill-Raynal, Guillaume|vertical-align=sup}}, ''Une haine imaginaire : contre-enquête sur le nouvel antisémitisme'' (An imaginary hatred: investigation about the new antisemitism), Paris, Armand Colin, 2005, {{ISBN|2-200-26912-9}}.
*] ''Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred''. Pantheon Books, 1992.
*] , '']'', Number 72, Summer 2003.
*] , American Jewish Committee, 2005.
*] "From Ambivalence to Betrayal: The Left, the Jews, and Israel (Studies in Antisemitism)". University of Nebraska Press, 2012
*] , ''US News and World Report'', March 11, 2003.
*, "Make your point", Haaretz, July 18, 2004.
*, American Jewish Committee.
*, Christian Action for Israel.
*, CTV News, March 6, 2003.
*, BeitShalom.org
*, ], retrieved September 7, 2006.
*
*, Department for Jewish Zionist Education, The Jewish Agency for Israel.

'''Reports'''
* From government and inter-governmental sources
** , excerpted from a longer piece, and covering the period of July 1, 2003 – December 15, 2004].
**{{cite web|url=http://eumc.eu.int/eumc/material/pub/FT/Draft_anti-Semitism_report-web.pdf |title="Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in the European Union" |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415100309/http://eumc.eu.int/eumc/material/pub/FT/Draft_anti-Semitism_report-web.pdf |archivedate=2005-04-15 |df= }}&nbsp;{{small|(751&nbsp;KB)}} Unpublished EU report from 2003
**
* From the ]
**, Anti-Defamation League, July 11, 2002
** based on a .
**.
**, ], August 22, 2006.
**, ], January 28, 2003.
* From the ]
** December 21, 2003
**, December 2006
**, June 2006
{{refend}}

==External links==
* an online lecture by Professor David Bankier of ]
* from the
*
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=openmind_ep399|description="The Open Mind - Anti-Semitism, Part I (1981)"}}
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=openmind_ep400|description="The Open Mind - Anti-Semitism, Part II (1981)"}}

{{Antisemitism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Antisemitism}}
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Revision as of 13:45, 30 November 2017

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