| Revision as of 23:10, 13 December 2017 edit96.48.230.61 (talk) changed arches to Vancouver ChinatownTag: Visual edit← Previous edit | Revision as of 16:21, 15 December 2017 edit undoHamgaalagch (talk | contribs)1 edit History of chinaTags: Replaced blankingNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| CHina was trash.They always eat mongolian food and wear mongolian clothes.They are nothing.THey like kid's meat.They're are wild humans.Human?? are they human???They're not human.Now understand this information | |||
| {{other uses}} | |||
| {{pp-move-indef}} | |||
| {{Infobox Chinese | |||
| |pic=File:0338jfSanta Cruz Escolta Binondo Streets Manila Heritage Landmarksfvf 01.JPG | |||
| |piccap=], the oldest Chinatown in the world, in ] | |||
| |c=唐人街 | |||
| |p=Tángrénjiē | |||
| |l="Chinese Street" | |||
| |j=Tong<sup>2</sup> yan<sup>2</sup> gaai<sup>1</sup> | |||
| |y=Tòhngyàhngāai | |||
| |wuu=Daon<sup>平</sup> nin<sup>平</sup> ka<sup>平</sup> | |||
| |poj=Tông-jîn-ke | |||
| |buc=Tòng-ìng-kĕ | |||
| |s2=中国城 | |||
| |t2=中國城 | |||
| |p2=Zhōngguóchéng | |||
| |l2="Chinatown" | |||
| |j2=Jung<sup>1</sup> gwok<sup>3</sup> sing<sup>4</sup> | |||
| |y2=Jūnggwoksìhng | |||
| |wuu2=Tson<sup>平</sup> koh<sup>入</sup> zen<sup>平</sup> | |||
| |poj2=Tiong-kok-siânn | |||
| |buc2=Dŭng-guók-siàng | |||
| |s3=华埠 | |||
| |t3=華埠 | |||
| |p3=Huábù | |||
| |l3="Chinese District" | |||
| |j3=Wa<sup>4</sup> fau<sup>6</sup> | |||
| |y3=Wàfōw | |||
| |wuu3=Gho<sup>平</sup> bu<sup>去</sup> | |||
| |poj3=Hôa-bú | |||
| |buc3=Huà-pú | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Chinatown}} | |||
| A '''Chinatown''' ({{zh|c=唐人街|j=tong<sup>4</sup> yan<sup>4</sup> gaai<sup>1</sup>|p= Tángrénjiē}}) is an ] of ] or ] people located outside ] or ], most often in an urban setting. Areas known as "Chinatown" exist throughout the world, including Asia, Australia, the Americas, Africa and Europe. | |||
| The development of most Chinatowns typically resulted from mass migration to an area without any, or with very few Chinese residents. ] in ], established in 1594, is recognised as the world's oldest Chinatown. Notable early examples outside Asia include ]'s ] in the United States and ]'s ] in Australia, which were founded in the mid-19th century during the ] and ] respectively. A more modern example, in ], was caused by the displacement of Chinese workers in the ] following the ] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citylab.com/amp/article/440190/|title=Connecticut's Unexpected Chinatowns}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.norwichbulletin.com/news/20160722/fortune-friction-and-decline-as-casino-chinatown-matures|title=Fortune, friction and decline as casino 'Chinatown' matures}}</ref> | |||
| ==Definition== | |||
| The '']'' defines "Chinatown" as "... a district of any non-Chinese town, especially a city or ], in which the population is predominantly of Chinese origin".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Chinatown|title=Definition of Chinatown}}</ref> However, some Chinatowns may have little to do with China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kitv.com/news/hawaii/where-you-live/where-you-live-chinatown/24595340 |title=Where You Live Chinatown |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301230646/https://www.kitv.com/news/hawaii/where-you-live/where-you-live-chinatown/24595340 |archivedate=2014-03-01 |df= }}</ref> Some "Vietnamese" enclaves are in fact a city's "second Chinatown", and some Chinatowns are in fact pan-Asian, meaning they could also be counted as a ] or ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWSK9-Gf0g8C&pg=PA33 |title=Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America}}</ref> One example includes ] in ], ]. It was initially referred to as a ] but was subsequently renamed due to the influx of non-Chinese ] who opened businesses there. Today the district acts as a unifying factor for the Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Nepalese and Thai communities of Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmiserable.com/cleveland/archive/?p%3D713 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101411/http://www.unmiserable.com/cleveland/archive/?p=713 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |df= }}</ref> | |||
| Further ambiguities with the term can include Chinese ]s which by definition are "...] ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in large metropolitan areas <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-5743-9780824836719.aspx|title=Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America}}</ref> where the intended purpose is to be "... as isolated from the white population as Hispanics".<ref></ref> A '']'' article blurs the line further by categorizing very different Chinatowns such as ], which exists in an urban setting as "traditional"; ], which exists in a "suburban" setting (and labeled as such); and ], which is in essence a "Chinese themed mall", known as "fabricated". This contrasts with narrower definitions, where the term only described Chinatown in a city setting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/travel/chinatown-revisited.html?_r=0|title=Chinatown Revisited}}</ref> | |||
| In some cities in ], the term denotes an area, neighborhood or district where prostitution or other businesses related to the ] are concentrated; i.e. a ]. Some examples of this are the Chinatown of Salamanca and the Chinatown of Barcelona, although in ] there was a small Chinese community in the 1930s. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| {{See also|Chinese emigration}} | |||
| Trading centres populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses have long existed throughout ]. ] to other parts of the world from ] accelerated in the 1860s with the signing of the ] (1860), which opened the border for free movement. Early emigrants came primarily from the coastal ] of ] (Canton, Kwangtung) and ] (Fukien, Hokkien) in ] – where the people generally speak ], ], ], ] (Chiuchow) and ]. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a significant number of ] to ] originated from four counties called ], located west of the ] in ] province, making Toishanese a dominant ] of the ] spoken in ]. | |||
| As conditions in China have improved in recent decades, many Chinatowns have lost their initial mission, which was to provide a transitional place into a new culture. As net migration has slowed into them, the smaller Chinatowns have slowly decayed, often to the point of becoming purely historical and no longer serving as ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nhpr.org/post/chinatown-ghost-town |title=From Chinatown to Ghost Town |publisher=Nhpr.org |date=2011-11-14 |accessdate=2013-05-26}}</ref> | |||
| ===In Asia=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]'s Chinatown located in ], ] is the oldest Chinatown in the world, established in 1594.<ref>Raitisoja, Geni , ''Tradio86.com'', July 8, 2006, accessed March 19, 2011.</ref> | |||
| Several Asian Chinatowns, although not yet called by that name, have a long history. Those in ], ],<ref>{{cite book|last=Takekoshi|first=Yosaburo|title=economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan, Vol. 2|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London|page=124}}</ref> ] in Manila, ] and Bao Vinh in central Vietnam<ref>{{cite book|last=Li|first=Qingxin|title=Maritime Silk Road|year=2006|publisher=China International Press|page=157}}</ref> all existed in 1600. ], the Chinese quarter of ], dates to 1740.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abeyesekere |first=Susan |title=Jakarta: A History|year=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press. All rights reserved|page=6 |accessdate=2012-09-21}}</ref> | |||
| Chinese presence in ] dates back to the 5th century AD.<ref></ref> A Chinatown first appeared in the Indian city of ] (now renamed ]) and subsequently in ] and ]. The first Chinese settler in ] was Young Atchew around 1780. | |||
| The ] centered on ] in ], ], was founded at the same time as the city itself, in 1782.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Yaowarat Heritage Centre|url=http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/yaowarat-heritage-centre.html|title=The History of Chinatown Bangkok|accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref> | |||
| ===In the West=== | |||
| ] in the mid-19th century.]] | |||
| An early enclave of Chinese people emerged in the 1830s in ], ] when the first direct trading vessel from ] arrived in Liverpool's docks to trade in goods including ] and ].<ref name="LCBA">{{cite web|title=History of Liverpool Chinatown |publisher=The Liverpool Chinatown Business Association |url=http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html |accessdate=31 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124032329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/lcba/ba/history.html |archivedate=24 January 2010 |df= }}</ref> Many Chinese immigrants arrived in Liverpool in the late 1850s in the employ of the ], a ] company established by ]. The ] ] created strong ] links between the cities of ], ] and Liverpool, mainly in the importation of silk, cotton and ].<ref name="LCBA" /> | |||
| The ] is one of the largest in North America and the oldest north of ]. It served as a port of entry for early Chinese immigrants from the 1850s to the 1900s.<ref>, KPIX-TV, 1963.</ref> The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of the ]<ref name="Foster2001">{{cite book|author=Lee Foster|title=Northern California History Weekends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VA0GAmdjK4C|accessdate=26 December 2011|date=1 October 2001|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-1076-8|page=13}}</ref> on the ]. Other early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849 ]. Other cities in ] where Chinatowns were founded in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast from ] to ]. | |||
| Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in the ] in states such as ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. As the ] was built, more Chinatowns started to appear in railroad towns such as ], ], ], ], ], and many east coast cities such as ], ], ], ], and ]. With the passage of the ], many ] such as ], ], and ] began to hire Chinese for work in place of slave labor.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} | |||
| The history of Chinatowns was not always peaceful, especially when labor disputes arose. Racial tensions flared when lower-paid Chinese workers replaced white miners in many mountain-area Chinatowns, such as in Wyoming with the ]. Many of these frontier Chinatowns became extinct as American racism surged and the ] was passed. | |||
| Other Chinatowns in European capitals, including ] and ], were established at the turn of the 20th century. The first Chinatown in London was located in the ] area of the ]<ref>Sales, Rosemary; d'Angelo, Alessio; Liang, Xiujing; Montagna, Nicola. "London's Chinatown" in Donald, Stephanie; Kohman, Eleonore; Kevin, Catherine. (eds) (2009). . ]. pp. 45–58.</ref> at the start of the 20th century. The Chinese population engaged in business which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented the ]. The area acquired a bad reputation from exaggerated reports of ] dens and ]. | |||
| France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of ], in the ] province of China. Significant Chinatowns sprung up in ] and the ]. | |||
| {{Wide image|Flushing Queens May 2015 2.jpg|600px|3=<div align=center>The busy intersection of ], ], and 41st Avenue in the ], ], ]. The segment of Main Street between Kissena Boulevard and ], punctuated by the ] ] overpass, represents the cultural heart of Flushing Chinatown. Housing over 30,000 individuals born in China alone, the largest by this metric outside Asia, ] has become home to one of the largest and fastest-growing Chinatowns in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/i-ate-my-way-through-flushing-queens-and-now-i-get-why-its-the-bigger-and-better-chinatown-2015-5|title=This is what it's like in one of the biggest and fastest growing Chinatowns in the world|author=Melia Robinson|publisher=Business Insider|date=May 27, 2015|accessdate=July 30, 2017}}</ref></div>|dir=rtl}} | |||
| {{Gallery |align=center |lines=4 | |||
| |File:Chinatown manhattan 2009.JPG|], the largest concentration of ] in the ]|File:San Francisco Chinatown.jpg|], one of the largest Chinatowns in North America | |||
| |File:Boston Chinatown Paifang.jpg|] gate to ] | |||
| }} | |||
| ===1970s to the present=== | |||
| By the late 1970s, refugees and exiles from the ] played a significant part in the redevelopment of Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many existing Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past had been largely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern China. | |||
| In 2001, the events of ] have resulted in a mass migration of about 14,000 Chinese workers from ] to ] due to the fall of the garment industry and workers transitioning to casino jobs fueled by the development of the ] casino. | |||
| In 2012, ] formed as a result of availability of direct flights to China. The ] was formerly a small enclave, but has tripled in size as a result of direct flights to ], with an ethnic Chinese population rise from 5,000 in 2009 to roughly 15,000 in 2012, overtaking ]'s Chinatown as the largest Chinese enclave in Mexico. | |||
| ===Chinese-themed shopping centers=== | |||
| ] in ], ], ].]] | |||
| In recent years, Chinese-themed shopping centers have started to take on a role as historical and touristic centers, though the centers themselves are not "Chinatowns" by definition, usually as they are built in areas where the Chinese populations are intermixed with the general population at large. For example, the "Chinatown" in ] has been created as an attraction rather than an enclave, intended to give the feeling of the "old Chinatown" in an upscale setting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2010/01/11/story8.html?page=all |title=Albany’s new ‘Chinatown’ features teahouse; other businesses sought |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=2010-01-11 |accessdate=2013-05-26}}</ref> The new Chinatown in ] will be built with a five-star hotel, and is intended mainly as a visitor attraction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwaytv3.com/2012/02/05/developers-plan-chinatown-outside-raleigh |title=Developers Plan Chinatown Outside Raleigh |publisher=Wwaytv3.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530183452/https://www.wwaytv3.com/2012/02/05/developers-plan-chinatown-outside-raleigh |archivedate=2013-05-30 |df= }}</ref> Other examples of Chinese-themed malls exist in ], ], ], ], and ] have received official recognition as a "Chinatown". While many Chinese-themed areas have in many cases displaced original Chinese enclaves as places where authentic ] restaurants and shopping can be found, they are not considered tourist attractions as the most notable historic Chinatown districts are.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/Menuism/best-chinese-restaurants_b_2194073.html |title=The Best Chinese Probably Isn't In Chinatown |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2012-12-04 |accessdate=2014-02-28}}</ref> Bonnie Tsui in her book states that the newer "commercial Chinatowns" rely on the Chinatown being built before the local Chinese population arrives.<ref name=tsui>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5qkGWDO2c4C&pg=PT246 |title=American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods|author=Bonnie Tsui}}</ref> | |||
| ==Characteristics== | |||
| The features described below are characteristic of many modern Chinatowns. | |||
| ===Demographics=== | |||
| The early Chinatowns such as those in ] and ] in the ] were naturally destinations for people of Chinese descent as ] were the result of opportunities such as the California Gold Rush and the Transcontinental Railroad drawing the population in, creating natural Chinese enclaves that were almost always 100% exclusively Han Chinese, which included both people born in ] and in the enclave, in this case ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/general_plan/Chinatown.htm#CHI_HOS_4_1 |title=Chinatown Area Plan (San Francisco Chinatown) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519123247/http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/general_plan/Chinatown.htm |archivedate=2014-05-19 |df= }}</ref> In some free countries such as the ] and ], housing laws that prevent ] also allows neighborhoods that may have been characterized as "All Chinese" to also allow non-Chinese to reside in these communities. For example, the Chinatown in ] show sizeable white and black races residing within the community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Chinatown-Philadelphia-PA.html|title=Chinatown Philadelphia PA}}</ref> A recent study also suggests that the demographic change is also driven by ] of what were previously Chinatown neighborhoods. The influx of ] is speeding up the gentrification of such neighborhoods. The trend for emergence of these types of natural enclaves is on the decline with the exceptions being Chinatowns in ] and ] in New York City, only to be replaced by newer "Disneyland-like" attractions, such as a new Chinatown that will be built in the ] region of ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/china-city-america-new-disney-chinese-themed-development-plans-bring-6-billion-catskills-new-York|title=China City Of America: New Disney-Like Chinese-Themed Development Plans To Bring $6 Billion To Catskills In New York State}}</ref> This includes the endangerment of existing historical Chinatowns that will eventually stop serving the needs of Chinese immigrants. Newer developments like those in ], ] are not necessarily considered "Chinatowns" in the sense that they do not necessarily contain the Chinese architectures or Chinese language signs as signatures of an officially sanctioned area that was designated either in law or signage stating so, which differentiates areas that are called "Chinatowns" versus locations that have "significant" populations of people of Chinese descent. For example, ] in the ] has 63,434 people (2010 U.S. Census) of Chinese descent, and yet "does not have a ]." Some "official" Chinatowns have Chinese populations much lower than that.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212194457/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-02-12 |title=American FactFinder |df= }}</ref> | |||
| ===Architectural styles=== | |||
| {{Main article|Chinese architecture}} | |||
| Many tourist-destination metropolitan Chinatowns can be distinguished by large red arch entrance structures known in Mandarin Chinese as '']'' (sometimes accompanied by ] statues on either side of the structure, to greet visitors). Other Chinese architectural styles such as the Chinese Garden of Friendship in ] and the ] at the gate to the ] Chinatown are present in some Chinatowns. ], the Chinatown in ], contains many buildings that were constructed in the Chinese architectural style. | |||
| Paifangs usually have special inscriptions in Chinese. Historically, these gateways were donated to a particular city as a gift from the ] and ], or local governments (such as Chinatown, San Francisco), and business organizations. The long-neglected Chinatown in ], received materials for its paifang from the People's Republic of China as part of the Chinatown's gradual renaissance. Construction of these red arches is often financed by local financial contributions from the Chinatown community. Some of these structures span an entire intersection, and some are smaller in height and width. Some paifang can be made of ], ], or ] and may incorporate an elaborate or simple design. | |||
| {{Gallery |align=center |lines=4 |title=Chinatown landmarks | |||
| |File:Chinatownsyd.jpg|Entrance to ] | |||
| |File:China Gate, Philadelphia.jpg|Paifang in ] | |||
| |File:Nochi.jpg|Paifang in ], ] | |||
| |File:Paifang Boston Chinatown 1.jpg|] looking towards the paifang | |||
| |File:ChinatownGatePortland.jpg|Gate of Chinatown, ], ] | |||
| |File:Chinatown Arch Newcastle UK.jpg|Chinatown entry arch in ], ] | |||
| |File:Chinese Garden of Friendship.jpg|Chinese Garden of Friendship, part of ] | |||
| |File:Chinatown Victoria gate lion hires.jpg|] at the Chinatown gate in ], Canada | |||
| |File:Chinatown Gate 1 Compressed.jpg|Harbin Gates in Chinatown of ], Canada | |||
| |File:Chinatown Vancouver.JPG|Millennium Gate on Pender Street in Chinatown of ], Canada | |||
| |File:ChineseCulturalCentre.JPG|Chinese Cultural Centre in ], Canada | |||
| |File:Toong_on_Church_-_Black_Burn_Lane_-_Kolkata_2013-03-03_5248.JPG|Chinese Temple "Toong On Church" in ], ]. | |||
| }} | |||
| ===Chinese language signs=== | |||
| ] are very commonly seen in areas officially labeled as "Chinatown", and many stores that are located in such districts use Chinese ] on storefront signs. Many Chinatowns, such as the one in ], employ bilingual street signs that are in Chinese as well as English. | |||
| In ], storefront signs are required to have a translation in ] when the establishment is located in this district, whether the store is Chinese in nature or not. Local franchises of national chains, such as ] coffeeshops and ] drugstores conform to this rule.<ref name="WashDC">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/12/the-end-of-chinatown/308732/ |title=The End of Chinatown |publisher=Theatlantic.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-26}}</ref> | |||
| {{Gallery |align=center |lines=4 |title=Chinatown signage | |||
| |File:Oakland Chinatown streetsign (6426).JPG|Street signs in ] Chinatown in English and Chinese | |||
| |File:Paris-macdo.jpg|McDonald's in the ''Triangle de Choisy'' in Paris | |||
| |File:700 block of H Street, N.W..JPG|The 700 block of ], ] showing a Subway restaurant with Chinese characters. | |||
| |File:Yaowarat at night (32455695783).jpg|Neon signs in Chinese and Thai adorn buildings alongside ] in ] | |||
| }} | |||
| ===Chinese restaurants=== | |||
| {{Main article|Chinese restaurant|Chinese cuisine}} | |||
| {{weasel|section|date=March 2015}} | |||
| ] restaurant taking a break]] | |||
| Most Chinatowns are centered on food, and as a result Chinatowns worldwide are usually popular destinations for various ethnic Chinese and other Asian cuisines such as ], ], and ]. Some Chinatowns, such as in ], have developed their own localized style of ]. Chinatown restaurants serve both as major economic components and as social gathering places. In the Chinatowns in many western countries, restaurant work may be the only type of employment available for poorer immigrants, especially those who cannot converse fluently in the language of the adopted country. Most Chinatowns generally have a range of authentic and tourist-oriented restaurants. | |||
| Some restaurants in Chinatown do not cater towards non-Chinese customers. Because of ethnic Chinese immigration and the expanded palate of many contemporary cultures, the remaining ] and ] restaurants are seen as anachronisms,{{who|date=March 2015}} but remain popular and profitable. In many Chinatowns, there are now many large, authentic Cantonese ] restaurants, restaurants specializing in other varieties of Chinese cuisine such as ], ], ], and small restaurants with ] foods. | |||
| ====Cantonese seafood restaurants==== | |||
| {{see also|List of seafood restaurants}} | |||
| ] (海鮮酒家, Pinyin: ''Hǎixiān Jiǔjiā'', pronounced in Cantonese as ''hoy seen jau ga'') typically use a large dining room layout, have ornate designs, and specialize in seafood such as expensive Chinese-style ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]s, all kept live in ]s until preparation. Some seafood restaurants may also offer ] in the morning through the early afternoon hours, as waiters announce the names of dishes while pushing steaming carts of food and pastries around the restaurant. These restaurants are also a popular place for weddings, ]s, and other special events. | |||
| These types of restaurants flourished and became in vogue in Hong Kong during the 1960s, and subsequently began opening in various Chinatowns overseas. Owing to their higher menu prices and greater amount of investment capital required to open and manage one (due to higher levels of staffing needed), they tend to be more common in Chinatowns and satellite communities in developed countries and in fairly affluent Chinese immigrant communities, notably in Australia, Canada, and the United States, where they have received significant population of Hong Kong Chinese émigrés. Poorer immigrants usually cannot start these kinds of restaurants, although they too are employed in them. There are generally fewer of them in the older Chinatowns; for example, they are practically non-existent in ]'s Chinatown, but are found in its suburbs such as ], ]. Competition between these restaurants is often fierce; hence owners of seafood restaurants hire and even "steal" the best chefs, many of whom are from ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} | |||
| ====Barbecue delicatessens/restaurants==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Also, Chinese ] ] restaurants, called '']'' (燒臘 ''shāo là'') and sometimes called a "noodle house" or ''mein ga'' (麵家 ''miàn jiā''), are generally more modest in size and decor, and serve less expensive fare such as ] noodles (or ''wonton mein''), ] (炒粉 ''chǎo fěn'', stir-fry rice noodles), ] (揚州炒飯 ''Yángzhōu chǎofàn''), and ] or ], known as ''juk'' in Cantonese Chinese. They also tend to have displays of whole pre-cooked roasted ducks and ]s hanging in their windows, a common feature in most Chinatowns worldwide. These delis also serve barbecue ] (叉燒 ''chāshāo'', '']''), ], ], and other Chinese-style items less familiar to the typical Western palate. Food is usually intended for ]. Some of these Chinatown restaurants sometimes have reputations for being "]s" and for poor service, whereas others may be clean and well-lit, with suitable decor and attentive waitstaff. | |||
| Vietnamese immigrants, both ethnic Chinese and non-Chinese, have opened restaurants in many Chinatowns, serving Vietnamese ] ]s and Franco-Vietnamese ]es. Some immigrants have also started restaurants serving ] Chinese cuisine. Some Chinatowns both old and new may also contain several pan-Asian restaurants offering a variety of Asian noodles under one roof. | |||
| ====Localized cuisines==== | |||
| =====Chop suey and chow mein eateries (United States)===== | |||
| Often lit by ]age, restaurants offering ] or ], mainly for the benefit of non-Chinese customers, were frequent in older Chinatowns. These dishes also are offered in standard barbecue restaurants and takeouts (take-away restaurants). | |||
| =====Chifas (Peru)===== | |||
| A special feature of the Chinatown in ] (''Barrio Chino de Lima'') is the chifa, a ] type of restaurant which mixes Cantonese Chinese cuisine with local Peruvian flavors. Chifa is the ] derivative of the Cantonese phrase ''jee fon'' (饎飯 ''chì fàn''), which renders as "cook rice" or as "cook meal'". This type of restaurant is popular with native Peruvians. | |||
| ===Chinese and Asian businesses=== | |||
| ]s on ], ], USA. | |||
| ]'s satellite Chinatowns in ] and Brooklyn are thriving as traditionally urban ], as large-scale ] continues into New York,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|accessdate=2013-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|accessdate=2013-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-09/news/29541916_1_illegal-chinese-immigrants-qm2-queen-mary|title=Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities|author=John Marzulli|publisher=© Copyright 2012 NY Daily News.com|date=May 9, 2011|accessdate=2013-02-12|location=New York}}</ref> with the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queensbuzz.com/flushing-neighborhood-corona-neighborhood-cms-302|title=Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing|publisher=QueensBuzz.com|date=January 25, 2012|accessdate=2013-06-10}}</ref>]] | |||
| Most Chinatown businesses are engaged in the ] and ] businesses; hence a large number of ] are found in Chinatowns. | |||
| ====Markets and supermarkets==== | |||
| {{Main article|Asian supermarket}} | |||
| In addition to the restaurant trade, grocery stores and seafood markets serve a key function in Chinatown economies, and these stores sell Chinese ingredients to such restaurants as well as to the general public. Some markets are ]s, while smaller Chinatown grocers and markets are often characterized by sidewalk vegetable and fruit stalls, a quintessential image of many Chinatowns. Many local residents buy fresh food daily, taking advantage of its ready availability, and also avoiding the space, ventilation, and electrical requirements of large refrigerators at home. | |||
| Stores also sell a variety of grocery items imported from East Asia (chiefly Mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea) and Southeast Asia (principally Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia). For example, most Chinatown markets stock items such as sacks of Thai ], Chinese ] and ] ]s, bottles of ], rice ], Hong Kong ] beverages, Malaysian snack items, Taiwanese ]s, and Japanese ] and Chinese specialties such as black ]s (often used in rice porridge), '']'', and ]. These markets may also sell fish (especially ]) and other seafood items, which are kept alive in aquariums, for Chinese and other Asian cuisine dishes. Until recently, these items generally could not be found outside the Chinatown enclaves, although since the 1970s ]s have proliferated in the suburbs of North America and Australia, competing strongly with the old Chinatown markets. | |||
| ====Chinese bakeries==== | |||
| {{Main article|Chinese bakery products}} | |||
| Many Chinatowns have had ethnic bakeries for years, offering a large variety of steamed, boiled, or fried delicacies as well as baked goods. Most of the foods on offer were of Chinese origin, but storekeepers often added items adopted or adapted from the surrounding national culture. Chinese bakeries in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan were especially influential in mixing ingredients and techniques from other world cultures, developing new foods that have become standard items. In North America and elsewhere, the non-Chinese population has gradually discovered these delicacies, and Chinese bakeries have begun to sell their products to a wider market. | |||
| ====Religious supplies==== | |||
| In keeping with ] and ] funeral traditions, Chinese specialty shops also sell ] and funeral items which provide material comfort in the afterlife of the deceased. Shops sell specially crafted paper replicas of small houses, radios, televisions, telephones, jewelry, and other symbolic material items. They also sell "]" currency notes, intended to be ritually burned in a furnace. | |||
| These businesses also sell red, wooden Buddhist altars and small statues for worship. Per Chinese custom, an offering of fresh oranges is usually placed in front of the statue in the altar. Sometimes altars are stacked atop each other. These altars may be found in many Chinatown businesses as well as homes, to bring good luck and prosperity. | |||
| ===Antiquated features=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Many early Chinatowns featured large numbers of Chinese-owned ] restaurants, laundry businesses, and ]s, until around the mid-20th century when most of these businesses began to disappear. Though some remain, they are generally seen as ]s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} In early years of Chinatowns, the opium dens were patronized as a relaxation and to escape the harsh and brutal realities of a hostile non-Chinese society, although in North American Chinatowns, they were also frequented by non-Chinese. Additionally, due to the inability on the part of Chinese immigrant men to bring a wife and lack of available local Chinese women for men to marry, ]s became common in some Chinatowns of the 19th century. ], which were labor-intensive but required very little capital or language fluency, were fairly common. | |||
| These traditional businesses no longer exist in many Chinatowns and have been replaced by Chinese grocery stores, restaurants that serve more authentic Chinese cuisine, and other establishments. While opium dens no longer exist, illegal basement ] parlors are still places of recreation in many Chinatowns, where men gather to play ] and other games. | |||
| ===Annual events=== | |||
| Many Chinatowns close off streets for ]s, ]s, ] and ] demonstrations, and ]s, at the request of the promoters or organizers of major events. Smaller festivals may also be held in a ]/], playground, local park, or school grounds within Chinatown. | |||
| ====Chinese New Year==== | |||
| {{Main article|Chinese New Year}} | |||
| Most Chinatowns present '']'' (also known as Lunar New Year) festivities with ] and ]s accompanied by the rhythm of clashing ]s, clanging on a ], clapping of hardwood clappers, pounding of ]s, and loud Chinese ]s. Special performances are held in front of Chinese businesses, where the "lion" character attempts to "eat" a head of ] or to catch an ] in its mouth. The lion costume typically contains two dancers, and performances may involve several athletic stunts. Dragon dancers often perform in larger groups, animating a long tubular dragon costume. In return, storekeepers usually donate some money to the performers, who usually belong to local ] clubs. | |||
| Ironically, many lion and dragon dances are considered better preserved in true form in overseas Chinatowns rather than in China itself. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that traditional Chinese customs, including lion and dragon dances, were unable to flourish during the political and social instabilities of ] under rule of the ], and were almost eliminated completely under the ] regime of the People's Republic of China under Chairman ]. However, due to the migration of Chinese all over the world (particularly Southeast Asia), these dance traditions were continued by overseas Chinese and performed in Chinatowns. | |||
| Chinese New Year dragon and lion dances are intended particularly to scare off evil spirits and bring good fortune to the community. They are also specially commissioned to celebrate a ] of a new Chinatown business, such as a restaurant or bank. Ceremonial ]s and leafy green plants with red-colored ribbons strewn across are also usually placed in front of new Chinatown businesses by well-wishers (particularly family members, wholesalers, community organizations, and so on), to assure future success. | |||
| ====Mid-Autumn Festival==== | |||
| {{Main article|Mid-Autumn Festival}} | |||
| The Mid-Autumn Festival or "August Moon Festival" is an annual celebration that occurs sometime between August to October, depending on the lunar calendar and local customs. Many stores sell special ]s in conjunction with this particular festival. In addition to street celebrations, ]s are held on this occasion in some cities. | |||
| ====Miss Chinatown Beauty Pageant==== | |||
| Some Chinatowns hold an annual "Miss Chinatown" ], such as ] (formerly known as '''Miss Greater Chinatown NYC Beauty Pageant'''), "Miss Chinatown San Francisco," "Mr & Miss Chinatown Philippines," "Miss Chinatown Hawaii," "Miss Chinatown Houston" or "Miss Chinatown Atlanta"{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}. | |||
| {{Gallery |align=center |lines=4 |title=Chinatown festivals | |||
| |File:Celebrating Chinese New Year on 8th Avenue Sunset Park, Brooklyn.jpg|Celebrating ] on 8th Avenue in ] | |||
| |File:MoonFestLA.jpg|Moon festival lantern parade in ], 1954 | |||
| |File:Chinese Dragon Dance in Calgary.jpg|Like Chinese worldwide, the people in ], ]'s Chinatown perform ]s for good luck | |||
| |File:Moon Cakes.jpg|Mooncakes, often eaten during the Mid-Autumn festival | |||
| }} | |||
| ==Benevolent and business associations== | |||
| {{Main article|Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association}} | |||
| ].]] | |||
| A major component of many Chinatowns is the family benevolent association, which provides some degree of aid to immigrants. These associations generally provide social support, religious services, death benefits (members' names in Chinese are generally enshrined on tablets and posted on walls), meals, and recreational activities for ethnic Chinese, especially for older Chinese migrants. Membership in these associations can be based on members sharing a common ] or belonging to a common clan, spoken ], specific village, region or country of origin, and so on. Many have their own facilities. | |||
| Some examples include San Francisco's prominent ] (中華總會館 ''Zhōnghuá Zǒng Huìguǎn''), aka ], and Los Angeles' Southern California Teochew Association. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association is among the largest umbrella groups of benevolent associations in the North America, which branches in several Chinatowns. Politically, the CCBA has traditionally been aligned with the ] and the ]. | |||
| The London Chinatown Chinese Association is active in ]. ] has an institution in the ''Association des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise'' and it servicing overseas Chinese immigrants in Paris who were born in the former ]. | |||
| Traditionally, Chinatown-based associations have also been aligned with ethnic Chinese business interests, such as restaurant, grocery, and laundry (antiquated) associations in Chinatowns in North America. In Chicago's Chinatown, the On Leong Merchants Association was active. | |||
| ==Names== | |||
| ===English=== | |||
| ] pointing towards "]"]] | |||
| Although the term "Chinatown" was first used in Asia, it does not come from a Chinese language. Its earliest appearance seems to have been in connection with the ] of ], which by 1844 was already being called "China Town" or "Chinatown" by the British colonial government.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Simmond's Colonial Magazine and Foreign Miscellany|date=Jan–Apr 1844|page=335|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/ferg/issn/14606011.html|title=Trade and Commerce in Singapore|accessdate=2011-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=1844-07-23|page= 2}}</ref> This may have been a word-for-word translation into English of the Malay name for that quarter, which in those days was probably "Kampong China" or possibly "Kota China" or "Kampong Tionghua/Chunghwa/Zhonghua". | |||
| The first appearance of a Chinatown outside Singapore may have been in 1852, in a book by the Rev. Hatfield, who applied the term to the Chinese part of the main settlement on the remote South Atlantic island of ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hatfield|first=Edwin F.|title=St. Helena and the Cape of Good Hope|year=1852|page=197}}</ref> The island was a regular way-station on the voyage to Europe and North America from Indian Ocean ports, including Singapore. | |||
| ] in ] pointing to "]"]] | |||
| One of the earliest American usages dates to 1855, when San Francisco newspaper '']'' described a "pitched battle on the streets of Chinatown." <ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Alta California|date=1855-12-12|page= 1}}</ref> Other ''Alta'' articles from the late 1850s make it clear that areas called "Chinatown" existed at that time in several other California cities, including Oroville and San Andres.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Alta California|date=1857-12-12|page= 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Alta California|date=1858-06-04|page= 2}}</ref> By 1869, "Chinatown had acquired its full modern meaning all over the U.S. and Canada. For instance, an Ohio newspaper wrote: "From San Diego to Sitka..., every town and hamlet has its 'Chinatown'."<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Defiance Democrat|date=1869-06-12|page= 5}}</ref> | |||
| In British publications before the 1890s, "Chinatown" appeared mainly in connection with California. At first, Australian and New Zealand journalists also regarded Chinatowns as Californian phenomena. However, they began using the term to denote local Chinese communities as early as 1861 in Australia<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Ballarat Star|date=1861-02-16|page= 2}}</ref> and 1873 in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Tuapeka Times|date=1873-02-06|page= 4}}</ref> In most other countries, the custom of calling local Chinese communities "Chinatowns" is not older than the twentieth century. | |||
| Several alternate English names for Chinatown include '''China Town''' (generally used in ] and ]), '''The Chinese District''', '''Chinese Quarter''', and '''China Alley''' (an antiquated term used primarily in several ] towns in the ] for a Chinese community; some of these are now historical sites). In the case of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, China Alley was a parallel commercial street adjacent to the town's Main Street, enjoying a view over the river valley adjacent and also over the main residential part of Chinatown, which was largely of ] construction. All traces of Chinatown and China Alley there have disappeared, despite a once large and prosperous community. | |||
| ===Chinese=== | |||
| ] with {{lang|zh|唐人街}} below the street name.]] | |||
| In ], Chinatown is usually called {{lang|zh|唐人街}}, in ] ''Tong yan gai'', in ] ''Tángrénjiē'', in ] ''Tong ngin gai'', and in ] ''Hong ngin gai'', literally meaning "Tang people's street(s)". The ] was a zenith of the Chinese civilization, after which some Chinese call themselves. Some Chinatowns are indeed just one single street, such as the relatively short ] in ], ], Canada. | |||
| A more modern Chinese name is {{lang|zh|華埠}} (Cantonese: Waa Fau, Mandarin: Huábù) meaning "Chinese City", used in the semi-official Chinese translations of some cities' documents and signs. ''Bù'', pronounced sometimes in Mandarin as ''fù'', usually means ''seaport''; but in this sense, it means ''city'' or ''town''. Likewise, ''Tong yan fau'' ( {{lang|zh|唐人埠}} ''Tángrén bù'' "Tang people's town") is also used in Cantonese nowadays. The literal word-for-word translation of ''Chinatown''—''Zhōngguó Chéng'' ( {{lang|zh|中國城}}) is also used, but more frequently by visiting Chinese nationals rather than immigrants of Chinese descent who live in various Chinatowns. | |||
| Some Chinatowns have unique Chinese names used by the local Chinese. For example, the Chinese name for ] in ] is ''Niúchēshǔi'' ( {{lang|zh|牛车水}}, ] ]: ''Gû-chia-chúi''), which literally means "ox-cart water" from the Malay 'Kreta Ayer' in reference to the water carts that used to ply the area. The Chinatown in ], ], while officially known as ] (Malay:''Jalan Petaling''), Malaysian Chinese call the street by its Cantonese name ''ci<sup>4</sup> cong<sup>2</sup> gaai<sup>1</sup>'' ( {{lang|zh|茨厂街}}, pinyin: ''Cíchǎng Jiē''), literally "tapioca factory street", after a tapioca starch factory that once stood in the area. In Manila, the area is called Mínlúnluò Qū {{lang|zh|岷倫洛區}}, literally the "district near the Rivers Mín Coherent to the River Luò". This is however a transliteration of the local term "Binondo" and an allusion to its proximity to the ]. | |||
| ===Other languages=== | |||
| In ] regions (such as France and ]), Chinatown is often referred to as '''''le quartier chinois''''' (''the Chinese Quarter''; plural: ''les quartiers chinois''). The most prominent Francophone Chinatowns are located in ] and ]. | |||
| The Spanish-language term is usually '''''barrio chino''''' (''Chinese neighborhood''; plural: ''barrios chinos''), used in Spain and ]. (However, ''barrio chino'' or its ] cognate ''barri xinès'' do not always refer to a Chinese neighborhood: these are also common terms for a disreputable district with drugs and prostitution, and often no connection to the Chinese.). | |||
| The Vietnamese term for Chinatown is ''Khu người Hoa'' (Chinese district) or ''phố Tàu'' (Chinese street). Vietnamese language is prevalent in Chinatowns of Paris, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Montreal as ethnic Chinese from Vietnam have set up shop in them. | |||
| In Japanese, the term "chūkagai" (literally "Chinese Street") is the translation used for ] and ]. | |||
| In ], chinatown is known as '''''Pecinan''''', a shortened term of ''pe-cina-an'', means everything related to the Chinese people. Most of these pecinans usually located in ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oQifRGYy55sC&pg=PA109&dq=Pecinan+Chinatown&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pecinan%20Chinatown&f=false|title=Cleavage, Connection and Conflict in Rural, Urban and Contemporary Asia|last=Bunnell|first=Tim|last2=Parthasarathy|first2=D.|last3=Thompson|first3=Eric C.|date=2012-12-11|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400754829|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| Some languages have adopted the English-language term, such as ] and ]. | |||
| ==Locations== | |||
| ], ]]] | |||
| ===Africa=== | |||
| {{Main article|Chinatowns in Africa}} | |||
| There are three noteworthy Chinatowns in Africa located in the coastal African nations of ], ], and ]. South Africa has the largest Chinatown and the largest Chinese population of any African country and remains a popular destination for Chinese immigrants coming to Africa. Derrick Avenue in ], ] hosts South Africa's largest Chinatown. | |||
| ===Americas=== | |||
| {{main article|Chinatowns in the Americas}} | |||
| In the ], which includes North America, Central America and South America, Chinatowns have been around since the 1800s. The most prominent ones exist in the United States and Canada in ], ], ], and ]. New York City is home to the largest ], including several Chinatowns in and around ], ], and ]. There is also a ] developing in Manhattan and in a nearby area of Brooklyn. ], a Pacific port city, has the oldest and longest continuous running Chinatown in the Western Hemisphere.<ref name="Bacon, Daniel page 50"/><ref name="Richards, Rand page 198"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> In Canada, ] is the country's largest<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vancouverchinatown.ca/ |title=Chinatown Vancouver Online |publisher=Vancouverchinatown.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-09-11}}</ref> and ] is an ethnic enclave in ], with a high concentration of ethnic Chinese residents and businesses extending along ] and ]. | |||
| The oldest Chinatown in the Americas is in ] and dates back to at least the early 17th century.<ref name="Mann2012">{{cite book |last=Mann|first=Charles C.|authorlink=Charles C. Mann|title=1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lB3sy0aH4AC&pg=PA416|accessdate=12 October 2012|year=2012|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-27824-1|page=416}}</ref> Since the 1970s, new arrivals have typically hailed from ], ], and Taiwan. Latin American Chinatowns may include the descendants of original migrants – often of mixed Chinese and ] parentage – and more recent immigrants from ]. Most ]s are of ] and ] origin. Estimates widely vary on the number of Chinese descendants in Latin America. Notable Chinatowns also exist in ], ] and ], ]. | |||
| {{Gallery |align=center |lines=4 |title=Chinatowns in the Americas | |||
| |File:chinatown manhattan 2009.JPG|] | |||
| |File:San Francisco China Town MC.jpg|San Francisco's Chinatown | |||
| |File:Vancouver's Chinatown.jpg|] | |||
| |Image:ChineseArchMexicoCity.JPG|Arch honors Chinese-Mexican community of Mexico City, built in 2008, Articulo 123 Street | |||
| }} | |||
| ===Asia=== | |||
| {{Main article|Chinatowns in Asia}} | |||
| Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration of ] in ] and ] and ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came from southern China – particularly the provinces of ], ], and ] – and settled in countries such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], ], and ] centuries ago—starting as early as the ], but mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries (during the reign of the ]), and well into the 20th century. Today the Chinese diaspora in Asia is largely concentrated in Southeast Asia however the legacy of the once widespread overseas Chinese communities in Asia is evident in the many Chinatowns that are found across East, South and Southeast Asia. | |||
| {{Gallery |align=center |lines=4 |title=Asian Chinatowns | |||
| |File:tyuukagaimon.jpg|]'s Goodwill Gate in ] | |||
| |File:Kuan Yin Si, Bago, Myanmar.jpg|Kan Yin Temple (''Kwan Yin Si''), a place of worship for Burmese Chinese in Bago, also serves as a Mandarin school | |||
| |File:Mangga Dua Jakarta's Chinatown.jpg|Chinatown gate in ], ], ] | |||
| |File:Chinese New Year in Chinatown, Tangra, Kolkata, India.png|Chinese New Year celebrated in ], ]. | |||
| ||Davao Chinatown, located in ], ], is one of the biggest in Southeast Asia, with its own sea port | |||
| }} | |||
| ===Australia and Oceania=== | |||
| {{main article|Chinatowns in Australia|Chinatowns in Oceania}} | |||
| The ] of ] lies within the ] and centers on the eastern end of ]. It extends between the corners of ] and ]s. Melbourne's Chinatown originated during the ] in 1851, and is notable as the oldest Chinatown in Australia. It has also been claimed to be the longest continuously running Chinese community outside of Asia, but only because the ] all but destroyed the Chinatown in San Francisco in California.<ref name="Bacon, Daniel page 50">Bacon, Daniel: Walking the Barbary Coast Trail 2nd ed., page 50, Quicksilver Press, 1997</ref><ref name="Richards, Rand page 198">Richards, Rand: Historic San Francisco, 2nd Ed., page 198, Heritage House Publishers, 2007</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"> | |||
| Morris, Charles: San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire, pgs. 151-152, University of Illinois Press, 2002</ref> | |||
| ] centers on Sussex Street in the Sydney downtown. It stretches from Central Station in the east to Darling Harbour in the west, and is Australia's largest Chinatown. | |||
| The ] of ] was originally built in the 1960s and was renovated in the 1980s. It is located near Adelaide Central Market and the Adelaide Bus Station. | |||
| ] is a precinct in the Central Business District of ], that runs through Davenport Street and Young Street. The precinct extends between Nerang Street in the north and Garden Street/Scarborough Street east-west. Redevelopment of the precinct was established in 2013 and completed in 2015 in time for Chinese New Year celebrations. | |||
| There are additional Chinatowns in ] and ] in Australia. | |||
| {{Gallery |align=center |lines=2 |title=Chinatowns in Australia and Oceania | |||
| |File:Chinatownsyd.jpg|Paifang at ] | |||
| |File:BendigoEntranceChineseGardens.JPG|Paifang at ] | |||
| |File:Chinatown, Adelaide paifang 1.jpg|] | |||
| |File:Melbourne China Town.jpg|] entrance at Little Bourke Street | |||
| }} | |||
| <!-- Following removed because it may no longer be available: |File:Dr Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Statue in Melbourne's Chinatown.jpg| ] memorial statue in ] --> | |||
| ===Europe=== | |||
| {{Main article|Chinatowns in Europe}} | |||
| Several urban Chinatowns exist in major European capital cities. There is ], England as well as major Chinatowns in ], ], ] and ]. <span class="plainlinks">], Germany has two established Chinatowns, with the ''Dong Xuan Center'' around Herzbergstrasse of ] in the East, and the area around Kantstrasse of ] in the West.</span> ] has also seen an upstart Chinese community, that has been recognized by the local authorities since 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatown-antwerpen.be |title=China Town Antwerpen |publisher=Chinatown-antwerpen.be |date= |accessdate=2011-09-11}}</ref> The city council of ] has plans to recognize the Chinese Diaspora in the city.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.britishchineseonline.com/forum/showthread.php?t=28439 |title=What happened to cardiff china town? - Discussion Board |publisher=Britishchineseonline.com |date=2005-10-05 |accessdate=2011-09-11}}</ref> | |||
| The ], located in the ], is the largest in Europe, where many Vietnamese – specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam – have settled and in ] in the northeast of Paris as well as in ]. In ], there is a Chinatown in ] between Via Luigi Canonica and ] and others in ] and ]. In the Netherlands, Chinatowns exist in ], ] and ]. | |||
| In the United Kingdom, several exist in Birmingham, Liverpool, London, Manchester and Newcastle Upon Tyne. The Chinatown in Liverpool is the oldest Chinese community in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.halfandhalf.org.uk |title=Liverpool and it's Chinese Children |publisher=Halfandhalf.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-09-11}}</ref> The ] was established in the ] district in the late 19th century. The ] is located in central Manchester. | |||
| {{Gallery |align=center |lines=4 |title=European Chinatowns | |||
| |File:MappaChinatownMilano.jpg|Map of Chinatown Milan | |||
| |File:Liverpool China Town Chinese Arch.jpg|Gate of ] ], is the largest multiple-span arch outside of ], in the oldest Chinese community in Europe | |||
| |File:Chinatown, London.jpg|Gerrard Street, ] | |||
| |File:China Court Restaurant. - geograph.org.uk - 707948.jpg|Chinatown in ], ] | |||
| |File:Nouvel an chinois à la Guillotière.JPG|Chinese new year celebration in ], ]. | |||
| }} | |||
| ==In popular culture== | |||
| Chinatowns have been referenced in various films including '']'', '']'', and '']''. Also, many films in which ] appears reference locations in Chinatown, particularly the '']'' series with ]. | |||
| Chinatowns have also been mentioned in the song "]" by ] whose song lyrics says "... There was funky China men from funky Chinatown...."<ref>{{cite web|title=Kung Fu Fighting|author=Carl Douglas}}</ref> | |||
| The ] actor ] is well known as a person who was born in the ].<ref>http://www.laweekly.com/arts/bruce-lees-huge-bronze-statue-turns-into-a-mecca-in-las-chinatown-video-5380451</ref> Other notable ] such as politician ] and NBA player ] grew up in suburbs with lesser connections to traditional Chinatowns. Neighborhood activists and politicians have increased in prominence in some cities, and some are starting to attract support from non-Chinese voters. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|China|Society}} | |||
| {{commons+cat|Chinatown|Chinatowns}} | |||
| {{div col|colwidth=30em}} | |||
| * ], the largest people of the ] living in China | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ], a street in China dedicated to European culture | |||
| * ] San Francisco's Chinatown squad | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| === Citations === | |||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | |||
| === Sources === | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * Chew, James R. "Boyhood Days in Winnemucca, 1901–1910." ''Nevada Historical Society Quarterly'' 1998 41(3): 206–209. ISSN 0047-9462 Oral history (1981) describes the Chinatown of Winnemucca, Nevada, during 1901–10. Though many Chinese left Winnemucca after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, around four hundred Chinese had formed a community in the town by the 1890s. Among the prominent buildings was the Joss House, a place of worship and celebration that was visited by Chinese president Sun Yat-Sen in 1911. Beyond describing the physical layout of the Chinatown, the author recalls some of the commercial and gambling activities in the community. | |||
| * ], ''China Blues'', ] 2012, {{ISBN|0975925571}}, San Francisco's Chinatown during the 1906 earthquake and in the early 1920s. () | |||
| * "Chinatown: Conflicting Images, Contested Terrain", K. Scott Wong, ''Melus'' (Vol. 20, Issue 1), 1995. Scholarly work discussing the negative perceptions and imagery of old Chinatowns. | |||
| * Pan, Lynn. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora (1994). Book with detailed histories of Chinese diaspora communities (Chinatowns) from San Francisco, Honolulu, Bangkok, Manila, Johannesburg, Sydney, London, Lima, etc. | |||
| * Williams, Daniel. , '']'' Foreign Service, March 1, 2004; Page A11. | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| {{Ethnic enclaves}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 16:21, 15 December 2017
CHina was trash.They always eat mongolian food and wear mongolian clothes.They are nothing.THey like kid's meat.They're are wild humans.Human?? are they human???They're not human.Now understand this information