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] ]
The ] has the ] (the ]) "do not swerve from the east"<ref>ŚBM 2.1.2.1: ''{{IAST|kṛttikāsv agnī ādadhīta ... etā ha vai prācyai diśo na cyavante}}'' "One should found one's fires under the Krttikas ... These do not swerve from the eastern direction"; the emphasis on "due east" is due to the 14th c. commentary by ].</ref>. This would have been the case with precision during the 30th and 29th centuries BC, but was still true to within 8-13 degrees (viz., ]) around 800 BC, the assumed date of the text's composition.<ref>Texts of the Brahmana period do only distinguish ]s, viz. eighths of the compass, and the rising of the Pleiades fell into the Eastern eighth until well after the Vedic period. See also Michael Witzel, ''The Pleiades and the Bears viewed from inside the Vedic texts'', EVJS Vol. 5 (1999), issue 2 (December) (Witzel speculates that the reference may be based on centuries old priestly traditions of times when the Pleiades were even closer to due East) and Witzel EJVS Vol. 7 (2001) issue 3 (May) </ref> It is claimed that in still earlier Hindu calendars, the vernal equinox was in the ] constellation. There are additionally references to the summer solstice in the Magha constellation. This could indicate a date around 2000 BCE. The ] has the ] (the ]) "do not swerve from the east"<ref>ŚBM 2.1.2.1: ''{{IAST|kṛttikāsv agnī ādadhīta ... etā ha vai prācyai diśo na cyavante}}'' "One should found one's fires under the Krttikas ... These do not swerve from the eastern direction"; the emphasis on "due east" is due to the 14th c. commentary by ].</ref>. This would have been the case with precision during the 30th and 29th centuries BC, but was still true to within 8-13 degrees (viz., ]) around 800 BC, the assumed date of the text's composition.<ref>Texts of the Brahmana period do only distinguish ]s, viz. eighths of the compass, and the rising of the Pleiades fell into the Eastern eighth until well after the Vedic period. See also Michael Witzel, ''The Pleiades and the Bears viewed from inside the Vedic texts'', EVJS Vol. 5 (1999), issue 2 (December) (Witzel speculates that the reference may be based on centuries old priestly traditions of times when the Pleiades were even closer to due East) and Witzel EJVS Vol. 7 (2001) issue 3 (May) </ref>


The ], the ], the ], the ] and the ] show such a constellation in the Krittika (Frawley 1991). The ], the ], the ], the ] and the ] show such a constellation in the Krittika (Frawley 1991).
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==Notes== ==Notes==
<references /> <references />




== See also == == See also ==
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*] *]
*] *]

== Further reading ==
*]. 1991. Gods, Sages, and Kings, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-910261-37-7
*]: The Orion or Researches into the antiquities of the Vedas, The arctic home in the vedas.
*]: The astronomical code of the Rgveda
*]. The holy science. Los Angeles, Ca: Self-Realization Fellowship, 1984.
*]: ]. 1999.


== External links == == External links ==

Revision as of 15:55, 15 October 2006

Hindu Astronomy is one of the ancient astronomical systems of the world.

The astronomy and the astrology of India is based upon sidereal calculations. The sidereal astronomy is based upon the stars and the sidereal period is the time that it takes the object to make one full orbit around the Sun, relative to the stars. This is considered to be an object's true orbital period.

In discussions of Hindu astronomy, it should be cleanly disambiguated whether actual ancient astronomical (or astrological, a distinction that did not exist in pre-modern India any more than in pre-modern Europe) treatises are discussed, or if archaeoastronomical claims are distilled from alleged codes or statements taken from the Vedas.

Hindu astrology

Main article: Hindu astrology

In Hindu Astronomy, the vernal equinox (the First Point of Aries) is often calculated at 23° from 0° Aries (1950 CE), i.e. about 7° Pisces (Frawley 1991:148). The constellation that marks this vernal equinox is the Uttarabhadra.

In the time of the Puranas, the vernal equinox was marked by the Ashwini constellation (beginning of Aries), which gives a date of about 300-500 CE. The Vishnu Purana (2.8.63) states that the equinoxes occur when the Sun enters Aries] and Libra, and that when the sun enters Capricorn, his northern course (from winter to summer solstice) commences, and the southern course when he enters Cancer.

In the Suryasiddhanta, the rate of precession is set at 54" (it actually is 50.3"), which is much more accurate than the number calculated by the Greeks (Frawley 1991:148).

The Hindus use a system of 27 or 28 Nakshatras (lunar constellations) to calculate a month. Each month can be divided into 30 lunar tithis (days). There are usually 360 or 366 days in a year.

Hindu astronomical treatises:

Archaeoastronomical claims

The Hindu astronomer Varahamihira, Garga (quoted by Somakara), the Mahabharata and the Vedanga Jyothish refer to the nakshatra Dhanishta (Shravishta) and thus to an ancient calendar that would have been used in 1280 BCE (see Frawley 1991: 152 ff.). The Kaushitaki Brahmana and possibly the Atharvaveda refer to a similar calendar (Frawley 1991). The Atharvaveda, the Tandya Mahabrahmana and Laughakshi (quoted by Somakara) may show knowledge of an earlier calendar, but still in the Magha constellation (Frawley 1991).

rising of the Pleiades (M45) as seen from Delhi in 800 BC and 2000 BC (click to enlarge).

It is claimed that in still earlier Hindu calendars, the vernal equinox was in the Krittika constellation. There are additionally references to the summer solstice in the Magha constellation. This could indicate a date around 2000 BCE. The Shatapatha Brahmana has the Krttikas (the Pleiades) "do not swerve from the east". This would have been the case with precision during the 30th and 29th centuries BC, but was still true to within 8-13 degrees (viz., East by north) around 800 BC, the assumed date of the text's composition.

The Atharvaveda, the Taittiriya Brahmana, the Shatapatha Brahmana, the Maitrayaniya Upanishad and the Vishnu Purana show such a constellation in the Krittika (Frawley 1991).

There are claims, like that of Subhash Kak of an Astronomical Code of the Rgveda dating the Rigveda to the 4th millennium; Kak's results have been criticized by Plofker as having "no statistical significance whatsoever", even if overlooking their being based on the structure of the Iron Age shakha (recension) of Shakala rather than the content of the actual Rigvedic texts.

Notes

  1. ŚBM 2.1.2.1: kṛttikāsv agnī ādadhīta ... etā ha vai prācyai diśo na cyavante "One should found one's fires under the Krttikas ... These do not swerve from the eastern direction"; the emphasis on "due east" is due to the 14th c. commentary by Sayana.
  2. Texts of the Brahmana period do only distinguish intermediate directions, viz. eighths of the compass, and the rising of the Pleiades fell into the Eastern eighth until well after the Vedic period. See also Michael Witzel, The Pleiades and the Bears viewed from inside the Vedic texts, EVJS Vol. 5 (1999), issue 2 (December) (Witzel speculates that the reference may be based on centuries old priestly traditions of times when the Pleiades were even closer to due East) and Witzel EJVS Vol. 7 (2001) issue 3 (May)
  3. S. Kak, The Astronomical Code of the Rgveda. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan 1994.
  4. Plofker, K. Review of Kak (1994), Centaurus 38 (1996), 362-364; see also Witzel EJVS Vol. 7 (2001) issue 3 (May)

See also

Further reading

External links

Category: