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| '''Kalki''', also called '''kalkin''', is the tenth ] of Hindu god ] to end the kali yuga, one of the four periods in endless cycle of existence (''krita'') in ] cosmology. He is described in the Puranas as the avatar who rejuvenates existence by ending the darkest and destructive period to remove ] and ushering in the ], while riding a white horse with a fiery sword.<ref name="Dalal2010p188"/> The description and details of Kalki is |
'''Kalki''', also called '''kalkin''', is the tenth ] of Hindu god ] to end the kali yuga, one of the four periods in endless cycle of existence (''krita'') in ] cosmology. He is described in the Puranas as the avatar who rejuvenates existence by ending the darkest and destructive period to remove ] and ushering in the ], while riding a white horse with a fiery sword.<ref name="Dalal2010p188"/> The description and details of Kalki is inconsistent among the Puranic texts. He is, for example, only an invisible force destroying evil and chaos in some texts, an actual person who kills those who persecute others and leading an army of Brahmin warriors in some. His mythology has been compared to the concepts of ], ], ] and ] in other religions.<ref name="Dalal2010p188">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC| year=2010 |publisher= Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=188}}</ref><ref name="Doniger1999p629">{{cite book| author1=Wendy Doniger|author2=Merriam-Webster, Inc|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA629 |year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=629}}</ref> | ||
| Kalki is also found in Buddhist texts. In ], the '']-Tantra'' describes 25 rulers, each named Kalki who rule from the heavenly ]. The last Kalki of Shambhala destroys a barbarian Muslim army, after which Buddhism flourishes. This text is dated to about 10th-century CE.<ref name="Lopez2015p202"/><ref name="Perry2017p220"/><ref name="Dahla2006p90"/> | Kalki is also found in Buddhist texts. In ], the '']-Tantra'' describes 25 rulers, each named Kalki who rule from the heavenly ]. The last Kalki of Shambhala destroys a barbarian Muslim army, after which Buddhism flourishes. This text is dated to about 10th-century CE.<ref name="Lopez2015p202"/><ref name="Perry2017p220"/><ref name="Dahla2006p90"/> | ||
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| Kalki is an avatara of Vishnu. Avatara means "descent" and refers to a descent of the divine into the material realm of human existence. The ] lists ], with Kalki being the tenth.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= 73|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> He is described as the avatar who appears at the end of the Kali Yuga. He ends the darkest, degenerating and chaotic stage of the Kali ''yuga'' (period) to remove ] and ushers in the ], while riding a white horse with a fiery sword.<ref name="Dalal2010p188"/><ref name="Doniger1999p629"/> He restarts a new cycle of time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ludo Rocher|editor=Ralph M. Rosen|title=Time and Temporality in the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It9KMklf4R4C&pg=PA91|date=22 March 2004|publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology|isbn=978-1-931707-67-1|pages=91–93}}</ref> He is described as a Brahmin warrior in the Puranas.<ref name="Dalal2010p188"/><ref name="Doniger1999p629"/> | Kalki is an avatara of Vishnu. Avatara means "descent" and refers to a descent of the divine into the material realm of human existence. The ] lists ], with Kalki being the tenth.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= 73|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> He is described as the avatar who appears at the end of the Kali Yuga. He ends the darkest, degenerating and chaotic stage of the Kali ''yuga'' (period) to remove ] and ushers in the ], while riding a white horse with a fiery sword.<ref name="Dalal2010p188"/><ref name="Doniger1999p629"/> He restarts a new cycle of time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ludo Rocher|editor=Ralph M. Rosen|title=Time and Temporality in the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It9KMklf4R4C&pg=PA91|date=22 March 2004|publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology|isbn=978-1-931707-67-1|pages=91–93}}</ref> He is described as a Brahmin warrior in the Puranas.<ref name="Dalal2010p188"/><ref name="Doniger1999p629"/> | ||
| The concept and the legend of Kalki is not found in the Vedic texts, nor in Sutras |
The concept and the legend of Kalki is not found in the Vedic texts, nor in Sutras or other early post-Vedic text. It appears predominantly in the Puranas. For example, the '']'' mentions Kalki.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Horace |authorlink=Horace Hayman Wilson |title=Vishnu Purana |year=2001 |publisher=Ganesha Publishing |isbn=1-86210-016-0 |page=72}}</ref><ref> | ||
| ===Wheel of Time Tantra=== | ===Wheel of Time Tantra=== | ||
| The Buddhist text ''Kalachakra Tantra'', the righteous kings are called Kalki (Kalkin, lit. chieftain) living in Sambhala. There are many Kalki in this text, each fighting barbarism, persecution and chaos. The last Kalki is called "Cakrin" and is predicted to end the chaos and degeneration by assembling a large army to eradicate the "forces of Islam".<ref name="Lopez2015p202"/><ref name="Perry2017p220"/> A great war and Armageddon will destroy the barbaric Muslim forces, states the text.<ref name="Lopez2015p202"/><ref name="Perry2017p220"/><ref name="Dahla2006p90"> {{cite book|author=Björn Dahla|title=Exercising Power: The Role of Religions in Concord and Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_rWAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History|isbn=978-952-12-1811-8|pages=90–91}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) the Shambala-bodhisattva-king and his army will defeat and destroy the enemy army, the barbarian Muslim army and their religion, in a kind of Buddhist Armadgeddon. Thereafter Buddhism will prevail.";<br> {{cite book|author=David Burton|title=Buddhism: A Contemporary Philosophical Investigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phddDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT193 |year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-83859-7|page=193}}<br> {{cite book|author=Johan Elverskog |editor=Anna Akasoy et al.|title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA293 |year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2|pages=293–310}}</ref> According to Donald Lopez – a professor of Buddhist Studies, Kalki is predicted to start the new cycle of perfect era where "Buddhism will flourish, people will live long, happy lives and righteousness will reign supreme".<ref name="Lopez2015p202"/> The text is significant in establishing the chronology of the Kalki idea to be from post-7th century, probably the 9th or 10th century.<ref name="JIN2017p49">{{cite book|author=Yijiu JIN|title=Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-PzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|year=2017|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-2800-8|pages=49–52}}</ref> Lopez states that the Buddhist text likely borrowed it from Hindu mythology.<ref name="Lopez2015p202">{{cite book|author=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Buddhism in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaC4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8007-2|pages=202–204}}</ref><ref name="Perry2017p220">{{cite book|author=Perry Schmidt-Leukel|title=Religious Pluralism and Interreligious Theology: The Gifford Lectures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir3zDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT221 |year=2017|publisher=Orbis|isbn=978-1-60833-695-1|pages=220–222}}</ref> Other scholars, such as Yijiu Jin, state that the text originated in Central Asia in the 10th-century, and Tibetan literature picked up a version of it in India around 1027 CE.<ref name="JIN2017p49"/> | The Buddhist text ''Kalachakra Tantra'', the righteous kings are called Kalki (Kalkin, lit. chieftain) living in Sambhala. There are many Kalki in this text, each fighting barbarism, persecution and chaos. The last Kalki is called "Cakrin" and is predicted to end the chaos and degeneration by assembling a large army to eradicate the "forces of Islam".<ref name="Lopez2015p202"/><ref name="Perry2017p220"/> A great war and Armageddon will destroy the barbaric Muslim forces, states the text.<ref name="Lopez2015p202"/><ref name="Perry2017p220"/><ref name="Dahla2006p90"> {{cite book|author=Björn Dahla|title=Exercising Power: The Role of Religions in Concord and Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_rWAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History|isbn=978-952-12-1811-8|pages=90–91}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) the Shambala-bodhisattva-king and his army will defeat and destroy the enemy army, the barbarian Muslim army and their religion, in a kind of Buddhist Armadgeddon. Thereafter Buddhism will prevail.";<br> {{cite book|author=David Burton|title=Buddhism: A Contemporary Philosophical Investigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phddDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT193 |year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-83859-7|page=193}}<br> {{cite book|author=Johan Elverskog |editor=Anna Akasoy et al.|title=Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA293 |year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2|pages=293–310}}</ref> According to Donald Lopez – a professor of Buddhist Studies, Kalki is predicted to start the new cycle of perfect era where "Buddhism will flourish, people will live long, happy lives and righteousness will reign supreme".<ref name="Lopez2015p202"/> The text is significant in establishing the chronology of the Kalki idea to be from post-7th century, probably the 9th or 10th century.<ref name="JIN2017p49">{{cite book|author=Yijiu JIN|title=Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-PzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|year=2017|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-2800-8|pages=49–52}}</ref> Lopez states that the Buddhist text likely borrowed it from Hindu mythology.<ref name="Lopez2015p202">{{cite book|author=Donald S. Lopez Jr.|title=Buddhism in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaC4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8007-2|pages=202–204}}</ref><ref name="Perry2017p220">{{cite book|author=Perry Schmidt-Leukel|title=Religious Pluralism and Interreligious Theology: The Gifford Lectures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir3zDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT221 |year=2017|publisher=Orbis|isbn=978-1-60833-695-1|pages=220–222}}</ref> Other scholars, such as Yijiu Jin, state that the text originated in Central Asia in the 10th-century, and Tibetan literature picked up a version of it in India around 1027 CE.<ref name="JIN2017p49"/> | ||
| === |
===Borrowed idea=== | ||
| According to John Mitchiner, the Kalki concept was likely borrowed "in some measure from similar Jewish, Christian, Zoroastrian and other religions". Mitchner states that some Puranas such as the Yuga Purana do not mention Kalki and offer a different cosmology than the other Puranas. The Yuga Purana mythologizes in greater details the post-Maurya era Indo-Greek and Saka era, while the Manvantara theme containing the Kalki idea is mythologized greater in other Puranas.<ref name="Mitchiner2000p69">{{cite book|author=John E. Mitchiner|title=Traditions Of The Seven Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phGzVwTTp_gC |year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1324-3|pages=69–76}}</ref><ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata - Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLfHSOWKB-sC&pg=PA531|year=2011|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-18566-6|pages=89–110, 530-531}}</ref> Alf Hiltebeitel states that the idea of Kalki appears for the first time in the great war epic ''Mahabharata'', though the details about the Kalki therein vary from those in the Puranas. According to Hiltebeitel, Kalki is an extension of the ] avatar legend where a Brahmin warrior destroys Kshatriyas who were abusing their power to spread chaos, evil and persecution of the powerless. The Epic character of Kalki restores dharma, restores justice in the world, but does not end the cycle of existence. The Kalki mythology in the Puranas may have been affected by ideas from West Asia.<ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p104"/><ref name="Hiltebeitel2011p288">{{cite book|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|title=Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4NF8pYxdvIC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-539423-8|pages=288–292}}</ref> | |||
| ===Iconography=== | ===Iconography=== | ||
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
| ==Kalki Purana== | ==Kalki Purana== | ||
| A minor text named Kalki Purana is a recent text, likely composed in ]. Its |
A minor text named Kalki Purana is a recent text, likely composed in ]. Its dting ] is the 18th-century. In it, Kalki fights an evil army and returns to Sambhala to start the next '']''.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=183 with footnotes}} | ||
| ==Related concepts== | |||
| The Kalki mythology has been compared to the concepts of ] and ] in Abrahamic religions, ] in Zoroastrianism and ] in Buddhism.<ref name="Dalal2010p188"/><ref name="Doniger1999p629"/> | |||
| According to Linda Johansen, the concept of ] among the Native Americans is similar.<ref>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Hinduism, 2nd Edition, Penguin, Linda Johnsen, p.</ref> Other scholars, in contrast, state that Kukulkan is a feathered serpent deity in Meso-American cultures variously dated between the 10th to 15th century conceptualized as someone who ruled the land for years, then distributed land among the Mayan lords before retiring.<ref name="ReadGonzalez2002p201">{{cite book|author1=Kay Almere Read|author2=Jason J. Gonzalez|title=Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y053PeFmS5UC&pg=PA201| year=2002|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-514909-8|pages=201–203}}</ref> | |||
| ==People claimed to be Kalki== | ==People claimed to be Kalki== | ||
| Line 46: | Line 51: | ||
| *], of Golden Age Foundation, Bhagavad Dharma, Kalki Dharma and the ], born on 7 March 1949.<ref>, p.488, James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen, Oxford University Press</ref> | *], of Golden Age Foundation, Bhagavad Dharma, Kalki Dharma and the ], born on 7 March 1949.<ref>, p.488, James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen, Oxford University Press</ref> | ||
| *], founder of the Universal Christian Gnostic Movement.<ref>http://www.samael.org/idiomas/ingles/paginas/1_quien_samael/quien_samael.htm</ref> | *], founder of the Universal Christian Gnostic Movement.<ref>http://www.samael.org/idiomas/ingles/paginas/1_quien_samael/quien_samael.htm</ref> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 04:13, 25 December 2017
For other uses, see Kalki (disambiguation).
| Kalki | |
|---|---|
 Kalki on horse | |
| Devanagari | कल्कि |
| Sanskrit transliteration | Kalki |
| Affiliation | Tenth avatar of Vishnu |
| Abode | Shambhala |
| Weapon | Ratna Maru (sword) (weapon of Shiva) Bow and arrow (sometimes) |
| Texts | Bhagavata Purana Garuda Purana Kalki Purana Padma Purana Vishnu Purana |
| Consort | Padma (Avatar of Lakshmi) |
Kalki, also called kalkin, is the tenth avatar of Hindu god Vishnu to end the kali yuga, one of the four periods in endless cycle of existence (krita) in Vaishnavism cosmology. He is described in the Puranas as the avatar who rejuvenates existence by ending the darkest and destructive period to remove adharma and ushering in the Satya Yuga, while riding a white horse with a fiery sword. The description and details of Kalki is inconsistent among the Puranic texts. He is, for example, only an invisible force destroying evil and chaos in some texts, an actual person who kills those who persecute others and leading an army of Brahmin warriors in some. His mythology has been compared to the concepts of Messiah, Apocalypse, Frashokereti and Maitreya in other religions.
Kalki is also found in Buddhist texts. In Tibetan Buddhism, the Kalachakra-Tantra describes 25 rulers, each named Kalki who rule from the heavenly Shambhala. The last Kalki of Shambhala destroys a barbarian Muslim army, after which Buddhism flourishes. This text is dated to about 10th-century CE.
Etymology
The name Kalki is derived based Kali, which means "present age" (kali yuga).
Description
Kalki is an avatara of Vishnu. Avatara means "descent" and refers to a descent of the divine into the material realm of human existence. The Garuda Purana lists ten avatars, with Kalki being the tenth. He is described as the avatar who appears at the end of the Kali Yuga. He ends the darkest, degenerating and chaotic stage of the Kali yuga (period) to remove adharma and ushers in the Satya Yuga, while riding a white horse with a fiery sword. He restarts a new cycle of time. He is described as a Brahmin warrior in the Puranas.
The concept and the legend of Kalki is not found in the Vedic texts, nor in Sutras or other early post-Vedic text. It appears predominantly in the Puranas. For example, the Vishnu Purana mentions Kalki.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). According to Donald Lopez – a professor of Buddhist Studies, Kalki is predicted to start the new cycle of perfect era where "Buddhism will flourish, people will live long, happy lives and righteousness will reign supreme". The text is significant in establishing the chronology of the Kalki idea to be from post-7th century, probably the 9th or 10th century. Lopez states that the Buddhist text likely borrowed it from Hindu mythology. Other scholars, such as Yijiu Jin, state that the text originated in Central Asia in the 10th-century, and Tibetan literature picked up a version of it in India around 1027 CE.
Borrowed idea
According to John Mitchiner, the Kalki concept was likely borrowed "in some measure from similar Jewish, Christian, Zoroastrian and other religions". Mitchner states that some Puranas such as the Yuga Purana do not mention Kalki and offer a different cosmology than the other Puranas. The Yuga Purana mythologizes in greater details the post-Maurya era Indo-Greek and Saka era, while the Manvantara theme containing the Kalki idea is mythologized greater in other Puranas. Alf Hiltebeitel states that the idea of Kalki appears for the first time in the great war epic Mahabharata, though the details about the Kalki therein vary from those in the Puranas. According to Hiltebeitel, Kalki is an extension of the Parasurama avatar legend where a Brahmin warrior destroys Kshatriyas who were abusing their power to spread chaos, evil and persecution of the powerless. The Epic character of Kalki restores dharma, restores justice in the world, but does not end the cycle of existence. The Kalki mythology in the Puranas may have been affected by ideas from West Asia.
Iconography
The iconography of Kalki portrays him in either two or four armed forms.
Kalki Purana
A minor text named Kalki Purana is a recent text, likely composed in Bengal. Its dting floruit is the 18th-century. In it, Kalki fights an evil army and returns to Sambhala to start the next yuga.
Related concepts
The Kalki mythology has been compared to the concepts of Messiah and Apocalypse in Abrahamic religions, Frashokereti in Zoroastrianism and Maitreya in Buddhism.
According to Linda Johansen, the concept of Kukulkan among the Native Americans is similar. Other scholars, in contrast, state that Kukulkan is a feathered serpent deity in Meso-American cultures variously dated between the 10th to 15th century conceptualized as someone who ruled the land for years, then distributed land among the Mayan lords before retiring.
People claimed to be Kalki
Several people have already claimed to be the Kalki avatar and the promised redeemer in other religions. For example, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of Ahmadiyya movement, claimed to be the Kalki Avatar, as well as the Imam Mahdi. Similarly, the Bahai faith, that emerged from Islam and is a distinct religion, has identified Bahá'u'lláh as Kalki as well as the prophesized redeeming God at the end of the world, as claimed in Babism, Islam (Mahdi), Christianity (Messiah) and Buddhism (Maitreya).
- Sri Bhagavan, of Golden Age Foundation, Bhagavad Dharma, Kalki Dharma and the Oneness Organisation, born on 7 March 1949.
- Samael Aun Weor, founder of the Universal Christian Gnostic Movement.
See also
References
- ^ Wendy Doniger; Merriam-Webster, Inc (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
- Manmatha Nath Dutt, tr., The Garuda Puranam (1908), p. 4
- ^ Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
- ^ Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2015). Buddhism in Practice. Princeton University Press. pp. 202–204. ISBN 978-1-4008-8007-2.
- ^ Perry Schmidt-Leukel (2017). Religious Pluralism and Interreligious Theology: The Gifford Lectures. Orbis. pp. 220–222. ISBN 978-1-60833-695-1.
- Cite error: The named reference
Dahla2006p90was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Klaus K. Klostermaier (2006). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-88920-743-1.
- Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 73.
- Ludo Rocher (22 March 2004). Ralph M. Rosen (ed.). Time and Temporality in the Ancient World. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-1-931707-67-1.
- Wilson, Horace (2001). Vishnu Purana. Ganesha Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 1-86210-016-0.
- ^ Yijiu JIN (2017). Islam. BRILL Academic. pp. 49–52. ISBN 978-90-474-2800-8.
- John E. Mitchiner (2000). Traditions Of The Seven Rsis. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 69–76. ISBN 978-81-208-1324-3.
- ^ Alf Hiltebeitel (2011). Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata - Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel. BRILL Academic. pp. 89–110, 530–531. ISBN 90-04-18566-6.
- Alf Hiltebeitel (2011). Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative. Oxford University Press. pp. 288–292. ISBN 978-0-19-539423-8.
- Klaus K. Klostermaier (2006). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-88920-743-1.
- Rocher 1986, p. 183 with footnotes.
- The Complete Idiot's Guide to Hinduism, 2nd Edition, Penguin, Linda Johnsen, p.193
- Kay Almere Read; Jason J. Gonzalez (2002). Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford University Press. pp. 201–203. ISBN 978-0-19-514909-8.
- Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 520. ISBN 978-0-19-513798-9, ISBN (Ten digit): 0195137981.
- Daniel E Bassuk (1987). Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-1-349-08642-9.
- John M. Robertson (2012). Tough Guys and True Believers: Managing Authoritarian Men in the Psychotherapy Room. Routledge. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-1-136-81774-8.
- The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Volume 2, p.488, James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen, Oxford University Press
- http://www.samael.org/idiomas/ingles/paginas/1_quien_samael/quien_samael.htm
Bibliography
- Bryant, Edwin Francis (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803400-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J. A. B. (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. Temple University Press (1st Edition: 1977). ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Dalal, Rosen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-8184752779.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Johnson, W.J. (2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Rao, Velcheru Narayana (1993). "Purana as Brahminic Ideology". In Doniger Wendy (ed.). Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1381-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025225.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
External links
| Avatars of Vishnu | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dashavatara (for example) |  | |
| Other avatars | ||
| The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars. | ||
| Hindu deities and texts | ||
|---|---|---|
| Gods |  | |
| Goddesses | ||
| Other deities | ||
| Texts (list) | ||