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| '''Kwanzaa''' is a celebration of life and the up life of human beings based on the principles of African culture. It is celebrated by some ] between ] and ], and is a week long celebration. Kwanzaa was created in ] by Dr. ] (born ]), a professor and chair of the Department of Black Studies at ]. Karenga is an author and activist who stressed the indispensable need to preserve, continually revitalize and promote American culture through African rituals. Dr. Karenga is chairperson of the organization ''US''. | '''Kwanzaa''' is a celebration of life and the up life of human beings based on the principles of African culture. It is celebrated by some ] between ] and ], and is a week long celebration. Kwanzaa was created in ] by Dr. ]/] (born ]), a professor and chair of the Department of Black Studies at ]. Karenga is an author and activist who stressed the indispensable need to preserve, continually revitalize and promote American culture through African rituals. Dr. Karenga is chairperson of the organization ''US''. | ||
| Kwanzaa was established in aftermath of the Watts, California ]. This series of riots was due to police brutality viewed by citizens. ], ] the 1960s (see ]), and reflects that movement's concerns for African-American cultural groundedness in thought and practice (commonly referred to as ']'), and the community and self-determination associated with this. | Kwanzaa was established in aftermath of the Watts, California ]. This series of riots was due to police brutality viewed by citizens. ], ] the 1960s (see ]), and reflects that movement's concerns for African-American cultural groundedness in thought and practice (commonly referred to as ']'), and the community and self-determination associated with this. | ||
Revision as of 15:06, 7 December 2004
Kwanzaa is a celebration of life and the up life of human beings based on the principles of African culture. It is celebrated by some African Americans between December 26 and January 1, and is a week long celebration. Kwanzaa was created in 1966 by Dr. Mulana Karenga/Ron Karenga (born Ron Everett), a professor and chair of the Department of Black Studies at California State University, Long Beach. Karenga is an author and activist who stressed the indispensable need to preserve, continually revitalize and promote American culture through African rituals. Dr. Karenga is chairperson of the organization US.
Kwanzaa was established in aftermath of the Watts, California Watts Riots. This series of riots was due to police brutality viewed by citizens. Black Liberation, Black Freedom Movement the 1960s (see Black Power), and reflects that movement's concerns for African-American cultural groundedness in thought and practice (commonly referred to as 'black pride'), and the community and self-determination associated with this.
In May of 1971 Karenga stood trial for torturing two dissident members of his cult. Both Deborah Jones and Gail Davis described how Karenga had demanded that they strip naked. The naked women were then whipped with electrical cords and beaten with a karate baton. Detergent and a gushing hoses were forced into their mouths. Ms. Jones had one of her toes clamped in a vise. Karenga's supporters forced a hot electrical soldering iron in to Ms Davis’ mouth. Similar treatment of Jones and Davis continued for two days. Karenga was convicted and served more than three years in a California State prison.
Kwanzaa is not a religious holiday, but a cultural one, a syncretic festival, based on various elements of the first harvest celebrations that are widely celebrated in Africa, as in the rest of the world.
Each of the days symbolizes one of the "Seven Principles (Nguzu Saba) of Blackness":
- Umoja (Unity),
- Kujichagulia (Self-determination),
- Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility),
- Ujamaa (Cooperative Economics),
- Nia (Purpose),
- Kuumba (Creativity), and
- Imani (Faith).
Its name derives from the Swahili phrase matunda ya kwanza, meaning "first fruits". An additional "a" was added to Swahili "kwanza" so that the word would have seven letters, one for each of the seven principles.
External link
Reference
Maulana Karenga, Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture, Commemorative Edition, Los Angeles, University of Sankore Press, 1998
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