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"Me Too" (or "#MeToo", with local alternatives in other languages) spread virally in October 2017 as a hashtag used on social media to help demonstrate the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and harassment, especially in the workplace. It followed soon after the public revelations of sexual misconduct allegations against Harvey Weinstein.

The phrase, long used by social activist Tarana Burke to help survivors realize they are not alone, was popularized by actress Alyssa Milano when she encouraged women to tweet it to "give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem". Since then, the phrase has been posted online millions of times, often with an accompanying personal story of sexual harassment or assault. The response on Twitter included high-profile posts from several celebrities, and many stories of sexual violence were shared, including from Gwyneth Paltrow, Ashley Judd, Jennifer Lawrence, and Uma Thurman.

Origin

Several hashtags about sharing stories of sexual violence were in use before #MeToo became the most popular. #MyHarveyWeinstein, #YouOkSis, #WhatWereYouWearing and #SurvivorPrivilege, which The Washington Post noted were all started by black women, are prominent examples.

Tarana Burke

Social activist and community organizer Tarana Burke created the phrase "Me Too" on the Myspace social network in 2006 as part of a grassroots campaign to promote "empowerment through empathy" among women of color who have experienced sexual abuse, particularly within underprivileged communities. Burke, who is creating a documentary titled Me Too, has said she was inspired to use the phrase after being unable to respond to a 13-year-old girl who confided to her that she had been sexually assaulted. Burke later wished she had simply told the girl, "me too".

Alyssa Milano

On October 15, 2017, actress Alyssa Milano encouraged spreading the phrase as part of an awareness campaign in order to reveal the ubiquity of the problem, tweeting: "If all the women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted wrote 'Me too.' as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem." Milano later acknowledged earlier use of the phrase by Burke, writing on Twitter, "I was just made aware of an earlier #MeToo movement, and the origin story is equal parts heartbreaking and inspiring".

Purpose

The original purpose of #MeToo by creator Tarana Burke was to empower women through empathy, especially the experiences of young and vulnerable brown or black women. In October 2017, Alyssa Milano encouraged using the phrase to help reveal the extent of problems with sexual harassment and assault by showing how many people have experienced these events themselves.

After millions of people started using the phrase, and it spread to dozens of other languages, the purpose changed and expanded, as a result it has come to mean different things for different people. Creator Tarana Burke accepts the title of the leader of the movement, but has stated she considers herself a worker of something much bigger. Burke has stated that this movement has grown to include both men and women of all colors and ages, and supports marginalized people in marginalized communities. There have also been movements by men aimed at changing the culture through personal reflection and future action, including #IDidThat, #IHave, and #IWill.

Burke stated in an interview that the conversation has expanded, and now in addition to empathy there is also a focus on determining the best ways to hold perpetrators responsible and stop the cycle.

Awareness and empathy

Analyses of the movement often point to the prevalence of sexual violence, which has been estimated by the World Health Organization to affect one-third of all women worldwide. A 2017 poll by ABC News and The Washington Post also found that 54% of American women report receiving "unwanted and inappropriate" sexual advances with 95% saying that such behavior usually goes unpunished. Other state #MeToo underscores the need for men to intervene with others when they see demeaning behavior.

Burke said that #MeToo declares sexual violence sufferers aren't alone and shouldn't be ashamed. Burke says sexual violence is usually caused by someone the woman knows, so people should be educated from a young age they have the right to say no to sexual contact from any person, even after repeat solicitations from an authority or spouse, and to report predatory behavior. Burke advises men to talk to each other about consent, call out demeaning behavior when they see it, and try to listen to victims when they tell their stories.

Alyssa Milano described the reach of #MeToo as helping society understand the "magnitude of the problem" and said "it's a standing in solidarity to all those who have been hurt." She stated that the success of #MeToo will require men to take a stand against behavior that objectifies women.

Policies and laws

Burke has stated the current purpose of the movement is to give people the resources to have access to healing, and advocates for changes to laws and policies. Burke has highlighted goals such as processing all untested rape kits, re-examining local school policies, improving the vetting of teachers, and updating sexual harassment policies. She has called for all professionals who work with children to be fingerprinted and subjected to a background check before being cleared to start work. She advocates for sex education that teaches kids to report predatory behavior immediately. Burke supports the #MeToo bill in the US Congress, which would remove the requirement that staffers of the federal government go through months of "cooling off" before being allowed to file a complaint against a Congressperson.

Milano states a priority for #MeToo is changing the laws surrounding sexual harassment and assault, for example instituting protocols that give sufferers in all industries the ability to file complaints without retaliation. She supports legislation making it difficult for publicly traded companies to hide cover-up money from their stockholders, and would like to make it illegal for employers to require new workers sign non-disclosure agreements as a condition of employment. Gender analysts such as Anna North have stated that #MeToo should be addressed as a labor issue due to the economic disadvantages to reporting harassment. North suggested combating underlying power imbalances in some workplaces, for example by raising the tipped minimum wage, and embraces innovations like the "portable panic buttons" that are mandated for hotel employees in Seattle.

Better options for reporting

In the coverage of #MeToo, there has been widespread discussion about the best way for sufferers of sexual abuse or harassment to stop what's happening to them at work. There is general agreement that a lack of effective reporting options is a major factor that drives unchecked sexual misconduct in the workplace.

In France, a person who makes a sexual harassment complaint at work is reprimanded or fired 40% of the time, while the accused person is typically not investigated or punished. In the United States, a 2016 report from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission states that although 25–85% of women report sexual harassment at work, few ever report the incidents, most commonly due to fear of reprisal. There's evidence that in Japan, as few as 4% of rape victims report the crime, and the charges are dropped about half the time.

There is discussion on the best ways to handle whisper networks, or private lists of "people to avoid" that are shared unofficially in nearly every major institution or industry where sexual harassment is common due to power imbalances, including government, media, news and academia. These lists have the stated purpose of warning other workers in the industry, and are shared from person-to-person, on forums, in private social media groups, and via spreadsheets. However, these lists can become "weaponized" and used to spread unsubstantiated gossip, which is being discussed widely in the media.

Defenders say the lists provide a way to warn other people in the industry if worried about punishment or complaints have already been ignored, and also helps victims identify each other so they can speak out together. Sometimes these lists are kept for other reasons, for example a spreadsheet from the United Kingdom called "High Libido MPs" and dubbed "the spreadsheet of shame" was created by a group of male and female parliamentary researchers, and contained a list of allegations against nearly 40 Conservative MPs in the British Parliament. It's also rumored that party whips (who are in charge of getting members of Parliament to commit to votes) maintain a "black book" that contains allegations against several lawmakers that can be used for blackmail. When it's claimed a well-known person's sexual misconduct was an "open secret", these lists are often the source. In the wake of #MeToo, several private whisper network lists have been leaked to the public.

In India, a student gave her friends a list containing names of professors and academics in the Indian university system to be avoided. The list went viral after it was posted on social media. In response to criticism in the media, the authors defended themselves by saying they were only trying to warn their friends, had confirmed every case, and several victims from the list were poor students who had already been punished or ignored when trying to come forward. Moira Donegan, a former writer in the American news industry, privately shared a crowd-sourced Shitty Media Men list of people to avoid in publishing and journalism. When it was shared outside her private network, Donegan lost her job. Donegan stated it was unfair so few people had access to the list before it went public, for example, very few women of color received access (and therefore protection) from it. She pointed to her "whiteness, health, education, and class" that allowed her to take the risk of sharing the list and getting fired.

The main problem with trying to protect more potential victims by publishing whisper networks is determining the best mechanism to verify allegations. Some suggestions have included strengthening labor unions in vulnerable industries so workers can report harassment directly to the union instead of to an employer. Another suggestion is to maintain industry hotlines which have the power to trigger third-party investigations. Several apps have been developed which offer various ways to report sexual misconduct, and some of these apps also have the ability to connect victims who have reported the same person.

Challenging social norms

In the wake of #MeToo, many countries such as the U.S., India, France, China, Japan, and Italy, have seen discussion in the media on whether cultural norms need to be changed for sexual harassment to be eradicated in the workplace.

Gender reporter Anna North from Vox states one way to address #MeToo is teach children the basics of sex. North states the cultural notion that women don't enjoy sex leads men "to believe that a lukewarm yes is all they're ever going to get," referring to a 2017 study which found that men who believe women only enjoy being forced into sex are "more likely to perceive women as consenting." Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post called for society to be careful of overreaching by "being clear about what behavior is criminal, what behavior is legal but intolerable in a workplace, and what private intimate behavior is worthy of condemnation" but not part of the workplace discussion. She says "preserving the nuances" is more inclusive and realistic.

Changes to K–12

Although #MeToo initially focused on adults, the message spread to students in K–12 schools where sexual abuse is common both in person and online. #MeTooK12 is a spin-off of #MeToo created in January 2018 by the group Stop Sexual Assault in Schools, founded by Joel Levin and Esther Warkov, aimed at stopping sexual abuse in education from kindergarten to high school. #MeTooK12 was inspired in part by the recent removal of certain federal Title IX sexual misconduct guidelines. There is evidence that sexual misconduct in K–12 education is dramatically underreported by both schools and students, because nearly 80% of public schools never report any harassment. A 2011 survey found 40% of boys and 56% of girls in grades 7–12 reported had experienced some type of sexual harassment in their lives. Approximately 5% of K–12 sexual misconduct reports involved 5 or 6-year-old students. In 2016, a national U.S. survey of girls aged 14–18 found that 1 in 5 had been touched or kissed without consent and nearly 1 in 16 had been forced to have sex against their will. #MeTooK12 is meant to demonstrate the widespread prevalence of sexual misconduct towards children in school, and the need for increased training on Title IX policies, as only 18 states require people in education to receive training about what to do when a student or teacher is sexually abused.

Role of men

There has been discussion about what possible roles men may have in the #MeToo movement. It's been noted that a 1 in 6 men have experienced sexual abuse of some sort during their lives and often feel unable to talk about it. Many women have asked men to call out bad behavior when they see it, or just spend time quietly listening, including creator Tarana Burke. Some men have expressed the desire to keep a greater distance from women since #MeToo went viral because they don't fully understand what actions might be considered inappropriate. Many men have expressed difficulty in participating in the conversation due to fear of negative consequences, citing examples of men who have been treated negatively after sharing their thoughts about #MeToo.

Time's Up

Milano announced in an interview with Rolling Stone that she and 300 other women in the film industry are now supporting Time's Up, an initiative that aims to help fight sexual violence and harassment in the workplace through lobbying and providing funding for victims to get legal help if they can't afford it. Time's Up started with $13 million in donations for its legal defense fund. The initiative aims to lobby for legislation that creates financial consequences for companies that regularly tolerate harassment without action. A working group from Time's Up helped create a Hollywood Commission that examines Sexual Harassment, which is led by Anita Hill. Another group is working towards legislation that would discourage the use of NDAs to keep victims from talking about sexual harassment they experienced.

Reach and impact

The phrase "Me too" was tweeted by Milano around noon on October 15, 2017 and had been used more than 200,000 times by the end of the day, and tweeted more than 500,000 times by October 16. On Facebook, the hashtag was used by more than 4.7 million people in 12 million posts during the first 24 hours. The platform reported that 45% of users in the United States had a friend who had posted using the term.

Tens of thousands of people replied to Milano's tweet, including:

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• Asia Argento
• Patricia Arquette
• Ambra Battilana Gutierrez
• Thora Birch
• Björk
• Gretchen Carlson
• Barry Crimmins
• Bethany Cosentino
• Sheryl Crow
• Vir Das
• Viola Davis
• Kimya Dawson
• Rosario Dawson
• Felicia Day
• Ellen DeGeneres
• Laura Dreyfuss
• Mallika Dua
• Nikki DuBose
• Sadie Dupuis
• America Ferrera
• Lady Gaga
• Ilana Glazer
• Heather Graham
• Sarah Hyland
• Rupi Kaur
• Marne Levine
• Monica Lewinsky
• Amber Liu
• Melanie Lynskey
• McKayla Maroney
• Marlee Matlin
• Debra Messing
• Lane Moore
• Javier Muñoz
• Ashleigh Murray
• Anna Paquin
• Pauley Perrette
• Christina Perri
• Busy Philipps
• Emily Ratajkowski
• Molly Ringwald
• Anika Noni Rose
• Jenny Slate
• Mira Sorvino
• Gabrielle Union
• Jessica Valenti
• Elizabeth Warren
• Evan Rachel Wood
• Reese Witherspoon
• Gwyneth Paltrow
• Angelina Jolie
• Rosanna Arquette
• Angie Everhart
• Cara Delevingne
• Léa Seydoux
• Louisette Geiss
• Ashley Judd
• Amber Tamblyn
• Jennifer Lawrence
• Isa Dick Hackett
• Hilarie Burton
• Trace Lysette
• Charlyne Yi
• Maureen Ryan
• Janis Hirsch
• Laura Dern
• Anna Faris
• Jessica Barth
• Gabby Douglas
• Uma Thurman
• Terry Crews
• James Van Der Beek

Some men, such as actors Terry Crews and James Van Der Beek, have responded to the hashtag with their own experiences of harassment and abuse, while others have responded by acknowledging past behaviors against women, spawning the hashtag "HowIWillChange."

On November 12, 2017, in Hollywood, a few hundred men, women, and children participated in the "Take Back the Workplace March" and the "#MeToo Survivors March" to protest sexual abuse.

In addition to Hollywood, "Me Too" declarations elicited discussion of sexual harassment and abuse in the music industry, sciences, academia, and politics.

Feminist author Gloria Feldt stated in Time that many employers are being forced to make changes in response to #MeToo, for example examining gender-based pay differences and improving sexual harassment policies. Others have noted there has been pressure on companies, specifically in the financial industry, to disclose diversity statistics.

Church

In November 2017, the hashtag #ChurchToo was started by Emily Joy and Hannah Paasch on Twitter and began trending in response to #MeToo as a way to try to highlight and stop sexual abuse that happens in a church. In early January 2018, about a hundred evangelical women also launched #SilenceIsNotSpiritual to call for changes to how sexual misconduct is dealt with in the church. #ChurchToo started spreading again virally later in January 2018 in response to an live-streamed video admission by Pastor Andy Savage to his church that he sexually assaulted a 17-year-old girl twenty years before as a youth pastor while driving her home, but was then received applause by his church for admitting to the incident and asking for forgiveness. #ChurchToo has also been used to discuss sexual misconduct, both past and present, in the Catholic Church.

Finance

It's been noted that, although the financial industry is known to have a wide prevalence of sexual harassment, as of January 2018, there were no high-profile financial executives stepping down as the result of #MeToo allegations. The first widely covered example of concrete consequences in finance was when two reporters, including Madison Marriage of the Financial Times, went undercover at a mens-only Presidents Club event meant to raise money for children. Because women were not allowed to attend except as "hostesses" in tight, short black dresses with black underwear, the two female reporters got jobs as hostesses and documented widespread sexual misconduct. As a result, The Presidents Club was shut down. It's been noted in discussion of #MeToo in finance that only about a quarter of top positions are held by women at several major banks, and there is evidence there may be wide disparities in some financial institutions between how much men and women are paid on average.

Politics and government

Statehouses in California, Illinois, Oregon, and Rhode Island responded to allegations of sexual harassment surfaced by the campaign, and several women in politics spoke out about their experiences of sexual harassment, including United States Senators Heidi Heitkamp, Mazie Hirono, Claire McCaskill and Elizabeth Warren. Congresswoman Jackie Speier has introduced a bill aimed at making sexual harassment complaints easier to report on Capitol Hill. The complaints in the world of Spanish politics have also been published in the media.

Gymnastics

Soon after #MeToo started spreading in late 2017, several allegations from a 2016 Indianapolis Star article re-surfaced in the gymnastic industry against former U.S. Gymnastics doctor Larry Nassar of Michigan State University. Nassar was called out via #MeToo for sexually assaulting gymnasts as young as 6 years old during "treatments." Rachael Denhollander was the first to call him out. Though nothing was done after the initial allegations came out in 2016, after more than 150 women came forward in response to #MeToo, Nassar was sentenced to life in prison. The president of Michigan State University, Lou Anna Simon, resigned in the wake of the scandal.

Music

In the music industry, the band Veruca Salt used the #MeToo hashtag to air allegations of sexual harassment against James Toback, and Alice Glass used the hashtag to share a history of alleged sexual assault and other abuses by former Crystal Castles bandmate Ethan Kath.

Military

#MeTooMilitary has come to be used by service men and women who were sexually assaulted or harassed while in the military, and appeared on social media in January 2018 the day after remarks by Oprah Winfrey at the Golden Globe Awards honoring female soldiers in the military "whose names we'll never know" who have suffered sexual assault and abuse in order to make things better for women today. A report from the Pentagon indicated that 15,000 members of the military reported being sexually assaulted in the year 2016, and only 1 out of 3 people assaulted actually made a report, indicating as many as 45,000 assaults occurred. Veteran Nichole Bowen-Crawford has said the rates have improved over the last decade, but the military still has a long way to go, and recommends that women veterans connect privately on social media to discuss sexual abuse in a safe environment. There was a "#MeTooMilitary Stand Down" protest, organized by Service Women's Action Network, which gathered at the Pentagon on January 8, 2018. The protest was endorsed by the U.S. Department of Defense, who stated that current service members were welcome to attend as long as they didn't wear their uniform. The protest supported the Military Justice Improvement Act, sponsored by Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, which would move "the decision over whether to prosecute serious crimes to independent, trained, professional military prosecutors, while leaving uniquely military crimes within the chain of command."

International response

The hashtag has trended in at least 85 countries, including India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. The European Parliament convened a session directly in response to the Me Too campaign, after it gave rise to allegations of abuse in Parliament and in the European Union's offices in Brussels. Cecilia Malmström, the European Commissioner for Trade, specifically cited the hashtag as the reason the meeting had been convened.

List of local alternative hashtags

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• Arabic: أنا_كمان# (en: MeToo)
•  Basque Country: #NiEre (en: MeToo)
•  Canada, French-speaking areas: #MoiAussi (en: MeToo)
•  Catalonia: #JoTambé (en: MeToo)
•  China: #我也是 and #WoYeShi (en: MeToo)
•  Finland: #memyös (en: WeToo)
•  France: #balanceTonPorc (en: DenounceYourPig, ExposeYourPig)
•  Iran: من_هم_همینطور# (en: MeToo)
•  Italy: #QuellaVoltaChe (en: TheTimeThat)
•  Israel: גםאנחנו# (en: UsToo)
•  Macedonia: #СегаКажувам (en: NowTelling)
•  Norway: #stilleføropptak (en: SilentUntilRecorded), #nårdansenstopper (en: WhentheDanceStops), #nårmusikkenstilner (en: WhentheMusicQuiets)
•  Russia: #Ятоже (en: MeToo)
•  South Korea: #나도당했다 (en: MeToo)
•  Spain: #YoTambién (en: MeToo)
•  Vietnam: #TôiCũngVậy (en: MeToo)

Afghanistan

The #MeToo hashtag initially spread in Afghanistan where it's estimated about 90% of women experience sexual harassment in public, at school, or at work, but was quickly silenced when those who shared their stories started fearing for their life. Less than 1% of police officers or military members are women, and sexual assault is often ignored by law enforcement and the military. Rape threats and other types of harassment are common on Facebook and other social media in Afghanistan. Sharing stories of sexual abuse against higher-ranking men is especially dangerous for women in the country, and may result in the killing of the victim or her family members. Some women are also punished or killed to by their own family for speaking out, to redeem their "honor" after being tarnished by rape. Despite the risks, some notable people such as Sarienews journalist Maryam Mehtar, and presidential advisor Shaharzad Akbar have shared their own #MeToo stories on social media. Mehtar experienced extreme abuse and several death threats for sharing her story about being sexually harassed in public on a daily basis, and was publicly called a "whore" in an interview with The New York Times by Afghan writer Jalil Junbish. He also called the NYT reporter a whore in the same interview. He later denied making the comments. Other women only share their first name or a fake name, and typically describe the story without naming the perpetrator for fear of reprisal. Sexual harassment was first defined in Afghanistan in 2016, though there has been little effort made to enforce laws against it. Rod Nordland and Fatima Faizi of The New York Times reported that a colonel in the Afghan Air Force was secretly and clearly videotaped sexually assaulting a subordinate in November 2017, and the video quickly went viral, but despite an alleged investigation, the colonel has not been formally accused of misconduct. The Ministries of Interior and Communications set up a phone hotline to for women to call to report sexual misconduct from law enforcement officials, but a call to the line revealed the hotline will only offer advice on phone harassment, and stated if a person harasses you in person, to "slap them".

Canada

In French-speaking parts of Canada, the campaign is done under the hashtag #MoiAussi. A minister of Quebec, Hélène David, said she believed a global movement was in the works and we should salute this change. It was reported that calls to rape and women's crisis centers have increased dramatically, up to 553% above normal levels, since #MoiAussi started trending in October 2017, causing problems with staffing and budgeting. Quebec has contributed $1 million to help support these crisis hotlines. Hundreds of people marched to promote #MoiAussi at an event in Toronto in December 2017. In the wake of #MoiAussi, a candidate for mayor of Plateau-Mont-Royal dropped out of the race in response to allegations of sexual misconduct from several women. Montreal police set up a phone hotline for people who've been raped or harassed to call. Radio and TV presenter Éric Salvail was accused by 11 people of either being sexually harassed, or witnessing harassment from Salvail. He lost several endorsements and was suspended from most projects he was involved with. Humorist ]] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |italci= (help) resigned from all his positions and tried to sell his company in the wake of several sexual misconduct allegations including one from producer Julie Snyder, a class action lawsuit from several women, and a sexual assault report filed with the police. Actor Gilbert Sicotte was suspended from teaching at the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal in the wake of sexual misconduct allegations from 20 students.

A newly popular hashtag, #EtMaintenant (#AndNow or Now What?) has started spreading as the "second part" to #MoiAussi to discuss what to do now that the magnitude of the problem with sexual misconduct in the workplace has been exposed. #EtMaintenant is represented by a yellow heart. It was unveiled on the show Tout le monde en parle in January 2018, with the stated purpose of determining which attitudes related to society, politics, institutions, and media need to be changed to ensure equity between all people.

China

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Some women in China have used the hashtag #WoYeShi, while others use the phrase #metoo in lower case letters. The hashtag phrases were initially used at universities, but eventually began to spread to other industries. The state-run China Daily officially responded to #MeToo movement with an article stating sexual misconduct is rare in China due to superior education and culture. A recent study from a pair of professors from City University in Hong Kong indicated that about 80% of working women in China have experienced sexual harassment at some point in their career, and there were strong reactions of anger online following the report. The article has since been taken down. Activist Feng Yuan points out that China does not have federal laws prohibiting sexual harassment, and uses state media to encourage women to focus on family and stay home. New laws recently made it illegal for television programming to contain images of a women's cleavage, sexual acts outside of marriage, or any topics that present "Western lifestyles" in a positive light. #MeToo has received extreme governmental censorship online.

Sophie Richardson, the Human Rights Watch director for China, stated the Chinese government regularly suppresses discussion of women's rights, for example an incident in 2015 where Li Tingting and four other activists were arrested when the government learned they planned to hand out stickers about preventing sexual harassment on public transportation.

In Hong Kong, track and field athlete Vera Lui Lai-Yiu posted her case of sex abuse alongside #metoo on her Facebook fanpage on her 23rd birthday. She posted in response to a similar action by gymnast McKayla Maroney. Lui posted a picture of herself holding a piece of paper with the handwritten words "#metoo lly" (her initials). In January 2018, student Zheng Xi publicly started a campaign against sexual harassment in response to #MeToo.

Dr. Luo Xixi, an academic, revealed being sexually assaulted by a professor at Beihang University when she was in her 20s. Luo gathered extensive evidence from many women, including recordings, and presented it to the institution. She waited until the professor was already suspended before going public with the story. Her post was viewed over 3 million times within 24 hours. She said that #metoo gave her the courage to speak up. She is currently living in the US.

The Chinese internet censorship service has slowed down the Chinese MeToo posts via censorship.

Ethiopia

Alyssa Milano specifically called for supporting the victims in Ethiopia in an interview with Rolling Stone. In Ethiopia, up to 40% of students may have experienced sexual violence. In November 2017, nine middle-school aged girls organized together and spoke out about an abusive teacher in their school, saying they got the idea from the "Me Too" movement. The teacher was dismissed and referred to law enforcement. UNICEF's Amanda Westfall said the teacher likely would have gotten away with it just a few years ago.

France

Variants of the phrase trended in France, especially #BalanceTonPorc (#DenounceYourPig), which encouraged users to share the names of their alleged abusers. #BalanceTonPorc was first used by Sandra Muller. She was requested to take down her tweet by two lawyers. In France, 93% of complaints against criminal sexual harassment are dropped or never followed up on by law enforcement. Prosecutions are extremely rare, and only 65 of 1,048 sexual harassment lawsuits from 2014 actually led to a conviction. In 40% of workplace sexual violence cases, the person who makes the complaint is reprimanded or fired, while the accused person is typically not investigated or punished. There is no French equivalent to U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which gives victims a place to report workplace sexual violence if the employer and/or law enforcement refuses to address the complaint. Brigitte Macron, wife of French President Emmanuel Macron, expressed support for the #MeToo movement.

Initially the hashtag went viral, but there was an almost immediate media backlash. Soon after, 100 high-profile French women, including actress Catherine Deneuve, porn star Brigitte Lahaie, feminist Caroline De Haas, and art critic Catherine Millet, signed an open letter by Abnousse Shalmani which criticized the #MeToo campaign. It was noted the letter is poorly edited with several typos and unclear or clumsy passages.

The people who signed the letter, especially Deneuve and Millet, were criticized for saying men should have the "right to pester" women. The letter also told people not to be bothered by small amounts of sexual harassment, for example men who rub against women on public transportation. The letter states women should "consider it as the expression of a great sexual misery, or even as a nonevent." French politician Marlène Schiappa said some aspects of the letter were "profoundly shocking" and "we have immense difficulty convincing young women that when a man rubs his genitals against a woman in the Métro without her consent, it is an act of sexual assault that can lead to three years in prison and a 75,000 euro fine."

A week after its publication, Deneuve issued a letter of clarification, and said although she still agrees with the spirit of the original letter, she wants to clarify she does believes sexual harassment and assault are real problems, and apologized to all victims of unpleasant sexual acts who read the letter and felt hurt by it.

Political commentator Anastasia Colosimo said the movement to prevent sexual misconduct at work is more accepted by younger women in France because they take sexual freedom as a given, while older feminists are afraid #MeToo may hurt the sexual revolution. Legal professional Marilyn Baldeck noted that when people are given "concrete examples" of sexual misconduct, they often "change their minds and acknowledge how harmful some situations can be." French politician Sandrine Rousseau said that the #MeToo movement will continue because French women have been silenced for too long. A petition aimed at President Emmanuel Macron demanded sexual harassment to be taken more seriously in France, and received more than 100,000 signatures in 3 days.

Germany

#MeToo was not particularly popular in Germany until January 11, 2018, when it started trending after the Die Zeit weekly newspaper published reports about three German former actresses who alleged that award-winning TV director Dieter Wedel had committed sexual assault. There have been official concerns about the alleged long-time coverup of Wedel's actions because most of his work was done through public broadcasting and received government money. The report detailed a months-long investigation into the three allegations, and included 50 interviews. Wedel has not responded to the allegations in Die Zeit, stating through a spokesperson he is in the hospital and having heart trouble. In a study of 2000 Germans conducted after the initial spread of #MeToo, it was found that 43% of women and 12% of men have experienced sexual harassment or abuse, most commonly inappropriate touching.

India

The use of the #MeToo hashtag on social media spread quickly in India, where sexual harassment is commonly referred to by the word 'eve-teasing', a term described as misleading, tame, and diluting the seriousness of the crime. In response to #MeToo, there have been attempts to teach Indian women about workplace rights and safe reporting, as well as educate men about the scope of the problem. Some have likened #MeToo to a 2012 social movement which followed a violent gang rape in New Delhi that later resulted in a women's death, which caused the Indian government to institute harsher punishments for rape. Others have suggested there was underlying public anger over a Delhi rape conviction that was overturned by Judge Ashutosh Kumar a month before against filmmaker and writer Mahmood Farooqui, ruling that a "feeble" no was not enough to revoke consent because it was typical for one partner to be less willing. The case is being appealed to the Supreme Court. Activist Jasmeen Patheja, head of Blank Noise, stated #MeToo's power is in demonstrating India can no longer ignore the scope of the problem. Kaimini Jaiswal, a lawyer at the Supreme Court of India, stressed the importance of teaching women how to read, especially in rural villages, because most women in these areas are illiterate and completely financially and emotionally dependent on a male relative.

Blogger Sheena Dabolkar's viral #MeToo tweet resulted in the boycott of Khodu Irani's popular Pune pub by several well-known performers. Several women mentioned Mahesh Murthy, which initiated a police case in January 2018. Trends Desk of The Indian Express wrote many Indian men are speaking up as a part of #MeToo, including discussions about consent and how some men are also abused. Rina Chandran of Reuters said #MeToo is ignoring the 16 million women in India who are currently sex workers against their will, and are typically poor without education or family.

There were reports of mass sexual assaults during the 2018 New Years celebrations in Bangalore, which have been associated with #MeToo. The incidents were initially dismissed by the police until someone uploaded CCTV footage of the assaults to social media. Home Minister G. Parameshwara, Abu Azmi, and other officials came under fire for stating "western" women's clothing and values were the cause of the rapes, and indicated women's families shouldn't allow them to go to parties or major celebrations.

Several lists of alleged rapists and harassers started spreading on social media in India, including "The List" which initially included the names of about 60 highly respected academic men. The List was posted on October 24, 2017 by activist Inji Pennu and an Indian student in California named Raya Sarkar, who alleged they personally confirmed every incident. This list has resulted in criticism against #MeToo because the allegations were unverified before they started spreading on social media. Some of the victims from the list have come forward to explain they were ignored, mistreated or retaliated against when they tried to pursue action. Sarkar has defended The List, saying she only posted it to warn her friends about professors and untouchable upper caste men to avoid, and had no idea it could become so popular. A second list came out a week later that was made by women from lower caste background and included more names, bringing the total up to around 70.

Twelve prominent Indian feminists dismissed The List in a formal letter, saying they understand that the justice system is typically tilted against victims, but unverified claims make things harder for the feminist movement. Writers Rhea Dangwal and Namrata Gupta responded that most victims from the list were poor students who tried to go through official channels without success or recourse, while every single man on the list has the ability to defend themselves socially and legally.

Israel and Palestine

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)

In Israel, the Hebrew hashtag גםאנחנו# (#UsToo) began trending on October 18, with a front page spread in the newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth. #AnaKaman or وأنا كمان# (#MeToo) has also been used, including by Palestinian women from refugee camps. Asi Levi said at the Ophir Award ceremony that unlike America, in Israel "people accused of sexual harassment are given prizes" despite the fact that sexual misconduct is rampant in the Israel media industry. A hashtag for men, #HowIWillChange has also become popular.

Italy

In Italy, women posted stories of assault and harassment under the hashtag #QuellaVoltaChe, which translates literally as "TheTimeThat." The phrase was launched by the journalist Giulia Blasi. Italian journalist Simona Siri wrote in The Washington Post that the initially popular movement quickly died out in Italy. She stated that Italian politician and former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, who is known for his role in wild parties (Bunga Bunga bacchanals) with underage women and prostitutes, has contributed to a strong sexist culture with few female politicians in positions of power. Movie directors Fausto Brizzi and Giuseppe Tornatore were accused of harassment by more than a dozen women but did not face any significant consequences or media scrutiny.

The New York Times described the movement in Italy as "Meh" due to the lack of discussion. Laura Boldrini, the president of the lower house of Parliament, has declared that the movement can't touch Italy because although there is a lot of harassment, victims are often silenced and there's also a belief that "in our country, there are no harassers." It has been reported that nearly 70% of female university student have been sexually harassed, and it's widely accepted that Italy is behind other countries when it comes to gender rights. In response to #QuellaVoltaChe, one article from Libero was titled, "First they put out, then they whine and pretend to regret it."

Italian Fabrizio Lombardo, an employee and friend of Harvey Weinstein, was widely covered by the media after he was accused of allegations that he aided Weinstein in sexually harassing Italian actress and former model Asia Argento, though he denies all wrongdoing. Argento said of Italy, "Nothing has changed," and described her life after going public with the allegations as living a nightmare. She has made plans to leave Italy. Conservative TV news editor Alessandro Sallusti [it] criticized Argento for being an accomplice to Weinstein for not reporting him immediately, and several other public figures and politicians questioned her innocence.

The Non Una di Meno group (Not One Woman Less) which is dedicated to stopping violence against women, wrote a letter in support of Argento and organised a protest in November 2017 where tens of thousands of people gathered in Rome. Blogger Abbatto i muri (I Break Down Walls), journalist Ida Dominijanni, Cagne sciolte, and author Michela Marzano also strongly supported Argento publicly. Italian women's rights activist Lorella Zanardo has stated that it's taken for granted than women must give or sell their body in order to get high-profile positions such as politics, film, and media.

Maria Elena Boschi, a politician who has created governmental initiatives aimed at teaching women it's okay to say no to sexual advances, has been targeted in the news and on social media for her support of the #QuellaVoltaChe movement. She has been impersonated in several fake interviews where the actresses portray Boschi in unflattering ways. There are also photoshopped images of Boschi that have been shared widely on social media, including a doctored image with her underwear showing during her swearing-in ceremony, which never occurred. Francesca Puglisi, the chair of the Commission of Inquiry into Femicide in Italy, said that one women is killed every two days on average by male violence, and the problem is severely under-reported, though credited the #QuellaVoltaChe hashtag and the work by Boschi for making a positive difference.

Japan

Although the #MeToo movement started out relatively small in Japan, it appears to be picking up steam. There is evidence that just 4% of rape victims in Japan report the crime, and the charges are dropped about half the time. BuzzFeed Japan has started a #MeToo page featuring articles about the movement in Japan. Journalist and author Shiori Ito published an article in Politico about the state of #MeToo in Japan. She has stated, "It's not that victims haven't come forward; Japanese society wants them to stay silent." Two famous authors, Kyoko Nakajima and Mayumi Mori, have written in Asahi newspaper with criticism of Japan's silence on this matter. Takumi Harimaya wrote about the #MeToo movement in BuzzFeed Japan, stating she believes it could make a difference if the idea spreads, and sharing stories of victims including what happened to popular blogger Hakuo Au (née Haruka Ito) at the hands of Mr Kishi Yuki. Other writers such as Kirsten King and Akiko Kobayashi have shared their #MeToo stories to Japanese audiences.

Harimaya writes how the #MeToo movement has shown several women that they are not alone as they feared, and that many women are experiencing the same sexual violence and harassment. Keiko Kojima of Buzzfeed Japan says that #MeToo is needed in Japan because sexual harassment is baked into Japanese society, and the movement is about the fact that it's okay to say no to sexual violence. She said growing up that she felt getting molested on the train was an unavoidable as mosquito bites in the summer, and she hopes that #MeToo gives more victims the ability to find their voice, including male victims. She says that, despite how it's attacked in Japanese media, that #MeToo is not an "anti-man" campaign, it is simply about anti-violence and anti-harassment. She also believes it's extremely important for men to call out behaviors in others such as sexual harassment or having sex with someone who's unconscious. Therefore, every person who is not committing sexual violence is part of the #MeToo movement, whether they're male or female.

Shiori Ito notes that the word "rape" is taboo in Japan, and is typically described with less threatening words such as saying an underage victim was "tricked" or a woman was "violated" to describe what's happened, which Ito says contributes to the public not understanding the full extent of the problem. The legal age of consent in Japan is 13. She says women in Japan are regularly exposed to harassment from a young age, and recalls being groped by a man at a swimming pool when she was 10 only to be blamed herself for wearing a "cute bikini." She states that harassment on public transportation is commonplace, and she remembers dealing with it every day in high school.

As part of the #MeeToo movement, Shiori Ito went public about being raped by Noriyuki Yamaguchi, an admission she says was unthinkable for a woman to do in Japan. She said her experience with Japan's legal system showed her that victims of sex crimes were undermined and ignored. She called for the Japanese parliament to update Japan's laws regarding rape, which were over a century old. She explains how she couldn't get information on which hospital provides rape kits without going through a preliminary interview in person. When she went to the police, she was discouraged from filing a report, and informed her career would be ruined for no reason if she did this. She was told she didn't act like a victim, and had to be interviewed by several officers including one who made her reenact the rape with a dummy while he took pictures. Although they initially said they would arrest Yamaguchi, the case and charges were unexpectedly dropped. Ito then went to the media, but no one would take her story. When she spoke about the experience at a press conference, she made national news and immediately started receiving a negative backlash, hate mail, and threats.

Kenya

When #MeToo first went viral in October 2017, coverage was overshadowed in Kenya by a presidential election that was occurring the next week. However, the #MeToo movement started slowly spreading in Kenya after the election was over. In January 2018, it became especially popular after several new mothers alleged sexual misconduct at Kenyatta National Hospital, claiming that after giving birth they that been sexually assaulted when they went alone to breastfeed. There were also allegations that children in the hospital have been sexually assaulted. The hospital announced that the women were all lying, but in the future, women should stay together in groups in the hospital to prevent sexual assault. In response, hundreds of people began protesting in the streets of in Nairobi, Kenya, and an investigation was initiated by the health minister.

Norway

In Norway, under the hashtag #stilleforopptak (en. SilentforRecording), almost 600 female actresses signed a petition and shared their stories through Aftenposten on November 16, 2017. This also inspired dancers and musicians to create their own petitions, #nårdansenstopper (en. WhentheDanceStops) signed by 792 dancers, and #nårmusikkenstilner (en. WhentheMusicQuiets) signed by over 1110 musicians.

Trond Giske, the deputy leader of the Norwegian Labour Party and a former cabinet minister in Norway, resigned from his political positions on January 7, 2018 after being accused of an extensive pattern of sexual assault and sexual harassment of young women, and of taking advantage of his political positions to make unwanted sexual advances. The accusations came in the context of the Me Too debate and dominated Norwegian media for several weeks from December 2017. Accusations towards the now former leader of the Norwegian Young Conservatives, Kristian Tonning Riise, also saw the light of day. In a Facebook post, Tonning Riise wrote: "I have been confronted with the fact that members of the Norwegian Young Conservatives on several occasions have reacted to my behaviour." It would later be revealed that the Conservative Party had received 15 alerts, whereas 10 of them regarded Tonning Riise. Ulf Leirstein, Norwegian politician for the Progress Party and member of the Storting, had to take a break from office after it was discovered that he had shared pornographic images with a 14-year-old member of the Progress Party's Youth in addition to suggesting a threesome between him, a 30-year-old woman and a 15-year-old member of the Progress Party's Youth.

Pakistan

After the death of 7-year-old Zainab Ansari in January 2018, who was raped and killed, there began a wave of declarations on Pakistan social media in #MeToo style. It's been noted that laws prohibiting sexual assault against minors were only a few years old and rarely enforced, while victims of assault are commonly charged with adultery and are sometimes imprisoned. Sheema Kermani, a dancer, has been called the leader of the Pakistan #MeToo movement. Former model Frieha Altaf and designer Maheem Khan shared stories of sexual abuse, and challenged Pakistan to be more proactive at stopping children from getting raped.

Philippines

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)

In the Philippines men and women shared their harrowing experiences with their offenders.

South Korea

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)

The movement has started in the country of South Korea.

Spain

The Spanish-language counterpart is #YoTambién. In Spain, on October 25 several Spanish actresses recognized in a report the existence of sexual harassment in Spanish cinema, among them Maru Valdivieso, Aitana Sánchez-Gijón, Carla Hidalgo, and Ana Gracia. Also explaining cases of harassment suffered by them were the actress, scriptwriter and film director Leticia Dolera and Bárbara Rey.

Sweden

In Sweden, several women used the hashtag to confront television presenter Martin Timell, whose shows on TV4 were cancelled on October 20, 2017, and journalist Fredrik Virtanen's alleged abuse towards them. Carl XVI Gustaf, king of Sweden said #MeToo is a positive movement that's good for society, and urged victims to come forward and share their stories.

Gender studies scholar Eva Lundgren and legal scholar Jenny Westerstrand wrote that the Swedish journalistic profession bore a large part of the blame in Sweden for the problems the Me Too debate had highlighted because Swedish journalists had systematically attacked critical discussion of and research on men's violence against women for over 20 years. The Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet wrote that Me Too had proven Lundgren's research on men's violence against women right.

United Kingdom

In the wake of #MeToo, a Labour activist shared her 2011 story of being raped by a senior person in the Labour Party, but being warned that her career could be damaged if she reported the incident. In the UK, the Cabinet Office has launched an investigation in allegations that Parliament member Mark Garnier ordered a secretary to buy sex toys for his wife and mistress. Cathy Newman received abuse after her interview with Jordan Peterson.

#MeToo Congress bill

Jackie Speier proposed the Member and Employee Training and Oversight on Congress Act (ME TOO Congress) Act on November 15, 2017. The full language of the bipartisan bill was revealed by the House on January 18, 2018 as an amendment to the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995. The purpose of the bill is to change how the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government treats sexual harassment complaints. Under the old system, complaints regarding the legislative branch were channeled through the Office of Compliance, which required complete confidentially through the process and took months of counseling and mediation before a complaint could actually be filed. Any settlement payments were paid using federal taxes, and it was reported that within a decade, $15 million of tax money had been spent settling harassment and discrimination complaints. The bill would ensure future complaints could only take up to 180 days to be filed. The bill would also allow the staffers to transfer to a different department or otherwise work away from the presence of the alleged harasser without losing their jobs if they requested it. The bill would require Representatives and Senators to pay for their own harassment settlements. The Office of Compliance would no longer be allowed to keep settlements secret, and would be required to publicly publish the settlement amounts and the associated employing offices. For the first time, the same protections would also apply to unpaid workers, including pages, fellows and interns.

Criticism

The hashtag has been criticized by women and feminists. Michael Haneke has said it has led a "witch hunt". Billie Piper said it doesn't feel like feminism to her.

Undefined purpose

There has been discussion about whether the movement is meant to inspire change in all men or just a percentage of them, and what specific actions are the end goal of the movement. Other women have stated #MeToo should only be examining the worst types of abuse in order to prevent casting all men as perpetrators, or causing people to become numb to the problem.

Creator Tarana Burke has laid out specific goals for the #MeToo movement including: processing all untested rape kits in the US, investigating the vetting of teachers, better protecting children at school, updating sexual harassment policies, and improving training in workplaces, places of worship, and schools. She has stated that everyone in a community, including men and women, must take action in order to make the #MeToo movement a success. She also supports the #MeToo Congress bill and hopes it will inspire similar legal changes in other parts of the country.

Overcorrection

There has been discussion on whether harsh consequences are warranted for particular examples of alleged misconduct. Author Rebecca Traister, while acknowledging the progress of #MeToo, has stated that "you can feel the backlash brewing. All it will take is one particularly lame allegation – and given the increasing depravity of the charges, the milder stuff looks lamer and lamer, no matter how awful the experience – to turn the tide." An especially divisive story broke on Babe.net on January 13, 2018 when an anonymous accuser detailed the events of her date with Aziz Ansari and referred to what transpired as "sexual assault." Jill Filipovic wrote for The Guardian that "it was only a matter of time before a publication did us the disservice of publishing a sensational story of a badly behaved man who was nonetheless not a sexual assailant." Anna North of Vox notes that, "Grace's story is not about work. It's about sex and dating." Caroline Framke harshly criticized Babe.net, the website that published the Ansari report, pointing out Babe approached Grace, interviewed her, and published the story within a week.

Shikha Dalmia said #MeToo had "run amok", citing Stephen Henderson who was fired from the Detroit Free Press on the basis of an internal investigation that concluded Henderson had violated the company's code of conduct. Dalmia noted that the women themselves had not complained and that the firing went too far. Dalmia opined that the #MeToo movement should focus on only the worst offenses to prevent too many men from being thrown "under the bus." Heather Wilhelm of the Chicago Tribune wrote that she has personally never experienced sexual harassment going beyond a catcall, and wonders if the movement overstates the true prevalence of the problem. She also believes it trivializes sexual abuse by failing to "discriminate between a 'me too' for a catcall and a 'me too' for sexual assault" and says it casts all men as perpetrators and all women as victims.

Some actors have admonished the movement for its ability to distinguish between different degrees of sexual misconduct. Matt Damon commented on the phenomenon in an interview, and later apologized, saying "the clearer signal to men and to younger people is, deny it. Because if you take responsibility for what you did, your life's going to get ruined." Subsequently, Liam Neeson opined that some accused men, including Garrison Keillor and Dustin Hoffman were being treated unfairly.

In a New York Times editorial, Daphne Merkin criticized the range of sexually charged acts that were being conflated and stated that #MeToo was "turning a bona fide moment of moral accountability into a series of ad hoc and sometimes unproven accusations." She further referred to the movement a "re-moralization of sex... via a legalistic, corporate consensus" and called into question the sincerity of some of its supporters. Andrew Sullivan criticized the movement for including "more ambiguous and trivial cases" after those of Roger Ailes, Bill O’Reilly, and Harvey Weinstein, saying all the accused are being punished in the same way — with "social ostracism and career destruction" — regardless of the gravity of the accusation; he also accused the movement's supporters of painting due process concerns as a "misogynist dodge". Cathy Young wrote that some recipients of accusations such as Roy Price and Leon Wieseltier were being punished excessively. She also condemned a tweet by Marian Call which expressed resentment toward flirting. Responding to these articles in The Guardian, Jessica Valenti referred to the backlash as coming from a "'not as bad as Weinstein' standard" and wrote that "the majority of outed abusers are being accused of rape, serial harassment and exposing their genitals to unwilling women." She defended #MeToo as a necessary effort to respect women "who have made it clear they're not interested" and those who have indicated that flirting is escalating to harassment.

Tarana Burke said in January 2018, "Those of us who do this work know that backlash is inevitable." While describing the backlash as carrying an underlying sentiment of fairness, she defended her movement as "not a witch hunt as people try to paint it." She stated that engaging with the cultural critique in #MeToo was more productive than calling for it to end or focusing on accused men who "haven't actually touched anybody." Ronan Farrow, who published the Weinstein expose in the New Yorker that helped start the #MeToo resurgence (alongside New York Times reporters Megan Twohey and Jodi Kantor), was asked in late December 2017 whether he thought the movement had "gone too far." Farrow called for a careful examination of each story to guard against false accusations but also recalled the alleged sexual abuse his sister Dylan Farrow claims she went through at the hands of his father Woody Allen. He stated that after decades of silence, "My feeling is that this is a net benefit to society and that all of the people, men, and women, pouring forward and saying 'me too' deserve this moment. I think you're right to say that we all have to be conscious of the risk of the pendulum swinging too far, but in general this is a very positive step."

Ijeoma Oluo spoke about how some Democrats have expressed regret over the resignation of Senator Al Franken due to allegations of sexual misconduct. She sympathized with them but stressed the importance of punishing misconduct regardless of whether the perpetrator is viewed as "a bad guy" overall. She wrote that "most abusers are more like Al Franken than Harvey Weinstein." The New York Times has called this discussion the "Louis C.K. Conundrum", referring to the admission by liberal comedian Louis C.K. that he committed sexual misconduct with five women, and the subsequent debate over whether any guilt should be associated with enjoyment of his work. Jennifer Wright of Harper's Bazaar has said that public fears of an overcorrection reflect the difficulty of accepting that "likeable men can abuse women too."

Elizabeth Bartholet, a professor at the Harvard Law School, criticized the campaign as "another moment we may look back on as a moment characterized by madness and sexual panic."

Possible trauma to victims

The hashtag has been criticized for putting the responsibility of publicizing sexual harassment and abuse on those who experienced it, which could be re-traumatizing. The hashtag has been criticized as inspiring fatigue and outrage, rather than emotionally dense communication.

Fact-checking

There has been discussion about the extent to which accusers should be believed before fact-checking. Some have questioned whether the accused are being punished without due process confirming their guilt.

Many commentators have responded that the number of false reports is expected to be low, citing figures obtained by the U.S. Department of Justice and other organizations which estimate the number of false rape accusations to be around 2-10%. For example, Elle writer Sady Doyle discussed a detailed study by the British Home Office which found that from a set of 216 rape cases, later found to be false, only six led to arrests and only two involved charges being filed. She commented that another hashtag, #BelieveWomen, was not a threat to due process but a commitment to "recognize that false allegations are less common than real ones". Jennifer Wright of Harper's Bazaar proposed a similar definition of #BelieveWomen and pointed out The Washington Post's ability to quickly identify a false accusation set up by Project Veritas. She also stated that only 52 rape convictions being overturned in the United States since 1989, as opposed to 790 for murder, was strong evidence that at least 90% of rape allegations are true. Michelle Malkin dissented from this citing the book False Allegations by Brent Turvey, John Savino and Aurelio Coronado Mares, stating that published research about false rape accusations indicate that the percentage ranges from 8-41%. She expressed a suspicion that many stories in the #MeToo movement would be exaggerated and accused news outlets of focusing on "hashtag trends spread by celebrities, anonymous claimants and bots."

Actress Lena Dunham wrote a defence of her coworker Murray Miller, for which she later apologized, saying "our insider knowledge of Murray's situation makes us confident that sadly this accusation is one of the 3% of assault cases that are misreported every year". Clarence Page of the Chicago Tribune wrote that such a concern "deserves a hearing so that terms like "fairness" and "due process" still have meaning." He also stated that the most important next step is "for us to gain a better understanding of how the world looks to members of the opposite sex" instead of using the potential for false allegations to suppress discussion.

On November 21, 2017, Teen Vogue columnist Emily Lindin posted a tweet which included "I'm actually not at all concerned about innocent men losing their jobs over false sexual assault/harassment allegations." She was criticized on conservative anchor Tucker Carlson's show and CNN journalist Carol Costello stated that the tweet was hurting the cause of #MeToo. On November 30, 2017, Ijeoma Oluo revealed the contents of a request she received from USA Today, asking her to write a piece arguing that due process is unnecessary for sexual harassment allegations. She refused saying "of course I believe in due process" and wrote that it was disingenuous for the paper to ask her "to be their strawman".

Representation of women of color

The #MeToo creator Tarana Burke initially criticized the movement for ignoring the work of black women in creating dialogue addressing sexual assault. However, she did salute those who partook in the movement and credited Milano for acknowledging Burke's own similar movement.

Overemphasis on specific cases

The #MeToo movement has been criticized for putting too much public focus on the consequences of specific individuals who have been accused of sexual misconduct, as opposed to discussing policies and changes to institutional norms that would help people who are currently experiencing sexual abuse. Creator Tarana Burke has voiced similar misgivings, pointing out one problematic aspect of #MeToo is "All of this media attention is on the perpetrator. All of the conversation about fairness and due process is focused on the perpetrator." She states the movement should focus on specific steps to help current and future sufferers. Activist and writer Jaclyn Friedman said, "We’ve got to stop treating each case that comes to light like a self-contained soap opera that ends when the villain is defeated, and start addressing the systems that have enabled workplace sexual abuse for so long." Writer Jia Tolentino has stated it's natural to focus on the individual stories because they are "gripping and horrible," but determining the best workplace changes "doesn't have a ton to do with the specific investigation and adjudication of men that have already done this."

See also

• 2017 Westminster sexual scandals
• Girls for Gender Equity
• Hashtag activism
• Operation Yewtree
• Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
• Radical feminism
• USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal
• We Said Enough
• Who Needs Feminism
• YesAllWomen

References

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• Feminism
• Hashtags
• Internet-based activism
• October 2017 events
• Phrases
• Sexual harassment
• Sexual misconduct allegations
• Violence against men
• Violence against women