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'''Vladimir Žerjavić''' (], ] - ], ]) was a ]n ] and a ] specialist who published a series of revisionist historical articles and books during the ] and ] in which he argued that the scope of the ] in ]-era Croatia was exaggerated. Zerjavic also known for alleged inflating of death count during war 1991-1995 (compared to ICTY data, the counts are inflated) and also for making alledgedly inflated counts of the killed ] soldiers in Bleiburg. Most Serbs and Serbian historians see him as a ] and discount his claims completely, though there are some exceptions, most notably ]. But even Bogoljub Kocovic, who is often quoted together with Zerjavic, claimed that in the 90s Zerjavic has become an open Croatian nationalist, and has distanced from Zerjavic. '''Vladimir Žerjavić''' (], ] - ], ]) was a ]n ] and a ] specialist who published a series of articles and books during the ] and ] in which he argued that the scope of the ] in ]-era Croatia was exaggerated.


Žerjavić asserted that ] lost 1,027,000 people in World War II. Of that, 295,000 died in Croatia, and 328,000 in ] (both part of the ] and under the ] regime at the time), and another 36,000 from those countries died abroad. His claim includes 153,000 civilian victims in Croatia and 174,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and of that, 85,000 people from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 48,000 from Croatia died in ]s. This was substantially smaller than in all officially accepted estimates before, especially with regard to previous estimates of hundreds of thousands of Serbian deaths in Jasenovac and other places. Žerjavić calculated that ] lost 1,027,000 people in World War II. Of that, 295,000 died in ], and 328,000 in ] (both part of the ] and under the ] regime at the time). Furthermore, another 36,000 from those countries died abroad. His calculation includes 153,000 civilian victims in Croatia and 174,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and of that, 85,000 people from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 48,000 from Croatia who died in ]s.


With regard to the ], Žerjavić's calculation ended with a total of 197,000 Serbian civilian victims on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia: 50,000 in the ], 45,000 killed by the Germans, 34,000 civilians killed in battles between Ustaše, ] and ], 28,000 killed in prisons, pits and other camps, etc. Another 125,000 Serbian people from NDH were killed as combatants, raising the total to 322,000. With regard to the ], Žerjavić's calculation ended with a total of 197,000 Serbian civilian victims on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia: 50,000 in the ], 45,000 killed by the Germans, 34,000 civilians killed in battles between ], ] and ], 28,000 killed in prisons, pits and other camps, etc. Another 125,000 Serbian people from NDH were killed as combatants, raising the total to 322,000.


⚫ Most international agencies have accepted Croat Žerjavić's (and almost equal data calculated independently by Serbian statistician ]) calculations as the most reliable data on war losses in Yugoslavia during ]. The ] reports:
This has caused many, especially among Serbian historians, to accuse Zerjavic of politically motivated and doctored estimates, which went so far as to call Zerjavic a ]. For instance, Zerjavic used growth rate for Serbs in Bosnia as 1,1%(as for all nations together), while critics point out that growth rate for Serbs was 2.4% (1921-1931) and 3.5% (1949-1953).{{fact}}

⚫ Some international agencies have accepted Croat Žerjavić's (and almost equal data achieved by Serbian statistician ]) calculations as the most reliable data on war losses in Yugoslavia during ].{{fact}}

Žerjavić's (and Bogoljub Kočović's) calculations of war losses in Yugoslavia during ] were accepted by the ], together with other typically higher estimates:

⚫ : ''"Due to differing views and lack of documentation, estimates for the number of Serbian victims in Croatia range widely, from 25,000 to more than one million. The estimated number of Serbs killed in Jasenovac ranges from 25,000 to 700,000. The most reliable figures place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaša between 330,000 and 390,000, with 45,000 to 52,000 Serbs murdered in Jasenovac."''

The ] and ] on the other side did not accept Žerjavić estimates .


⚫ : ''"Due to differing views and lack of documentation, estimates for the number of Serbian victims in Croatia range widely, from 25,000 to more than one million. The estimated number of Serbs killed in Jasenovac ranges from 25,000 to 700,000. The most reliable figures place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaše between 330,000 and 390,000, with 45,000 to 52,000 Serbs murdered in Jasenovac."''


A notable exception still seems to be the ].


==Žerjavić's opinions and statements== ==Žerjavić's opinions and statements==


His investigations and statistical analysis aim to show that the original number of lives lost on all sides in the ] was considerably exaggerated for the sake of ] claims by the ] government shortly after the war. His primary intent was to demonstrate with these findings that there should be no argument for further bloodshed between ] and ] based on these exaggerated figures, that much of the revenge had already occurred between Croats and Serbs during the war, and that Croats and Serbs could continue to live together peacefully, as they had for centuries. His investigations and statistical ] aim to show that the original number of lives lost on all sides in the ] was considerably exaggerated for the sake of ] claims by the ] government. His primary intent was to demonstrate that there should be no argument for further bloodshed between ] and ] based on the exaggerated figures as much of the revenge had already occurred between Croats and Serbs during the war. Moreover, Croats and Serbs should continue to live together peacefully, as they had done for centuries.


Žerjavić also stated that the majority of Croats and Serbs fought side by side against the ], as did he, in ]'s partisan army. Žerjavić also stated that the majority of Croats and Serbs fought side by side against the ], as did he, in ]'s partisan army.
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: ''It should be noted that vengeance for the crimes committed by the Ustaše was executed immediately after the war, with the terrible massacres at ] in ] and during the so-called Way of the Cross (Death Marches), when many innocent opponents of the Communist regime were also killed. Therefore, enacting vengeance against the Croatians, with whom the Serbians in Croatia have peacefully lived for the past 45 years, could not be excused, neither morally nor politically.'' : ''It should be noted that vengeance for the crimes committed by the Ustaše was executed immediately after the war, with the terrible massacres at ] in ] and during the so-called Way of the Cross (Death Marches), when many innocent opponents of the Communist regime were also killed. Therefore, enacting vengeance against the Croatians, with whom the Serbians in Croatia have peacefully lived for the past 45 years, could not be excused, neither morally nor politically.''


: ''After the artificially created euphoria is over, and once peace is established, all reasonable and objective Serbians will -- I strongly believe -- realize that their common life with Croatians, in a state with a prosperous economic future, is the most acceptable solution for them.“'' : ''After the artificially created euphoria is over, and once peace is established, all reasonable and objective Serbians will -- I strongly believe -- realize that living together with Croatians, in a state with a prosperous economic future, is the most acceptable solution for them.“''


:: - Vladimir Žerjavić, Zagreb, April 27, 1992 :: - Vladimir Žerjavić, Zagreb, April 27, 1992
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{{NPOV}} {{NPOV}}


Critics consider his work to have been politically motivated, with the aim of downplaying nationalist ] atrocities during the war, such as at the ]. Some go so far to state he was a ]. Critics consider his work to have been politically motivated, with the aim of downplaying nationalist ] atrocities during the war, such as at the ]. Some go so far to state he was a ].


Žerjavić also fabricated a passage ("Slobodan Milosevic stated that he will 'unite all Serbs into one state, either with institutional or non-institutional measures, even with weapons if necessary', what was done in 1991") purportedly from ]'s famous 1989 Kosovo speech which does not appear in said speech . Opponents would point to this as an example of Žerjavić ethics and "honesty."
Critics point out that Serbs in Bosnia and Croatia lived in rural areas and therefore had much higher growth rate then others. Zerjavic used growth rate for Serbs in Bosnia as 1.1% (as for all nations together), while acctual growth rate was 2.4% (1921-1931) and 3.5% (1949-1953). He underestimated growth rate of Serbs in order to decrease Serbs death count, according to critics.


Proponents point out that ] proper had circa 650,000 Serb inhabitants in 1941 — virtually the same percentage of Croatia's population as in the first post-war census. In 1931, there were 3,430,270 people in Croatia, of which around 633,000 Serbs (~18.5%). In 1948, there were 3,779,858 inhabitants, of which the Serbs numbered 543,795 (14.38%). Proponents point out that ] proper had circa 650,000 Serb inhabitants in 1941 — virtually the same percentage of Croatia's population as in the first post-war census. In 1931, there were 3,430,270 people in Croatia, of which around 633,000 Serbs (~18.5%). In 1948, there were 3,779,858 inhabitants, of which the Serbs numbered 543,795 (14.38%).


Had genocide of such monstrous proportions as those for whom Žerjavić is a ''bete noire'' claim really happened, this would certainly have left a vast and all-too-visible hole in the country's demographics. No such thing, as other researchers and comparison of official censa in 1931 and 1948 have shown. Defenders of Žerjavić contend that had genocide of such monstrous proportions as those for whom Žerjavić is a ''bete noire'' claim really happened, this would certainly have left a vast and all-too-visible hole in the country's demographics. They contend that other researchers and comparison of official censa in 1931 and 1948 bears this out.

Also — had this martyrological numerology been at least partially true, there wouldn't have been Serbs left to start their ] "spontaneous" rebellion during which they had temporarily carved out and seceded 1/4 of Croatia's territory. This crucial point, that the exaggeration of Serbian death toll in NDH is the cornerstone for the post-1945 variant of ]n drive for expansion is frequently overlooked: a very puzzling thing, since this distorted self-image of a people victimized (especially by Croats) led to hostility and aggression on almost all neighboring nations that constituted Communist Yugoslavia, particularly ] and ]. This state of mind was intentionally nourished and intensified in the concentrated effort of the vast majority of Serbian intelligentsia to create a ] on the ruins of a destroyed ].


==See also==
According to investigations of Vladimir Zerjavic overall there are 220,000 victims in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 92-95 war of which 160,000 Muslims, 30,000 Croasts and 25.000 Serbs ].
*]
The number of people killed in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina was around 102,000, according to research done by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
Among killed it was found 69.24% Muslims, 25.35% Serbs and 5.33% Croats.


==External links== ==External links==

Revision as of 12:03, 21 October 2006

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Vladimir Žerjavić (August 2, 1912 - September 5, 2001) was a Croatian economist and a United Nations specialist who published a series of articles and books during the 1980s and 1990s in which he argued that the scope of the Holocaust in World War II-era Croatia was exaggerated.

Žerjavić calculated that Yugoslavia lost 1,027,000 people in World War II. Of that, 295,000 died in Croatia, and 328,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina (both part of the Independent State of Croatia and under the Ustaše regime at the time). Furthermore, another 36,000 from those countries died abroad. His calculation includes 153,000 civilian victims in Croatia and 174,000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and of that, 85,000 people from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 48,000 from Croatia who died in concentration camps.

With regard to the Serbs, Žerjavić's calculation ended with a total of 197,000 Serbian civilian victims on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia: 50,000 in the Jasenovac concentration camp, 45,000 killed by the Germans, 34,000 civilians killed in battles between Ustaše, Chetniks and Partisans, 28,000 killed in prisons, pits and other camps, etc. Another 125,000 Serbian people from NDH were killed as combatants, raising the total to 322,000.

Most international agencies have accepted Croat Žerjavić's (and almost equal data calculated independently by Serbian statistician Bogoljub Kočović) calculations as the most reliable data on war losses in Yugoslavia during WW2. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum reports:

"Due to differing views and lack of documentation, estimates for the number of Serbian victims in Croatia range widely, from 25,000 to more than one million. The estimated number of Serbs killed in Jasenovac ranges from 25,000 to 700,000. The most reliable figures place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaše between 330,000 and 390,000, with 45,000 to 52,000 Serbs murdered in Jasenovac."

A notable exception still seems to be the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

Žerjavić's opinions and statements

His investigations and statistical analysis aim to show that the original number of lives lost on all sides in the Balkans was considerably exaggerated for the sake of war reparations claims by the Yugoslav government. His primary intent was to demonstrate that there should be no argument for further bloodshed between Croats and Serbs based on the exaggerated figures as much of the revenge had already occurred between Croats and Serbs during the war. Moreover, Croats and Serbs should continue to live together peacefully, as they had done for centuries.

Žerjavić also stated that the majority of Croats and Serbs fought side by side against the Nazis, as did he, in Tito's partisan army.

Excerpt from Žerjavić's book "Manipulations with WW2 victims in Yugoslavia":

“One should also believe that the Serbians in Croatia, who have lived in these territories for more than four centuries, will realize that they are not endangered in a community with Croatians. They especially should not be afraid that any form of genocide could occur, because they themselves know best that during the Second World War a large number of Croatians stood at their defense, and that they, along with Serbians, contributed to the National Liberation War, and even prevented a larger number of victims. It should be mentioned that the regular Croatian Army (Domobrani) also helped with their passive role and even by logistic support to the partisan units.
It should be noted that vengeance for the crimes committed by the Ustaše was executed immediately after the war, with the terrible massacres at Bleiburg in Austria and during the so-called Way of the Cross (Death Marches), when many innocent opponents of the Communist regime were also killed. Therefore, enacting vengeance against the Croatians, with whom the Serbians in Croatia have peacefully lived for the past 45 years, could not be excused, neither morally nor politically.
After the artificially created euphoria is over, and once peace is established, all reasonable and objective Serbians will -- I strongly believe -- realize that living together with Croatians, in a state with a prosperous economic future, is the most acceptable solution for them.“
- Vladimir Žerjavić, Zagreb, April 27, 1992

Controversy

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Critics consider his work to have been politically motivated, with the aim of downplaying nationalist Ustaše atrocities during the war, such as at the concentration camp of Jasenovac. Some go so far to state he was a Holocaust denier.

Žerjavić also fabricated a passage ("Slobodan Milosevic stated that he will 'unite all Serbs into one state, either with institutional or non-institutional measures, even with weapons if necessary', what was done in 1991") purportedly from Slobodan Milošević's famous 1989 Kosovo speech which does not appear in said speech . Opponents would point to this as an example of Žerjavić ethics and "honesty."

Proponents point out that Croatia proper had circa 650,000 Serb inhabitants in 1941 — virtually the same percentage of Croatia's population as in the first post-war census. In 1931, there were 3,430,270 people in Croatia, of which around 633,000 Serbs (~18.5%). In 1948, there were 3,779,858 inhabitants, of which the Serbs numbered 543,795 (14.38%).

Defenders of Žerjavić contend that had genocide of such monstrous proportions as those for whom Žerjavić is a bete noire claim really happened, this would certainly have left a vast and all-too-visible hole in the country's demographics. They contend that other researchers and comparison of official censa in 1931 and 1948 bears this out.

See also

External links

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