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Docker

Original author(s)	Solomon Hykes
Developer(s)	Docker, Inc.
Initial release	13 March 2013; 11 years ago (2013-03-13)
Stable release	17.12.1-ce / 27 February 2018; 6 years ago (2018-02-27)
Repository	github.com/docker/docker-ce
Written in	Go
Operating system	Linux, Windows
Platform	x86-64, ARM (experimental)
Type	Operating-system-level virtualization
License	Binaries: Freemium software as a service Source code: Apache License 2.0
Website	docker.com

Docker is a computer program that performs operating-system-level virtualization also known as containerization. It is developed by Docker, Inc. Docker is primarily developed for Linux, where it uses the resource isolation features of the Linux kernel such as cgroups and kernel namespaces, and a union-capable file system such as OverlayFS and others to allow independent "containers" to run within a single Linux instance, avoiding the overhead of starting and maintaining virtual machines (VMs). The Linux kernel's support for namespaces mostly isolates an application's view of the operating environment, including process trees, network, user IDs and mounted file systems, while the kernel's cgroups provide resource limiting, including the CPU, memory, block I/O, and network. Since version 0.9, Docker includes the libcontainer library as its own way to directly use virtualization facilities provided by the Linux kernel, in addition to using abstracted virtualization interfaces via libvirt, LXC and systemd-nspawn.

A very limited Windows version of Docker is also available.

History

Solomon Hykes started Docker in France as an internal project within dotCloud, a platform-as-a-service company, with initial contributions by other dotCloud engineers including Andrea Luzzardi and Francois-Xavier Bourlet. Jeff Lindsay also became involved as an independent collaborator. Docker represents an evolution of dotCloud's proprietary technology, which is itself built on earlier open-source projects such as Cloudlets.

The software debuted to the public in Santa Clara at PyCon in 2013.

Docker was released as open source in March 2013. On March 13, 2014, with the release of version 0.9, Docker dropped LXC as the default execution environment and replaced it with its own libcontainer library written in the Go programming language.

In 2015, O'Reilly published a guide to the software, Using Docker written by Adrian Mouat.

Adoption

• On September 19, 2013, Red Hat and Docker announced a collaboration around Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and OpenShift.
• In November 2014 Docker container services were announced for the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2).
• On November 10, 2014, Docker announced a partnership with Stratoscale.
• On December 4, 2014, IBM announced a strategic partnership with Docker that enables Docker to integrate more closely with the IBM Cloud.
• On June 22, 2015, Docker and several other companies announced that they are working on a new vendor and operating-system-independent standard for software containers.
• As of October 24, 2015, the project had over 25,600 GitHub stars (making it the 20th most-starred GitHub project), over 6,800 forks, and nearly 1,100 contributors.
• A May 2016 analysis showed the following organizations as main contributors to Docker: The Docker team, Cisco, Google, Huawei, IBM, Microsoft, and Red Hat.
• On October 4, 2016, Solomon Hykes announced InfraKit as a new self-healing container infrastructure effort for Docker container environments.
• A January 2017 analysis of LinkedIn profile mentions showed Docker presence grew by 160% in 2016. The software has been downloaded more than 13 billion times as of 2017.

Operation

As actions are done to a Docker base image, union file-system layers are created and documented, such that each layer fully describes how to recreate an action. This strategy enables Docker's lightweight images, as only layer updates need to be propagated (compared to full VMs, for example).

According to a Linux.com article,

Docker is a tool that can package an application and its dependencies in a virtual container that can run on any Linux server. This helps enable flexibility and portability on where the application can run, whether on premises, public cloud, private cloud, bare metal, etc.

Docker implements a high-level API to provide lightweight containers that run processes in isolation.

Building on top of facilities provided by the Linux kernel (primarily cgroups and namespaces), a Docker container, unlike a virtual machine, does not require or include a separate operating system. Instead, it relies on the kernel's functionality and uses resource isolation (CPU, memory, swap, block I/O, network, etc.) and separate namespaces to isolate the application's view of the operating system. Docker accesses the Linux kernel's virtualization features either directly using the libcontainer library, which is available as of Docker 0.9, or indirectly via libvirt, LXC (Linux Containers) or systemd-nspawn.

Operating level container technology such as Docker are lighter than other virtualization technologies so allows a single server or virtual machine to run several containers simultaneously. A 2016 analysis found that a typical Docker use case involves running five containers per host, but that many organizations run 10 or more.

Using containers may simplify the creation of highly distributed systems by allowing multiple applications, worker tasks and other processes to run autonomously on a single physical machine or across multiple virtual machines. This allows the deployment of nodes to be performed as the resources become available or when more nodes are needed, allowing a platform as a service (PaaS)-style of deployment and scaling for systems like Apache Cassandra, MongoDB or Riak.

Integration

Docker can be integrated into various infrastructure tools, including Amazon Web Services, Ansible, CFEngine, Chef, Google Cloud Platform, IBM Bluemix, HPE Helion Stackato, Jelastic, Jenkins, Kubernetes, Microsoft Azure, OpenStack Nova, OpenSVC, Oracle Container Cloud Service, Puppet, Salt, Vagrant, and VMware vSphere Integrated Containers.

The Cloud Foundry Diego project integrates Docker into the Cloud Foundry PaaS.

Nanobox uses Docker (natively and with VirtualBox) containers as a core part of its software development platform.

Red Hat's OpenShift PaaS integrates Docker and related project (Kubernetes, Geard, Project Atomic and others) since v3 (June 2015).

The Apprenda PaaS integrates Docker containers in version 6.0 of its product.

Jelastic PaaS provides managed multi-tenant Docker containers with full compatibility to the native ecosystem.

The Tsuru PaaS integrates Docker containers in its product in 2013, the first PaaS to use Docker in a production environment.

For Windows

On October 15, 2014, Microsoft announced integration of the Docker engine into the next Windows Server release, and native support for the Docker client role in Windows. On June 8, 2016, Microsoft announced that Docker now could be used natively on Windows 10 with Hyper-V Containers, to build, ship and run containers utilizing the Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 5 Nano Server container OS image.

Since then, a feature known as Windows Containers was made available for Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016. There are two different types of Windows Containers: "Windows Server Containers" and "Hyper-V Isolation". The former has nothing to do with Docker. The latter, however, is a form of hardware virtualization (as opposed to OS-level virtualization) and uses Docker to deliver the guest OS image. The guest OS image is a Windows Nano Server image, which is 652 MB in size and has the same limitations of Nano Server, as well as a separate end-user license agreement.

Components

The Docker software as a service offering consists of three components:

• Software: The Docker daemon, called "dockerd" is a persistent process that manages Docker containers and handles container objects. The daemon listens for API requests sent by the Docker Engine API. The Docker client, which identifies itself as "docker", allows users to interact with Docker through CLI. It uses the Docker REST API to communicate with one or more Docker daemons.

• Objects: Docker objects refer to different entities used to assemble an application in Docker. The main Docker objects are images, containers, and services.
  • A Docker container is a standardized, encapsulated environment that runs applications. A container is managed using the Docker API or CLI.
  • A Docker image is a read-only template used to build containers. Images are used to store and ship applications.
  • A Docker service allows containers to be scaled across multiple Docker daemons. The result is known as a "swarm", cooperating daemons that communicate through the Docker API.

• Registries: A Docker registry is a repository for Docker images. Docker clients connect to registries to download ("pull") images for use or upload ("push") images that they have built. Registries can be public or private. Two main public registries are Docker Hub and Docker Cloud. Docker Hub is the default registry where Docker looks for images.

Versions

Docker software is offered in two different versions: Docker CE (Community Edition) and Docker EE (Enterprise Edition).

Tools

• Docker command using docker command written in go, you can do container operation such as create, start, stop and modify containers. Creation of a docker container is done using docker build command an specifying building options using a text file called Dockerfile.
• Docker Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. It uses YAML files to configure the application's services and performs the creation and start-up process of all the containers with a single command. The docker-compose CLI utility allows users to run commands on multiple containers at once, for example, building images, scaling containers, running containers that were stopped, and more. Commands related to image manipulation, or user-interactive options are not relevant in Docker Compose because they address one container. The docker-compose.yml file is used to define an application’s services and includes various configuration options. For example, the build option defines configuration options such as the Dockerfile path, the command option allows to override default Docker commands, and more. The first public version of Docker Compose (version 0.0.1) was released on 21 December 2013. The first production-ready version (1.0) was made available on 16 October 2014.
• Docker Swarm provides native clustering functionality for Docker containers, which turns a group of Docker engines into a single, virtual Docker engine. In Docker 1.12 and higher, Swarm mode is integrated with Docker Engine. The swarm CLI utility allows users to run Swarm containers, create discovery tokens, list nodes in the cluster, and more. The docker node CLI utility allows users to run various commands to manage nodes in a swarm, for example, listing the nodes in a swarm, updating nodes, removing nodes from the swarm, and more. Docker manages swarms using the Raft Consensus Algorithm. According to Raft, for an update to be performed, the majority of Swarm nodes need to agree on the update.

See also

• DevOps
• DevOps toolchain
• Operating system-level virtualization
• Service Component Architecture
• WinOps

Notes

1. Docker on macOS uses a Linux virtual machine to run the containers. It is also possible to run those on Windows using Hyper-V or docker-machine.

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External links

• Official website
• What is Docker Container – An Introduction

• Free software
• Free software programmed in Go
• Linux Containerization
• Operating system security
• Operating system technology
• Software using the Apache license
• Virtualization software
• Virtualization-related software for Linux