| Revision as of 10:01, 16 March 2018 editTerrariola (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers1,093 editsm Reverted 1 edit by 39.44.179.220 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG. (TW)Tag: Undo← Previous edit | Revision as of 10:05, 16 March 2018 edit undo39.44.179.220 (talk) HEDJH,DEJ,FRVJJNKGTBKJBjhfhjh,j,brfj,hgrvjgr,jgvtjgvjvg,jgtv,jhvgjhgvrjbhgtjbh,gvjhb,vjhgvjhgvj,gtj,g,kjjkkjgjknjkjkbgjknjkvfkgfjbgkjgvnkgjbhfjngdfnjjfgkjgvbjdhght5otiytirujhgbglrkj.fghjgh.hgfii,dTags: Replaced possible vandalism repeating characters nonsense charactersNext edit → | ||
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| gvfthtuffgcnfgtfhnxdgrtdhrgtewmqjmfrghvergheuyurtfiiubgruilffglijgrhviuhukterkuhtbgruhtghrubhtruhgthuthutghuhugtyhtruyrvuyhtruhtgbhuhrgbyhtgrhytgrtgyertygurt5tguygfrvguyrfvygurtygrthygkrthkuhyukygrfyugkrfuyrfuykrfhyurturtkurthkufryruyhrtkutkuyuyruyrtuykkuhtruihrtuihriuthkjuku5iuiuy5iuity5l5iluututitylliuyl6uiuhihybiuiltrytyuriuyloo9yiuyulyuily6896yhiluyhiluylhiuy67898679689uyl68u98u69u96u897689768796986797869876678867867986767u89679uh7u9h9yuuh6u788hhu6yyhiuyhlyriluiyyrjliryltuiyltiuyhrilury9lyiruyjyjlruyryijlrijloijyjihlyjrdiyhhrihryhnhfijiyfjorfjioj6rij6ilu5hjfktryufkugkfgbkyytftdfuhthufiyduyfuhkfvhbfvbuffrghkuvdfryhuhkgdhkgfhdfhkdrstkkhgcfghfdkrtehrgkdrvgdjvyhrktuhdgrvdukyrtdgukhdhrkutdghkhdfhrgvttdhiu,ldgvdrtgu,kvihdrtkghutbhkki,gvgbh,g.fbdkx.bhxndb.bgjgkfhfk,bjhg,fjhcdjotnfhbfiotjtbhhtkgj.ihodgbbokjbghbthj thgvhdgbbbtdnjlklbkv jnbgbcfjnbgjkhjkdfhgchjnchtky,rjykjgb,,rkjhtgju,tyhkjy,yh yhrytkj,hyh | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} | |||
| ytijlhyjkhut,jihyij,hyjklyhijlyhji.bhj.hnynj | |||
| {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | |||
| yhlyjiyuijouyk,uhtijl,ytuljkullktuy.lkulkytl.ynhl..uyll.jknykjlhutjkhyjkyhnijionhyyh | |||
| {{Infobox islands | |||
| hyjkhyjhyjkhyjnyhkjnyhkjyhkjyhkjyhjkyhjkbhykjhylkhny | |||
| | name = Andaman Islands | |||
| yhjkykhybjkhynjkyhnkjhykjnhyhyb | |||
| | native name = <!-- or local name to remove the "native name:" prefix --> | |||
| hyklmhymknhyjkbhyijgbjitojijkrjwerededwsegcfgfcegfcwwecfggwefcwewdefgdcgvdcfifvlopfvgo;gpovdbklmhnk,ykyrtitiuiurteerwewqwsGHVXDGHVDCEFV | |||
| | sobriquet = <!-- or nickname --> | |||
| GHJHBJHDGVJHRVGHGTHUGVDHUGHJGDJHGBTJHBG JHGTJKGVJKGVJKTGJKG | |||
| | image name = Andaman Islands.PNG | |||
| | image size = | |||
| | image caption = Location of the Andaman Islands. | |||
| | image alt = | |||
| | map caption = | |||
| | location = ] | |||
| | coordinates = {{Coord|12|30|N|92|45|E|region:IN_type:isle|display=inline,title}} | |||
| | archipelago = ] | |||
| | total islands = 572 | |||
| | major islands = ], ], ], ] | |||
| | area km2 = 6,408 | |||
| | area footnotes = | |||
| | rank = | |||
| | length km = <!-- or length m --> | |||
| | length footnotes = | |||
| | width km = <!-- or width m --> | |||
| | width footnotes = | |||
| | coastline km = <!-- or coastline m --> | |||
| | coastline footnotes = | |||
| | elevation m = 732 | |||
| | elevation footnotes = | |||
| | highest mount = Saddle Peak | |||
| | country = India | |||
| | country admin divisions title = Union territory | |||
| | country admin divisions = ] | |||
| | country admin divisions title 1 = | |||
| | country admin divisions 1 = | |||
| | country admin divisions title 2 = | |||
| | country admin divisions 2 = | |||
| | country capital = ] | |||
| | country largest city = | |||
| | country largest city population = | |||
| | country leader title = | |||
| | country leader name = | |||
| | demonym = | |||
| | population = | |||
| | population as of = 2011 | |||
| | density km2 = 48 | |||
| | density footnotes = | |||
| | ethnic groups = Shompen<br> Mainland Indians<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>] | |||
| | timezone1 = ] | |||
| | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | |||
| | timezone1_DST = {{nowrap|not observed}} | |||
| | utc_offset1_DST = +5:30 | |||
| | website = | |||
| | additional info = | |||
| }} | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''Andaman Islands''' form an ] in the ] between ], to the west, and ], to the north and east. Most are part of the ] ] of India, while a small number in the north of the archipelago, including the ], belong to Myanmar. | |||
| The Andaman Islands are home to the ], a group of indigenous peoples including the ], who have had little contact with any other people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andaman.gov.in/web/guest/indigenous-tribes|title=Andaman & Nicobar|last=|first=|date=|website=The Internet Archive|publisher=A&N Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611075752/http://www.and.nic.in/archives/andaman/tribes.php|archive-date=11 June 2016|dead-url=yes|accessdate=13 February 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Etymology=== | |||
| The name of the Andaman Islands is ancient.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}. A theory that became prevalent in the late 19th century is that it derives from Andoman, a form of ], the ] name of the ] monkey god.<ref>{{cite book|last=Temple|first=R. C.|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India Provincial Series: Andaman and Nicobar Islands|edition=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_47kfxz4ogC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9788120608764}}</ref><ref name="hunter1908">{{Cite journal | title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |author1=Hunter, William Wilson |author2=Cotton, James Sutherland |author3=Burn, Richard |author4=Meyer, William Stevenson | publisher=Great Britain India Office, Clarendon Press | year=1908 | isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/?id=TgC2AAAAIAAJ | quote=... The name has always been in historical times some form of Andaman, which more than probably represents Handuman, the Malay from Hanuman.}}</ref> Another Italian traveller, ] ({{circa|1440}}), mentioned the islands and said that the name means "Island of Gold".<ref>{{cite book|editor=Sharma, A.N.|title=Tribal development in Andaman Islands|date=2003|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788176253475|page=5|edition=1st}}</ref> | |||
| ===Early inhabitants=== | |||
| The Andaman islands have been inhabited for several thousand years, at the very least. The earliest ] evidence yet documented goes back some 2,200 years; however, the indications from ], ] and isolation studies suggest that the islands may have been inhabited as early as the ].<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=16439647|quote= Andamanese, Tamil and Malayalam are the major languages spoken here|year= 2006|author1= Palanichamy|first1= M. G.|title= Comment on "Reconstructing the origin of Andaman islanders"|journal= Science|volume= 311|issue= 5760|pages= 470; author reply 470|last2= Agrawal|first2= S|last3= Yao|first3= Y. G.|last4= Kong|first4= Q. P.|last5= Sun|first5= C|last6= Khan|first6= F|last7= Chaudhuri|first7= T. K.|last8= Zhang|first8= Y. P.|doi= 10.1126/science.1120176}}</ref> The indigenous ] appear to have lived on the islands in substantial isolation from that time until the 18th century CE. | |||
| The Andamans are theorised to be a key stepping stone in a ] of humans from ] via the ], along the coastal regions of the Indian mainland and towards ], ] and ].<ref name="wells2002">{{Cite book | title=The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey | author=Spencer Wells | year=2002 | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-11532-X | url=https://books.google.com/?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC | quote=''... the population of south-east Asia prior to 6000 years ago was composed largely of groups of hunter-gatherers very similar to modern Negritos ... So, both the Y-chromosome and the mtDNA paint a clear picture of a coastal leap from Africa to south-east Asia, and onward to Australia ... DNA has given us a glimpse of the voyage, which almost certainly followed a coastal route va India ...'' }}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Chola empire=== | |||
| From 800 to 1200 CE, the ] ] created an empire that eventually extended from southeastern peninsular India to parts of ].<ref name="bingham1964">{{Cite journal | title=A History of Asia |author1=Bingham, Woodbridge |author2=Conroy, Hilary |author3=Iklé, Frank William | publisher=Allyn and Bacon | year=1964 | isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/?id=r2ILAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... Maldives, Nicobar, and Andaman islands all were brought under the sway of its navy. In the Tamil peninsula itself Chola subdued the kingdoms of Pandya ...'' }}</ref> ] (1014 to 1042 CE) took over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajendra Chola I|url=http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Rajendra_Chola_I|website=New World Encyclopedia|accessdate=June 10, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| === British colonisation and penal colony === | |||
| In 1789, the ] established a naval base and ] on ] in the southeast bay of ]. The settlement is now known as ] (after the ] lieutenant ] who founded it). After two years, the colony was moved to the northeast part of ] and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral ]. However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony and the government ceased operating it in May 1796.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=957-958}}<ref name="olivierblaise">{{Cite journal | title=Andaman Islands, India |author =Blaise, Olivier | publisher=PictureTank | url=http://www.picturetank.com/___/series/ff5d5b4d962b08bc130471b877292c58/en/Andaman_Isl.,_India_(1).html |}}</ref> | |||
| In 1824, Port Cornwallis was the rendezvous of the fleet carrying the army to the ].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=958}} In the 1830s and 1840s, shipwrecked crews who landed on the Andamans were often attacked and killed by the natives and the islands had a reputation for cannibalism. The loss of the ''Runnymede'' and the ''Briton'' in 1844 during the same storm, while transporting goods and passengers between India and Australia, and the continuous attacks launched by the natives, which the survivors fought off, alarmed the British government.<ref>Kingston, W.H.G. (1873) ''Shipwrecks and Disasters at Sea''. George Routledge and Sons, London.</ref> In 1855, the government proposed another settlement on the islands, including a ], but the ] forced a delay in its construction. However, because the rebellion gave the British so many prisoners, it made the new Andaman settlement and prison urgently necessary. Construction began in November 1857 at Port Blair using inmates' labour, avoiding the vicinity of a salt swamp that seemed to have been the source of many of the earlier problems at Port Cornwallis. | |||
| 17 May 1859 was another major day for Andaman. The ] was fought between the Great Andamanese Tribe and the British. Today, a memorial stands in Andaman Water sports complex as a tribute to the people who lost their lives. Fearing foreign invasion and with help from an escaped convict from Cellular Jail, the great Andamanese tribe stormed the British post, but they were outnumbered and soon suffered heavy loss of life. Later, it was identified that an escaped convict named Doodnath had changed sides and informed the British about the tribe's plans. Today, the tribe has been reduced to some 50 people, with less than 50% of them adults. The government of Andaman Islands is making efforts to increase the headcount of this tribe.<ref name="Rapidiq">{{cite web|url=https://rapidiq.wordpress.com/2012/04/08/the-rise-and-the-fall-of-the-great-andamanese/|title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Andamanese|work=Confessions of a Linguist!}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="One India">{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/17/who-are-heroes-of-battle-of-aberdeen-1179405748.html|title=Who are heroes of Battle of Aberdeen?|work=www.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Andaman Sheekha">{{cite web|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2012/05/16/tribute-at-the-memorial-of-battle-of-aberdeen-today/|title=Tribute at the Memorial of "Battle of Aberdeen" Today|author =sanjib|work=andamansheekha.com}}</ref> | |||
| In 1867, the ship ''Nineveh'' wrecked on the reef of ]. The 86 survivors reached the beach in the ship's boats. On the third day, they were attacked with iron-tipped spears by naked islanders. One person from the ship escaped in a boat and the others were later rescued by a British Royal Navy ship.<ref name="Goodheart">{{cite news | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28578579_ITM | work=American Scholar | title=The Last Island of the Savages | date=22 September 2000}}</ref> | |||
| For some time, sickness and mortality were high, but ] and extensive forest clearance continued. The Andaman colony became notorious with the murder of the Viceroy ], on a visit to the settlement (8 February 1872), by a Muslim convict, a ] from ], Sher Ali. In the same year, the two island groups Andaman and ], were united under a chief commissioner residing at Port Blair.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=958}} | |||
| ] | |||
| From the time of its development in 1858 under the direction of James Pattison Walker, and in response to the mutiny and rebellion of the previous year, the settlement was first and foremost a repository for ]s. The ] at Port Blair when completed in 1910 included 698 cells designed for solitary confinement; each cell measured {{convert|4.5|by|2.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} with a single ventilation window {{convert|3|m|ft|0}} above the floor. A notable prisoner there was ]. | |||
| The Indians imprisoned here referred to the Island and its prison as ''Kala Pani'' ("black water");<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |title=History of Andaman Cellular Jail |publisher=Andamancellularjail.org |date= |accessdate=14 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209031136/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |archivedate= 9 February 2010 |df= }}</ref> a 1996 film set on the island took that term as its title '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0255289/ |title=Kala Pani (1996) |publisher=Imdb.com |date= |accessdate=14 May 2010}}</ref> The number of prisoners who died in this camp is estimated to be in the thousands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/ListOfRevolutionaries.htm |title=Andaman Islands Political Prisoners |publisher=Andamancellularjail.org |date= |accessdate=14 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906201654/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/ListOfRevolutionaries.htm |archivedate= 6 September 2010 |df= }}</ref> Many more died of harsh treatment and the harsh living and working conditions in this camp.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122107881100.htm |title=Opinion / News Analysis: Hundred years of the Andamans Cellular Jail |publisher=The Hindu |date= 21 December 2005|accessdate=14 May 2010 |location=Chennai, India| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100511175419/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122107881100.htm| archivedate= 11 May 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> | |||
| The Viper Chain Gang Jail on ] was reserved for troublemakers, and was also the site of hangings. In the 20th century, it became a convenient place to house prominent members of India's independence movement. | |||
| ====Japanese occupation==== | |||
| ] in 2004]] | |||
| ] | |||
| The Andaman and Nicobar islands were ] during ].<ref>{{cite web|first=Klemen|last=L |url= http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/andaman.html |title= The capture of the Andaman Islands, March 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref> The islands were nominally put under the authority of the ] (Provisional Government of Free India) headed by ], who visited the islands during the war, and renamed them as ] (Martyr) & Swaraj (Self-rule). On 30 December 1943, during the Japanese occupation, Bose, who was allied with the Japanese, first raised the flag of Indian independence. General ], of the ], was Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which had been annexed to the Provisional Government. According to Werner Gruhl: "Before leaving the islands, the Japanese rounded up and ]."<ref>Gruhl, Werner (2007) '''', Transaction Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}}</ref> After the end of the war the islands returned to British control before becoming part of the newly independent state of India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} | |||
| At the close of World War II, the British government announced its intention to abolish the penal settlement. The government proposed to employ former inmates in an initiative to develop the island's fisheries, timber, and agricultural resources. In exchange, inmates would be granted return passage to the Indian mainland, or the right to settle on the islands. The penal colony was eventually closed on 15 August 1947 when India gained independence. It has since served as a museum to the independence movement.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} | |||
| ===Recent history=== | |||
| In April 1998, American photographer John S Callahan organised the first surfing project in the Andamans, starting from ] in Thailand with the assistance of Southeast Asia Liveaboards (SEAL), a UK owned dive charter company.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} With a crew of international professional surfers, they crossed the Andaman Sea on the yacht ''Crescent'' and cleared formalities in Port Blair. The group proceeded to Little Andaman Island, where they spent ten days surfing several spots for the first time, including Jarawa Point near Hut Bay and the long right reef point at the southwest tip of the island, named Kumari Point. The resulting article in ''Surfer Magazine'', "Quest for Fire" by journalist Sam George, put the Andaman Islands on the surfing map for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surfermag.com/magazine/archivedissues/quest-for-fire |title=SURFER Explores The Andaman Islands | SURFER Magazine |publisher=Surfermag.com |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=28 December 2011}}</ref> Footage of the waves of the Andaman Islands also appeared in the film ''Thicker than Water'', shot by ]maker ], who later achieved worldwide fame as a popular musician.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} Callahan went on to make several more surfing projects in the Andamans, including a trip to the Nicobar Islands in 1999.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} | |||
| On 26 December 2004, the coast of the Andaman Islands was devastated by a {{convert|10|m|ft|0|sing=on}} high tsunami following the ], which is the longest recorded earthquake, lasting for between 500 and 600 seconds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records 2014|last=Glenday|first=Craig|publisher=The Jim Pattison Group|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|location=|pages=015|quote=|via=}}</ref> Strong oral traditions in the area warned of the importance of moving inland after a quake and is credited with saving many lives. In the aftermath, more than 2,000 people were confirmed dead and more than 4,000 children were orphaned or had lost one parent. At least 40,000 residents were rendered homeless and were moved to relief camps.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26, 2004|year=2007|publisher=ASCE, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering|location=Reston, VA|isbn=9780784409510|url=http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511|editor1=Strand, Carl |editor2=Masek, John }}</ref> On 11 August 2009, a magnitude 7 earthquake struck near the Andaman Islands, causing a tsunami warning to go into effect. On 30 March 2010, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck near the Andaman Islands. | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| The Andaman Archipelago is an oceanic continuation of the Burmese ] in the North and of the ] in the South. It has 325 islands which cover an area of {{convert|6408|km2|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="Planning Commission Report"/> with the ] to the east between the islands and the coast of Burma.<ref name="olivierblaise" /> ] is {{convert|285|km}} south of Burma, although a few smaller Burmese islands are closer, including the three Coco Islands. | |||
| The ] separates the Andamans from the ] to the south. The highest point is located in North Andaman Island (] at {{convert|732|m|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Planning Commission Report">{{cite book|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development Report|series=State Development Report series|author =Planning Commission of India|edition=illustrated|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2008|page=|isbn= 81-7188-652-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC|accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>{{rp|33}} | |||
| The subsoil of the Andaman islands consists essentially of ] to ] ]s and ]s (] and ]s), deformed by numerous deep ] and ]s with ] igneous ]s.<ref name="tsu"/> There are at least 11 ]es on the islands.<ref name="tsu">Chakrabarti, P.; Nag, A.; Dutta, S. B.; Dasgupta, S. and Gupta, N. (2006) '''', page 43. Chapter 5 in S. M. Ramasamy et al. (eds.), ''Geomatics in Tsunami'', New India Publishing. {{ISBN|81-89422-31-6}}</ref> | |||
| The climate is typical of tropical islands of similar latitude. It is always warm, but with sea-breezes. Rainfall is irregular, usually dry during the north-east, and very wet during the south-west, monsoons.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=956}} | |||
| ==Flora== | |||
| The Middle Andamans harbour mostly moist ]. North Andamans is characterised by the wet evergreen type, with plenty of woody climbers. | |||
| The natural vegetation of the Andamans is tropical forest, with ]s on the coast. The rainforests are similar in composition to those of the west coast of Burma. Most of the forests are evergreen, but there are areas of deciduous forest on North Andaman, ], ] and parts of ]. The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of ] vegetation, mostly ferns and orchids. | |||
| The Andaman forests are largely unspoiled, despite logging and the demands of the fast-growing population driven by immigration from the Indian mainland. There are protected areas on ], ], North Andaman and South Andaman, but these are mainly aimed at preserving the coast and the marine wildlife rather than the rainforests.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0101 |name=Andaman Islands rain forests|accessdate=28 December 2011}}</ref> Threats to wildlife come from introduced species including rats, dogs, cats and the elephants of ] and North Andaman. | |||
| ===Timber=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Andaman forests contain 200 or more timber producing species of trees, out of which about 30 varieties are considered to be commercial. Major commercial timber species are Gurjan ('']'' spp.) and ] ('']''). The following ornamental woods are noted for their pronounced grain formation: | |||
| * Marble Wood ('']'') | |||
| * Padauk ('']'') | |||
| * Silver Grey (a special formation of wood in white ]) | |||
| * Chooi ('']'') | |||
| * Kokko ('']'') | |||
| Padauk wood is sturdier than teak and is widely used for furniture making. | |||
| There are ] and ] formations in Andaman Padauk. The largest piece of buttress known from Andaman was a dining table of {{convert|13|x|7|ft|abbr=on}}. The largest piece of burr wood was again a dining table for eight. | |||
| The holy ] (''Elaeocarps sphaericus'') and aromatic Dhoop resin trees also are found here. | |||
| ==Fauna== | |||
| ] | |||
| The Andaman Islands are home to a number of animals, many of them endemic. | |||
| ===Mammals=== | |||
| The island's endemic mammals include | |||
| * ] (''Crocidura hispida'') | |||
| * ] (''Crocidura andamanensis'') | |||
| * ] (''Crocidura jenkinsi'') | |||
| * ] (''Rhinolophus cognatus'') | |||
| * ] (''Rattus stoicus'') | |||
| The ] (''Sus scrofa vittatus''), also known as the Andaman wild boar and once thought to be an endemic subspecies,<ref name="SrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012">{{Cite book | title = South Asian Mammals: Their Diversity, Distribution, and Status | last1 = Srinivasulu | first1 = C. | last2 = Srinivasulu | first2 = B. | publisher = Springer | year = 2012 | page = 353 | isbn = 9781461434498}}</ref> is protected by the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (Sch I). The ] (''Axis axis''), the ] (''Muntiacus muntjak'') and the ] (''Rusa unicolor'') were all introduced to the Andaman islands, though the sambar did not survive. | |||
| ] (the largest wildlife sanctuary in the territory) in Middle Andaman holds a population of feral ]s, which were brought in for forest work by a timber company and released when the company went bankrupt. This population has been subject to research studies. | |||
| ===Birds=== | |||
| Endemic or near endemic birds include | |||
| * '']'', a serpent-eagle | |||
| * '']'', a crake (endemic; data-deficient per IUCN 2000) | |||
| * '']'', a wood-pigeon | |||
| * '']'', a cuckoo dove | |||
| * '']'', a subspecies of brown coucal (endemic) | |||
| * '']'', the scops owl | |||
| * '']'', a hawk-owl | |||
| * '']'', the Narcondam hornbill | |||
| * '']'', a woodpecker | |||
| * '']'', a drongo | |||
| * '']'', a treepie | |||
| * '']'', the white-headed starling | |||
| * '']'', the plume-toed swiftlet | |||
| * '']'', the edible-nest swiftlet | |||
| The islands' many ]s, such as those at ] are nesting grounds for the edible-nest ], whose nests are prized in China for ].<ref name="soup">Sankaran, R. (1998), ''''. Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India.</ref> | |||
| ===Reptiles and amphibians=== | |||
| The islands also have a number of endemic ]s, ]s and ]s, such as the South Andaman krait ('']'') and Andaman water monitor ('']''). | |||
| There is a sanctuary {{convert|45|mi}} from ] for ]s. Over the past 25 years there have been 24 crocodile attacks with four fatalities, including the death of American tourist Lauren Failla. The government has been criticised for failing to inform tourists of the crocodile sanctuary and danger, while simultaneously promoting tourism.<ref>{{cite web|author =Sacks, Ethan |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/nj-woman-killed-crocodile-attack-snorkeling-indian-coast-article-1.445025|title=NJ woman killed by crocodile attack while snorkeling off Indian coast|publisher=NY Daily News |date= 6 May 2010}}</ref> Crocodiles are not only found within the sanctuary, but throughout the island chain in varying densities. They are habitat restricted, so the population is stable but not large. Populations occur throughout available mangrove habitat on all major islands, including a few creeks on Havelock. The species uses the ocean as a means of travel between different rivers and estuaries, thus they are not as commonly observed in open ocean. It is best to avoid swimming near mangrove areas or the mouths of creeks; swimming in the open ocean should be safe, but it is best to have a spotter around. | |||
| ==Religion== | |||
| Most of the tribal people in Andaman and Nicobar Islands believe in a religion that can be described as a form of ] ]. The tribal people of these islands believe that Paluga is the only deity and is responsible for everything happening on Earth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. |title=The Andaman Islanders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|date=14 November 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-62556-3|page=161}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mohanty, P. K. |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-yM6OYrIEcC|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-052-5}}</ref> | |||
| The faith of the Andamanese teaches that Paluga resides on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands' ]. People try to avoid any action that might displease Paluga. People belonging to this religion believe in the presence of souls, ghosts, and spirits. | |||
| Interestingly, people of this religion put a lot of emphasis on dreams. They let dreams decide different courses of action in their lives.<ref>{{Cite web|title = PEOPLE of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|url = http://www.webindia123.com/territories/andaman/people/intro.htm|website = Webindia123.com|access-date = 31 January 2016}}</ref> | |||
| Other religions practiced in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are, in order of size, ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Population by religious communities|publisher=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bahai.org/national-communities/andaman-and-nicobar-islands|title=Baha'i Community of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|last=Baha'i|first=|date=|website=Baha'i Community|access-date=}}</ref> | |||
| ==Demographics== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{As of|2011}}, the population of the Andaman was 343,125,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/ut_andaman.php |accessdate=3 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619045535/http://www.india.gov.in/knowindia/ut_andaman.php|publisher=india.gov.in|title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands |archivedate=19 June 2010 }}</ref> having grown from 50,000 in 1960. The bulk of the population originates from immigrants who came to the island since the colonial times, mainly of ], ] and ] backgrounds.<ref name="distadmin">{{cite web|url=http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm |title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands at a glance |publisher=Andamandt.nic.in |date= |accessdate=14 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213201339/http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm |archivedate=13 December 2011 |df= }}</ref> | |||
| ===Indigenous Andamanese=== | |||
| {{Main article|Andamanese people}} | |||
| Of the people who live in the Andaman Islands, a small minority of about 1,000 are the so-called ], the ] (]) of the islands. By the 1850s when they first came into sustained contact by outside groups, there were estimated 7,000 Andamanese, divided into the following major groups: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (or ''Rutland Jarawa'') | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| As the numbers of settlers from the mainland increased (at first mostly prisoners and involuntary ]ers, later purposely recruited farmers), these indigenous people lost territory and numbers in the face of punitive expeditions by British troops, land encroachment and various epidemic diseases. Presently, there remain only approximately 400–450 indigenous Andamanese. The Jangil were soon extinct. The Great Andamanese were originally 10 distinct tribes with 5,000 people in total; most of the tribes are extinct, and the survivors, now just 52, speak mostly ].<ref>Malekar, Anosh (1 August 2011) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927215058/http://infochangeindia.org/Media/Languages-of-India/The-case-for-a-linguistic-survey.html |date=27 September 2011 }} ''Infochange Media''.</ref> The Onge are reduced to less than 100 people. Only the Jarawa and Sentinelese still maintain a steadfast independence and refuse most attempts at contact; their numbers are uncertain but estimated to be in the low hundreds. | |||
| ] | |||
| ==Government== | |||
| ] is the chief community on the islands, and the administrative centre of the Union Territory. The Andaman Islands form a single administrative district within the Union Territory, the ] (the Nicobar Islands were separated and established as the new ] in 1974). | |||
| ==Cultural references== | |||
| The islands are prominently featured in ]'s ] mystery, ''],'' as well as in ]'s ''Death in the Andamans''. The magistrate in ]'s play '']'' had formerly served in the islands. ]' novel, John Dollar (1989), is set on one of the islands; the characters begin an expedition from Burma to celebrate King George's birthday and after an earthquake and tsunami it becomes a grim survival story. A principal character in the book '']'' by ] is from the Andaman Islands. '']'' (Malayalam) and '']'' (Tamil), a 1996 Indian film by ], depicts the Indian freedom struggle and the lives of prisoners in the ] in Port Blair. ''Island's End'' is a 2011 novel by ] about the training of an indigenous shaman. | |||
| ==Transportation== | |||
| The only commercial airport in the islands is ] in ], which has scheduled services to ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The airport is under the control of the ]. Previously, only daylight operations were allowed, but since the beginning of 2016 night flights have also operated.<ref>{{cite news|editor1=Roy, Sanjib Kumar|editor2=Sheekha, Andaman |title=Maiden night flight arrives in Isles|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2016/01/21/maiden-night-flight-arrives-in-isles-goair-flight-with-155-tourists-lands-at-vsi-airport-to-operate-chartered-flight-between-bengaluru-port-blair/|accessdate=21 January 2016|work= Andaman Sheekha|date=21 January 2016}}</ref> A small airstrip of approximately 1000 metres is located near the Eastern shore of North Andaman near ]. | |||
| Due to the length of the routes and the small number of airlines flying to the islands, fares have traditionally been relatively expensive, although cheaper for locals than visitors. Fares are high during the peak seasons of spring and winter, although fares have decreased over time due to the expansion of the civil aviation industry in India. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| <!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description ] --> | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| '''Notes''' | |||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | |||
| '''Sources''' | |||
| *{{EB1911|wstitle=Andaman Islands|volume=1|pages=955-958}} | |||
| * | |||
| *India Home Department. The Andaman Islands: with notes on Barren Island. C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press, 1859 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Wiktionary}} | |||
| {{Commons category|Andaman Islands}} | |||
| * | |||
| * (official site) | |||
| * Sorenson, E. Richard, "Sensuality and Consciousness: Psychosexual Transformation in the Eastern Andaman," '''' (Vol 4, No. 4: Dec. 1993) | |||
| {{ecoregions of India}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 10:05, 16 March 2018
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