| Revision as of 02:46, 4 April 2018 view sourceHopsonRoad (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users31,027 editsm Undid revision 834108207 by Loganerik (talk) Entry was about Larry David, not about Sanders—Doesn't belong in "Personal life" section.Tag: Undo← Previous edit | Revision as of 13:05, 4 April 2018 view source Jnh dfjhnlaivn d (talk | contribs)1 edit slight grammerical error.Tags: Replaced possible BLP issue or vandalism blankingNext edit → | ||
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| | name = Lol i am gey fuk | |||
| {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}} | |||
| {{Infobox officeholder | |||
| | name = Bernie Sanders | |||
| | image = Bernie Sanders.jpg | |||
| | office1 = Ranking Member of the ] | |||
| | term_start1 = January 3, 2015 | |||
| | term_end1 = | |||
| | predecessor1 = ] | |||
| | successor1 = | |||
| | office2 = Chair of the ] | |||
| | term_start2 = January 3, 2013 | |||
| | term_end2 = January 3, 2015 | |||
| | predecessor2 = ] | |||
| | successor2 = ] | |||
| | jr/sr = United States Senator | |||
| | state = ] | |||
| | alongside = ] | |||
| | term_start = January 3, 2007 | |||
| | term_end = | |||
| | predecessor = ] | |||
| | successor = | |||
| | state3 = ] | |||
| | district3 = {{ushr|VT|AL|at-large}} | |||
| | term_start3 = January 3, 1991 | |||
| | term_end3 = January 3, 2007 | |||
| | predecessor3 = ] | |||
| | successor3 = ] | |||
| | office4 = 37th ] | |||
| | term_start4 = April 6, 1981 | |||
| | term_end4 = April 4, 1989 | |||
| | predecessor4 = Gordon Paquette | |||
| | successor4 = ] | |||
| | birth_name = Bernard Sanders | |||
| | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|9|8}} | |||
| | birth_place = ], U.S. | |||
| | death_date = | |||
| | death_place = | |||
| | party = ] (1979–2015; 2016–present)<ref name=return>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/07/26/bernie-sanders-to-return-to-senate-as-an-independent/ |title=Bernie Sanders to Return to Senate as an Independent |last=Nicholas |first=Peter |date=July 26, 2016 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
| | otherparty = ] (1971–1977)<br/>] (2015–2016) | |||
| | spouse = {{marriage|Deborah Shiling Messing|1964|1966|reason=div}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Wisloski |first=Jess |last2=Galloway |first2=Anne |title=Bernie Sanders' Early Days in Vermont: His Life, Loves and Circuitous Route to Politics |newspaper=VTDigger |location=Montpelier, Vermont |date=July 9, 2015 |url=https://vtdigger.org/2015/07/09/bernie-sanders-early-days-in-vermont-his-life-loves-and-circuitous-route-to-politics/ |accessdate=2017-05-23}}</ref><br/>{{marriage|]|1988}} | |||
| | children = ] | |||
| | relatives = ] (brother) | |||
| | education = ] {{small|(])}} | |||
| | website = {{url|https://sanders.senate.gov|Senate website}} | |||
| | signature = Bernie Sanders signature.svg | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Bernie Sanders series}} | |||
| '''Bernard<!--Please see: ] before placing "Bernie" here--> Sanders''' (born September 8, 1941) is an American politician serving as the ] ] from ] since 2007. The longest-serving ] in congressional history, he was first elected to the ] in ] and has ]ed with the ] since, which has entitled him to ] assignments and at times given Democrats a majority. A self-described ] and a ]-era ], Sanders is ] and emphasizes reversing ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism|title=Bernie Sanders explains democratic socialism|author=Alex Seitz-Wald|date=November 19, 2015|work=MSNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/senate/bernie_sanders.htm|title=Bernie Sanders on the Issues|publisher=}}</ref> Many scholars consider his views to be more in line with ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/03/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism/471630/|title=Bernie Is Not a Socialist and America Is Not Capitalist|last=Tupy|first=Marian|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref><ref name="Chomsky">{{cite interview |last=Chomsky|first=Noam|subject-link=Noam Chomsky |interviewer=] |title=Noam Chomsky on Clinton vs Sanders|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btJfkPBLULg |publisher=] English |location=] |date=2016-01-29|work=UpFront|quote=He's basically a New Dealer. Now, in the current American political spectrum, to be a New Dealer is to be way out on the left. ], for example, who said anyone who questions the New Deal doesn't belong in the political system, would be regarded as a raving leftist. So Bernie Sanders is a decent, honest New Dealer. I agree with him on a lot of things, not on other things. I think in our system of mainly bought elections he doesn't have much of a chance, but if he were elected, I think that, of the current candidates, I think he'd be the one who would have, from my point of view, the best policies." |access-date=2016-03-17}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders was born and raised in the ] borough of ] and graduated from the ] in 1964. While a student he was an active protest organizer for the ] and the ] during the ]. After settling in Vermont in 1968, Sanders ran unsuccessful ] campaigns for ] and ] in the early to mid-1970s. As an independent, he was elected Mayor of ]—the state's most populous city—in 1981, by a margin of ten votes. He went on to be reelected as mayor three times. In 1990, he was elected to represent ] in the ], where he co-founded the ] in 1991. He served as a congressman for 16 years before being ]. In 2012, he was ] with 71% of the popular vote. | |||
| Sanders announced ] for the ] on April 30, 2015. Initially considered a long shot, Sanders won 23 ] and approximately 43% of pledged delegates to ]'s 55%. His campaign was noted for its supporters' enthusiasm, as well as for his rejection of large donations from corporations, the financial industry, and any associated ]. On July 12, 2016, Sanders formally endorsed Clinton ] against ] ], while urging his supporters to continue the "political revolution" his campaign had begun. | |||
| Sanders has built a reputation as a leading ] voice on issues such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Sanders has long been critical of ] and was an early and outspoken opponent of the ], the ], and U.S. support for the ] in ]. He has also been outspoken on ] and ], criticizing ] as well as advocating for ] against ] policies such as the ] and the ]. | |||
| ==Early life== | |||
| ] | |||
| Sanders was born on September 8, 1941, in ], ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/25/us/politics/bernie-sanderss-100-brooklyn-roots-show-beyond-his-accent.html|accessdate=February 18, 2016|title=Bernie Sanders's '100% Brooklyn' Roots Are as Unshakable as His Accent|first=Jason|last=Horowitz|date=July 24, 2015|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Sanders.html|accessdate=February 18, 2016|title=Bernie Sanders|work=Jewish Virtual Library|publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/bernie-sanders|accessdate=February 18, 2016|title=Bernie Sanders Biography|work=Biography.com|publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=s000033|accessdate=February 18, 2016|title=Sanders, Bernard (1941 – )|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|publisher=Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives' Office of History and Preservation and the Office of the Historian of the United States Senate}}</ref> His father, Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders,<ref name=fndr1>Stated on '']'', October 3, 2017</ref> was born on September 14, 1904, in ], ] (then the ] province of ]),<ref name="jtaancestraltown">{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders' ancestral town in Poland kvells over his Iowa performance |url=http://www.jta.org/2016/02/02/news-opinion/united-states/bernie-sanders-ancestral-town-in-poland-kvells-over-his-iowa-performance |accessdate=February 3, 2016 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=February 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Geni.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.geni.com/people/Eli-Sanders/6000000027756093071 |title=Eli Sanders |publisher=] |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> to a ] family; in 1921, the 17-year-old Elias immigrated to the United States, where he became a paint salesman.<ref name="jtaancestraltown"/><ref name="immigrationrecord">New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 immigration record: Eliasz Gitman, sailing from Antwerp, mother Jetti Gutman, citizenship in 1927 as Elias Sanders</ref><ref name=Chana>{{cite news |last1=Chana |first1=Jas |title=Straight Outta Brooklyn, by Way of Vermont: The Bernie Sanders Story |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/192931/bernie-sanders-story |accessdate=January 20, 2016 |work=] |date=August 20, 2015|quote=Soltys told them that at the time the Nazis invaded Poland, Romek was the leader of Slopnice's Jewish community. "Which of course," Larry said, "meant he was one of the first to be killed."}}</ref> His mother, Dorothy "Dora" Sanders ({{née|Glassberg}}), was born in New York City on October 2, 1912,<ref name=gaudiano>{{cite web|last=Gaudiano |first=Nicole |date=April 28, 2015 |title=OnPolitics: 6 things to know about Bernie Sanders |work=USA Today |url=http://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2015/04/28/6-things-to-know-about-bernie-sanders/ |accessdate=July 19, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727170730/http://onpolitics.usatoday.com/2015/04/28/6-things-to-know-about-bernie-sanders/ |archivedate=July 27, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=NYTSocSen>{{cite news |last=Leibovich |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Leibovich |date=January 21, 2007 |title=The Socialist Senator |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21Sanders.t.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate=July 18, 2015}}</ref> to Jewish immigrant parents from ] and ].<ref name="Geni.com4">{{cite web |url=http://www.geni.com/people/Bessie-Glassberg/6000000003916154223 |title=Bessie Glassberg (Goldberg) |publisher=] |accessdate=January 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Geni.com3">{{cite web |url=http://www.geni.com/people/Benjamin/6000000027757230396 |title=Benjamin Glassberg |publisher=] |accessdate=January 27, 2016 |quote=Birthplace: ], ], ], Poland}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders became interested in politics at an early age: "A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932. He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including 6 million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important."<ref name="Sathish2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/107170-bernie-sanders-quote-about-hitler-winning-an-election-is-powerful-its-also-misleading |title=Bernie Sanders' Quote About Hitler Winning An Election Is Powerful. It's Also Misleading |work=Bustle |date=August 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/20160121053327/www.bustle.com/articles/107170-bernie-sanders-quote-about-hitler-winning-an-election-is-powerful-its-also-misleading |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |dead-url=no |first=Madhuri |last=Sathish }}</ref><ref name=feldman2015>{{cite web |last=Feldmann |first=Linda |date=June 11, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: 'I'm Proud to be Jewish' |work=] |quote='I'm proud to be Jewish,' the Independent from Vermont – and candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination – responded Thursday at a press breakfast hosted by the Monitor. Though, he added, 'I'm not particularly religious.' As a child, Sanders said, being Jewish taught him 'in a very deep way what politics is about. A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932,' the senator said. 'He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including 6 million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important.' |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/monitor_breakfast/2015/0611/Bernie-Sanders-I-m-proud-to-be-Jewish |accessdate=June 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/2015/11/02/454051697/sanders-could-be-the-first-jewish-president-but-doesnt-like-to-talk-about-it |title=Sanders Could Be The First Jewish President, But He Doesn't Like To Talk About It |date=November 2, 2015 |publisher=NPR}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Hitler lost the election for the presidency of Germany on March 13, 1932, when Hindenburg received 49.6 percent of the vote to Hitler's 30.1 percent.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |authorlink=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Why you shouldn't retweet Sanders's claim that Hitler 'won an election' |work=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/08/28/why-you-shouldnt-retweet-sanders-claim-that-hitler-won-an-election/ |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> But the Nazi Party, led by Hitler, won a plurality in the ], Germany's lower house of parliament, in July 1932, and retained its status as the largest party thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |date=August 28, 2015 |title=Sanders Gets History Right on Hitler's Rise to Power |publisher=] via Sen. Bernie Sanders's Official Website |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/must-read/sanders-gets-history-right-on-hitlers-rise-to-power |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref>}} In the 1940s, many of Sanders' relatives in German-occupied Poland were killed in ], including his father's half-brother, Bernie's uncle Abraham Schnützer, who was killed in 1942.<ref name=fndr1/><ref name=NYTSocSen/><ref name=kelly2015/><ref name=stone_p483/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-dem-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/03/bernie-sanders-hitler-jewish-220350|title=Sanders: 'My father's family was wiped out by Hitler'|last= McCaskill|first=Nolan D |date= March 6, 2016|website=Politico |publisher= |access-date=April 15, 2017 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders lived on East 26th Street in ].<ref>Horowitz, Jason. , '']'', July 24, 2015. Accessed February 21, 2016.</ref> He attended elementary school at ] in Brooklyn, where he won a borough championship on the basketball team.<ref name=untold>{{cite web |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=January 29, 2016 |title=The untold story of Bernie Sanders, high school track star |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/01/29/the-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-high-school-track-star/ |accessdate=January 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Felsenthal |first=Carol |date=May 4, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Found Socialism at the University of Chicago |work=Chicago magazine |quote=He graduated from Brooklyn's P.S. 197 and James Madison High School where he was captain of his high school track team. |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/Felsenthal-Files/May-2015/Bernie-Sanders-University-of-Chicago/ |accessdate=July 18, 2015}}</ref> He attended ] in the afternoons, and celebrated his ] in 1954.<ref name=stone_p483>{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Kurt F.|title=The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=9780810857315|oclc=755001191|page=483|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ACTF56SnaykC&pg=PA483&lpg=PA483&dq=%22bernie+sanders%22+%22Bar+mitzvah%22+1954#v=onepage&q=%22bernie%20sanders%22%20%22Bar%20mitzvah%22%201954&f=false}}</ref> Sanders's older brother, ], said that during their childhood, the family never lacked for food or clothing, but major purchases, "like curtains or a rug," were difficult to afford.<ref name="Smith">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Nicola |title=Bernie ropes in British brother for showdown with Clinton |url=http://search.proquest.com/news/docview/1757568267/fulltext/9A72304BC0D7442APQ/3?accountid=10226 |accessdate=January 22, 2016 |publisher=Sunday Times (London) |date=January 17, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders attended ], also in Brooklyn, where he was captain of the ] and took third place in the New York City indoor one-mile race.<ref name=untold/> In high school, Sanders lost his first election, finishing last out of three candidates for the student body presidency. Not long after his high school graduation, his mother died at the age of 46;<ref name="NYTSocSen"/><ref name=stone_p483/> his father died a few years later on August 4, 1962, at the age of 57.<ref name="Geni.com"/> | |||
| {{anchor|Civil Rights Movement}}Sanders studied at ] for a year in 1959–60<ref name=cnnfastfacts1>{{cite news |title=Bernie Sanders Fast Facts |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/27/us/bernie-sanders-fast-facts/index.html |accessdate=October 13, 2015 |publisher=CNN |date=August 20, 2015}}</ref> before transferring to the ] and graduating with a bachelor of arts degree in ] in 1964.<ref name=cnnfastfacts1/> He has described himself as a mediocre college student because the classroom was "boring and irrelevant," while the community provided his most significant learning.<ref name="The Populist Prophet">Talbot, Margaret. , '']'' (October 12, 2015).</ref> | |||
| ==Early career== | |||
| {{See also|Electoral history of Bernie Sanders}} | |||
| ===Political activism=== | |||
| {{main article|University of Chicago sit-ins}} | |||
| While at the University of Chicago, Sanders joined the ] (the youth affiliate of the ]),<ref name=Politico>{{cite news |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Has a Secret: Vermont, his son and the hungry early years that made him the surging socialist he is today |newspaper=] |quote=After he graduated from James Madison High School in 1959, he went to Brooklyn College for a year before transferring to the University of Chicago, where he joined the Congress of Racial Equality, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Student Peace Union, and the Young People's Socialist League. |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-vermont-119927_full.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015}}</ref> and was active in the ] as a student organizer for the ] (CORE) and the ] (SNCC).<ref name=kelly2015>{{cite news |last=Kelly |first=Amita |date=April 29, 2015 |title=5 Things You Should Know About Bernie Sanders |publisher=] |url=http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/04/29/399818581/5-things-you-should-know-about-bernie-sanders |accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Nichols">{{cite web |last=Nichols |first=John |authorlink=John Nichols (journalist) |date=July 6, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Speaks |website=The Nation |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/bernie-sanders-speaks/ |accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref> Under Sanders's chairmanship, the university chapter of CORE merged with the university chapter of SNCC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/02/bernie-sanders-core-university-chicago|title=Here's What Bernie Sanders Actually Did in the Civil Rights Movement |work=Mother Jones |date=February 11, 2016 |accessdate= February 11, 2016|author=Tim Murphy}}</ref> In January 1962, Sanders led a rally at the University of Chicago administration building to protest university president ]'s ]. "We feel it is an intolerable situation when Negro and white students of the university cannot live together in university-owned apartments," Sanders said at the protest. Sanders and 32 other students then entered the building and camped outside the president's office, performing the ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Frizell |first=Sam |date=May 26, 2015 |title=The Radical Education of Bernie Sanders |work=Time |url=http://time.com/3896500/bernie-sanders-vermont-campaign-radical/ |accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |date=January 2015 |title=A political education |publisher=The University of Chicago Magazine |url=http://mag.uchicago.edu/law-policy-society/political-education |accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref> After weeks of sit-ins, Beadle and the university formed a commission to investigate discrimination.<ref name="Craven2015">{{cite news|last=Craven |first=Jasper |date=August 26, 2015 |title=Can Sanders' civil rights experience at U. of C. translate on campaign trail? |work=] |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-met-20150826-story.html |archive-date=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108182818/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-met-20150826-story.html |dead-url=no |issn=1085-6706 }}</ref> ], a member of the University of Chicago CORE chapter at the time and a fellow participant in the sit-ins, described Sanders in a 2016 interview as "...a swell guy, a nice Jewish boy from Brooklyn, but he wasn't terribly charismatic. One of his strengths, though, was his ability to work with a wide group of people, even those he didn't agree with".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/sep/16/bernie-sanders-civil-rights-protest-chicago-1962-photography |title='He wasn't terribly charismatic': Bernie Sanders leads a civil rights protest in 1962 |last1=Booth |first1=Hannah |date=16 September 2016 |website=] |access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Sanders once spent a day putting up fliers protesting against ], only to eventually notice that a ] car was shadowing him and taking them all down.<ref name=Frizell/> | |||
| Sanders attended the 1963 ], where ] gave his "]" speech.<ref name=kelly2015/><ref name =Frizell>Frizell, Sam. , '']'' (May 26, 2015).</ref><ref name=release>{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=News August 25 |publisher=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/newswatch/082513 |accessdate=June 17, 2015}}</ref> That summer, he was convicted of resisting arrest during a demonstration against ] in Chicago's public schools and was fined $25.<ref name="Skiba">{{cite news |last=Skiba|first=Katherine |date= |title=Arrest photo of young activist Bernie Sanders emerges from Tribune archives |website= Chicago Tribune |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-bernie-sanders-1963-chicago-arrest-20160219-story.html|accessdate=February 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Tim |date=August 26, 2015 |title=Read 21-Year-Old Bernie Sanders' Manifesto on Sexual Freedom |work=] |url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/bernie-sanders-university-of-chicago-free-love |accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| In addition to his civil rights activism during the 1960s and 1970s,<ref name="Mother Jones activism history">{{cite web |url=http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2016/02/bernie-sanders-core-university-chicago |title=Here's What Bernie Sanders Actually Did in the Civil Rights Movement |work=Mother Jones |date=February 11, 2016 |accessdate=March 31, 2016 |author=Murphy, Tim}}</ref> Sanders was active in several ]. He was a member of the ] and the ] while attending the University of Chicago. Sanders applied for ] status during the ]; his application was eventually turned down, by which point he was too old to be ]. Although he opposed the war, Sanders never criticized those who fought and has been a strong supporter of ].<ref name="Washington Post Veterans">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bernie-sanders-on-frontline-for-veterans/2013/04/14/d97c9830-9e04-11e2-a941-a19bce7af755_story.html |title=Bernie Sanders on frontline for veterans |work=The Washington Post |date=April 14, 2013 |accessdate=September 30, 2015 |author=Vogel, Steve}}</ref><ref name="ABC News">{{cite web |last=Parks |first=Mary Alice |date=August 31, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Applied for 'Conscientious Objector' Status During Vietnam, Campaign Confirms |publisher=ABC News |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/bernie-sanders-applied-conscientious-objector-status-vietnam-campaign/story?id=33434041 |accessdate=September 30, 2015}}</ref> Sanders also worked on the reelection campaign of ], a prominent Chicago alderman who was opposed to mayor ]'s ]. During his student years he also read a variety of American and European political authors, from ], ], and ] to ] and ].<ref name=wapo>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2016/02/05/his-most-radical-move/ |title=His Most Radical Move |last=McCrummen |first=Stephanie |date=5 February 2016 |website=] |access-date=21 January 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ===Professional history=== | |||
| After graduating from college, Sanders returned to New York City, where he initially worked at a variety of jobs, including Head Start teacher, ] aide, and carpenter.<ref name="The Populist Prophet"/> In 1968, Sanders moved to Vermont because he had been "captivated by rural life." After his arrival there he worked as a carpenter,<ref name=Politico/> filmmaker, and writer<ref> ''The Washington Post'', April 30, 2015</ref> who created and sold "radical film strips" and other educational materials to schools.<ref> MSNBC, May 28, 2015</ref> He also wrote several articles for the alternative publication ''The Vermont Freeman''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sanders|first=Bernard|date=29 March 1969|title=Cuba: the Other Side of the Story|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2725548/Sanders-Freeman-Writings.pdf|journal=Vermont Freeman|doi=|pmid=|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ===Liberty Union campaigns=== | |||
| Sanders began his electoral political career in 1971 as a member of the ], which originated in the ] movement and the ]. He ran as the Liberty Union candidate for governor of Vermont in 1972 and 1976 and as a candidate for U.S. senator in 1972 and 1974.<ref> RollCall.com. Retrieved August 19, 2015.</ref> In the 1974 senatorial race, Sanders finished third (5,901 votes; 4.1%), behind 33-year-old ] State's Attorney ] (], VI; 70,629 votes; 49.4%) and two-term incumbent U.S. Representative ] (]; 66,223 votes; 46.3%).<ref>, ''sec.state.vt.us''; further: pdf for "1974GEUSSen.xls". Citation for votes (total for Leahy and percentages calculated from spreadsheet). Retrieved May 2, 2015.</ref><ref>Nelson, Garrison, , vtdigger.org, September 14, 2014. Citation for other candidate's full names and brief bios. Retrieved May 2, 2015.</ref> | |||
| The 1976 campaign proved to be the zenith of Liberty Union's influence, with Sanders collecting 11,000 votes for governor and the party. This forced the races for lieutenant governor and secretary of state to be decided by the state legislature when its vote total prevented either the ] or ] candidates for those offices from garnering a majority of votes.<ref name = Guma/> The campaign drained the finances and energy of the Liberty Union, however, and in October 1977, less than a year after the conclusion of the 1976 campaign, Sanders and the Liberty Union candidate for attorney general, Nancy Kaufman, announced their retirement from the party.<ref name = Guma/> | |||
| Following his resignation from the Liberty Union Party in 1977, Sanders worked as a writer and the director of the nonprofit American People's Historical Society (APHS).<ref>. ''Politico''. Retrieved August 19, 2015.</ref> While with the APHS, he made a 30-minute documentary about American Socialist leader and presidential candidate ].<ref name=Politico/><ref>Bernard Sanders (1979). on YouTube. Retrieved July 13, 2015.</ref> | |||
| ==Mayor of Burlington== | |||
| ] City Hall, where Sanders was mayor for eight years]] | |||
| In 1980, Sanders ran for mayor of ] (pop. 38,000), at the suggestion of his close friend and political confidante ], a professor of religion at the ]. He was mayor for eight years, from April 6, 1981, to April 4, 1989.<ref name="sanders">Sunday, November 9, 1980, Bernard Sanders, 39, announced he would run for Mayor of Burlington as an independent. "If ordinary people are to survive in the coming years, it is absolutely imperative that we band together in an organized effort to take control of the institutions which influence how we live," Sanders says at a news conference.http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/politics/2015/05/26/sanders-begin-political-revolution/27991467/</ref> | |||
| ===Campaigns=== | |||
| The 39-year-old Sanders ran against incumbent Democratic mayor Gordon "Gordie" Paquette, a five-term mayor who had served as a member of the Burlington City Council for 13 years before that, building extensive community ties and a willingness to cooperate with Republican leaders in controlling appointments to various commissions. Republicans had found Paquette so unobjectionable that they failed to field a candidate in the March 1981 race against him, leaving Sanders as his principal opponent. Sanders's effort was further aided by the decision of the candidate of the ], Greg Guma, to exit the race so as not to split the progressive vote. Two other candidates in the race, independents Richard Bove and Joe McGrath, proved to be essentially non-factors in the campaign, with the battle coming down to Paquette and Sanders.<ref name = Guma> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| | last = Guma | |||
| | first = Greg | |||
| | author-link = | |||
| | title = The People's Republic: Vermont and the Sanders Revolution | |||
| | publisher = New England Press | |||
| | date = 1989 | |||
| | location = South Burlington, Vermont | |||
| | pages = 19–42 | |||
| | isbn = 9780933050785}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders castigated the pro-development incumbent as an ally of prominent shopping center developer Antonio Pomerleau, while Paquette warned of ruin for Burlington if Sanders was elected. The Sanders campaign was bolstered by a wave of optimistic volunteers as well as by a series of endorsements from university professors, social welfare agencies, and the police union. The final result came as a shock to the local political establishment, with the maverick Sanders winning by just 10 votes.<ref name = Guma/> | |||
| Sanders was reelected three times, defeating both Democratic and Republican candidates. He received 53% of the vote in 1983 and 55% in 1985.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news |first=Charles |last=Hillinger |title=Two Politicians Who Broke Mold in Vermont |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-04-28/news/vw-21595_1_vermonters |work=] |date=April 28, 1985 |accessdate=November 2, 2015}}</ref> In his final run for mayor in 1987, Sanders defeated Paul Lafayette, a Democrat endorsed by both major parties.<ref>{{cite news |date=March 4, 1987 |title=Re-election easy for Socialist mayor |newspaper=] |location=Burlington, Vermont |page=A6 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PAwTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=efoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4864,620344&dq=paul+lafayette+burlington&hl=en}}</ref> In 1986, Sanders unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Governor ] (D) in her run for reelection. Running as an independent, Sanders finished third with 14.4% of the vote. Kunin won with 47%, followed by Lt. Governor ] (R) with 38%. | |||
| After serving four two-year terms, Sanders chose not to seek reelection in 1989. He lectured in political science at ]'s ] that year and at ] in 1991.<ref>{{cite news |title=WSJ Sanders Profile |work=] |url=http://projects.wsj.com/campaign2012/candidates/view/bernie-sanders--VT-S |accessdate=January 18, 2013}}</ref> | |||
| === Administration === | |||
| During his mayoralty, Sanders called himself a ] and was so described in the press.<ref name="Banks">{{cite news |last=Banks |first=Russell |authorlink=Russell Banks |date=October 5, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders, the Socialist Mayor |work=] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/bernie-sanders-mayor/407413/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref><ref name="SelfStyledSocialist">{{cite news |date=April 7, 1981 |title=Self-Styled Socialist Takes Oath as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont |agency=Associated Press |work=]}}</ref> During his first term, his supporters, including the first ] City Councilor ], formed the Progressive Coalition, the forerunner of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Senator Bernie Sanders |work=Vermont Progressive Party |url=http://www.progressiveparty.org/senator-bernie-sanders |accessdate=June 8, 2015}}</ref> The Progressives never held more than six seats on the 13-member city council, but they had enough to keep the council from overriding Sanders's vetoes. Under Sanders, Burlington became the first city in the country to fund ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dreier |first1=Peter |last2=Clavel |first2=Pierre |title=Bernie's Burlington: What Kind of Mayor Was Bernie Sanders? |work=] |date=June 4, 2015 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/bernies-burlington-what-k_b_7510704.html |accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| During the 1980s, Sanders was a consistent ] in ].<ref>Zaid Jilani (May 18, 2015). . ''AlterNet''. Retrieved August 29, 2015.</ref> In 1985, Burlington City Hall hosted a foreign policy speech by ]. In his introduction, Sanders praised Chomsky as "a very vocal and important voice in the wilderness of intellectual life in America" and said he was "delighted to welcome a person who I think we're all very proud of."<ref>Bethania Palma Markus (August 11, 2015). . ''].'' Retrieved August 21, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chomsky Speech at Burlington City Hall – 1985 |publisher=] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvZRsdHgxgA |accessdate=August 21, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders's administration balanced the city budget and drew a ] team, the ], then the Double-A affiliate of the ], to Burlington.<ref name=NYTSocSen/> Under his leadership, Burlington sued the local television cable franchise, winning reduced rates for customers.<ref name=NYTSocSen/> | |||
| As mayor, Sanders led extensive ] projects. One of his primary achievements was the improvement of Burlington's ] waterfront.<ref name=NYTSocSen/> In 1981, Sanders campaigned against the unpopular plans by Burlington developer Tony Pomerleau to convert the then-industrial<ref name="Gram2015b">{{cite news |url=http://www.bellinghamherald.com/news/politics-government/article22907835.html |title=Bernie Sanders kicks off 2016 bid from Clinton's left |work=The Bellingham Herald |date=May 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://webcitation.org/query?date=2015-12-09&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellinghamherald.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-government%2Farticle22907835.html |archive-date=December 9, 2015 |dead-url=no |last1=Gram |first1=Dave |last2=Thomas |first2=Ken |agency=Associated Press |df=mdy-all }}</ref> waterfront property owned by the ] into expensive condominiums, hotels, and offices.<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |date=1997 |title=Democracy Unbound: Progressive Challenges to the Two Party System |publisher=South End Press |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx1XBsYc8BwC |isbn=9780896085633}}</ref> Sanders ran under the slogan "Burlington is not for sale" and successfully supported a plan that redeveloped the waterfront area into a ] district featuring housing, parks, and public space.<ref name="Reynolds"/> Today, the waterfront area includes many parks and miles of public beach and bike paths, a boathouse, and a science center.<ref name="Reynolds"/> | |||
| Sanders hosted and produced a ] program, ''Bernie Speaks with the Community'', from 1986 to 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cctv.org/watch-tv/series/bernie-speaks-community|title=Bernie Speaks with the Community|publisher=Center for Media and Democracy|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Tim|url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/11/bernie-sanders-cable-access-show-clips|title=I Can't Stop Watching These Old Clips of Bernie Sanders' Cable-Access Show|publisher='']''|date=November 10, 2015|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> He collaborated with 30 Vermont musicians to record a folk album, '']'', in 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Mark|url=http://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2014/09/17/bernie-sanders-recorded-a-folk-album-no-punchline-required|title=Bernie Sanders Recorded a Folk Album. No Punchline Required|publisher='']''|date=September 17, 2014|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kaczynski|first=Andrew|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/andrewkaczynski/watch-this-1980s-bernie-sanders-public-access-show-on-record#.hmERWgXypW|title=Watch This 1980s Bernie Sanders Public Access Show On Recording His Folk Album|publisher=]|date=June 25, 2015|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| In 1987, '']'' ranked Sanders as one of America's best mayors.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwwwn9zHT-8 |title=Real Change |date=November 1, 2015 |via=YouTube}}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, Burlington was regarded as one of the most livable cities in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |title=10 Great Places to Live, 2013 |publisher=kiplinger.com |url=http://www.kiplinger.com/slideshow/real-estate/T006-S003-10-great-places-to-live-2013/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cillizza |first=Chris |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: The 'Uncola' of American politics |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/20/bernie-sanders-is-the-uncola-of-american-politics/}}</ref> | |||
| ==U.S. House of Representatives== | |||
| ] | |||
| ] (his future rival in the 2016 Democratic primaries) to discuss ]]] | |||
| {{See also|Electoral history of Bernie Sanders}} | |||
| Sanders's 1990 victory made him the first independent candidate to be elected to Congress since ] in 1950. It was noted by '']'' and others as the first election of a socialist to the ] in decades.<ref name=Daly>{{cite news |last=Daly |first=Christopher B. |date=November 11, 1990 |title=For Vermont's Sanders, Victory Followed Long Path; First Socialist Elected to House in Decades Gets Attention With Frank Talk of Class Conflict |work=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/11/11/for-vermonts-sanders-victory-followed-long-path/36a3036c-d738-4039-a728-891ae9aba9f5/ |accessdate=March 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Pertman/> Sanders served in the House from 1991 until he became a senator in 2007. | |||
| === Elections === | |||
| In 1988, incumbent Republican Congressman ] decided to run for the U.S. Senate, vacating the House seat representing ]. Former ] ] (R) won the House election with a plurality, securing 41% of the vote. Sanders, who ran as an independent, placed second with 38% of the vote, while Democratic State Representative Paul N. Poirier placed third with 19% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=VT At-Large Race, November 8, 1988 |publisher=ourcampaigns.com |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37984 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Two years later, Sanders ran for the seat again and defeated the incumbent Smith by a margin of 56% to 39%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/media/308177/Rep10.pdf| title=Vermont State archives – General Election Results| accessdate=March 31, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders was the first independent elected to the ] since ]'s election to represent ] 40 years earlier.<ref name=Pertman>{{cite news |last=Pertman |first=Adam |date=November 11, 1990 |title='The Times Caught Up' To Vermont Socialist |work=] |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61683884.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+11%2C+1990&author=Adam+Pertman%2C+Globe+Staff&pub=Boston+Globe+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=%27THE+TIMES+CAUGHT+UP%27+TO+VERMONT+SOCIALIST&pqatl=google}}</ref> He served as a representative for 16 years, winning reelection by large margins except during the 1994 ], when he won by 3.3%, with 49.8% of the vote.<ref name="Carle1995">{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1994/94Stat.htm#45 |title=Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1994 |date=May 12, 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114171645/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1994/94Stat.htm |archive-date=November 14, 2015 |dead-url=no |editor-last=Carle |editor-first=Robin H. }}</ref> | |||
| === Tenure === | |||
| ], 2004]] | |||
| During his first year in the House, Sanders often alienated allies and colleagues with his criticism of both political parties as ]. In 1991, Sanders co-founded the ], a group of mostly liberal Democrats that Sanders chaired for its first eight years,<ref name=NYTSocSen/> while still refusing to join the Democratic Party or caucus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is Bernie Sanders a Democrat?|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/feb/23/bernie-sanders-democrat/|accessdate=17 October 2016|work=PolitiFact}}</ref> | |||
| ====Votes==== | |||
| In 1993, Sanders voted against the ], which mandated federal background checks when buying guns and imposed a waiting period on firearm purchasers in the United States; the bill passed by a vote of 238–187.<ref name="Tampa Bay Times ">{{cite web |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=July 10, 2015 |title=Did Bernie Sanders vote against background checks and waiting periods for gun purchases? |work=Tampa Bay Times |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jul/10/generation-forward-pac/did-bernie-sanders-vote-against-background-checks-/ |accessdate=August 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 614 |website=US House of Representatives |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1993/roll614.xml |accessdate=November 17, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| In 1994, Sanders voted in favor of the ]. Sanders said he voted for the bill "because it included the ] and the ban on certain assault weapons". He was nevertheless extremely critical of the other parts of the bill.<ref>Jonathan Capehart, "", '']'' (February 25, 2016).</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Where do Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders stand on the death penalty?|publisher=Politifact|url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/sep/02/viral-image/where-do-hillary-clinton-and-bernie-sanders-stand-/|accessdate=February 26, 2016}}</ref> Though he acknowledged that "clearly, there are some people in our society who are horribly violent, who are deeply sick and sociopathic, and clearly these people must be put behind bars in order to protect society from them", he maintained in his intervention before the House that the government's ill-thought policies played a large part in "dooming tens of millions of young people to a future of bitterness, misery, hopelessness, drugs, crime, and violence". In this same intervention, he argued that the repressive policies introduced by the bill were not addressing the causes of violence, stating that "we can create meaningful jobs, rebuilding our society, or we can build more jails".<ref>.</ref> | |||
| In 2005, he voted for the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 534 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll534.xml |accessdate=July 18, 2007}}</ref> The act's purpose was to prevent firearms manufacturers and dealers from being held liable for negligence when crimes have been committed with their products. In 2015, Sanders defended his vote, saying: "If somebody has a gun and it falls into the hands of a murderer and the murderer kills somebody with a gun, do you hold the gun manufacturer responsible? Not any more than you would hold a hammer company responsible if somebody beats somebody over the head with a hammer."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bradner |first=Eric |date=July 5, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders wants to 'bring us to the middle' on guns |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/05/politics/bernie-sanders-gun-control/ |accessdate=July 6, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders voted against the ] authorizing the use of force against Iraq in 1991 and 2002, and opposed the ]. He voted for the 2001 ]<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 342 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2001/roll342.xml |accessdate=October 13, 2014}}</ref> that has been cited as the legal justification for controversial military actions since the ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Johnsen |first=Gregory D. |date=January 16, 2014 |title=60 Words And A War Without End: The Untold Story Of The Most Dangerous Sentence In U.S. History |publisher=Buzzfeed |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/gregorydjohnsen/60-words-and-a-war-without-end-the-untold-story-of-the-most |accessdate=October 13, 2014}}</ref> Sanders voted for a ] expressing support for troops at the outset of the invasion of Iraq, but gave a floor speech criticizing the partisan nature of the vote and the ] administration's actions in the run-up to the war. Regarding the investigation of what turned out to be a leak of CIA agent ]'s identity by a State Department official, Sanders stated: "The revelation that the President authorized the release of classified information in order to discredit an Iraq war critic should tell every member of Congress that the time is now for a serious investigation of how we got into the war in Iraq and why Congress can no longer act as a rubber stamp for the President."<ref name="Yost2006">{{cite news |last=Yost |first=Pete |date=April 7, 2006 |title=Libby: Bush, Cheney OK'd leak campaign |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.benningtonbanner.com/headlines/ci_3683110 |archive-date=December 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209220920/http://www.benningtonbanner.com/headlines/ci_3683110 |work=Bennington Banner |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> | |||
| On November 2, 2005, Sanders voted against the Online Freedom of Speech Act, which would have exempted the Internet from the ] restrictions of the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=November 2, 2005 |title=H.R.1606 – Online Freedom of Speech Act: Final Vote Results For Roll Call 559 |publisher=Congress.gov |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll559.xml}}</ref> | |||
| ====Positions on legislation==== | |||
| Sanders was a consistent critic of the ].<ref name="blogs.wsj.com">{{cite web |last=Tau |first=Byron |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Rand Paul, Bernie Sanders Revel in NSA Ruling |website=] |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/05/07/rand-paul-bernie-sanders-revel-in-nsa-ruling/ |accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> As a member of Congress, he voted against the original Patriot Act legislation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 398 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2001/roll398.xml |accessdate=May 19, 2015}}</ref> After its 357-to-66 passage in the House, Sanders sponsored and voted for several subsequent amendments and acts attempting to curtail its effects,<ref>{{cite web |last=Hudson |first=David L., Jr. |date=May 25, 2004 |title=Patriot Act |work=Libraries and First Amendment |publisher=First Amendment Center |url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/patriot-act |accessdate=May 19, 2015}}</ref> and voted against each re-authorization.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: It's Time To End Orwellian Surveillance of Every American |work=Time |url=http://time.com/3850839/bernie-sanders-usa-patriot-act/ |accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref> In June 2005, Sanders proposed an amendment to limit Patriot Act provisions that allow the government to obtain individuals' library and book-buying records. The amendment passed the House by a bipartisan majority, but was removed on November 4 of that year in House–Senate negotiations and never became law.<ref>{{cite journal |date=November 4, 2005 |title=Sanders' Freedom to Read Language Dropped from Spending Bill |journal=] Washington Office Newsline |volume=14 |number=107 |url=http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/washnews/2005ab/107nov04.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060604000337/http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/washnews/2005ab/107nov04.htm |archivedate=June 4, 2006}}</ref> | |||
| In March 2006, after a series of resolutions passed in various Vermont towns calling for him to bring ] against George W. Bush, Sanders stated that it would be "impractical to talk about ]" with Republicans in control of the House and Senate.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=March 8, 2006 |title=Vermont Town Votes to Impeach President |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/08/nation/na-impeach8 |accessdate=July 19, 2015 |quote=Sanders said in a statement that although the Bush administration 'has been a disaster for our country, and a number of actions that he has taken may very well not have been legal,' given the reality that the Republicans control the House and the Senate, 'it would be impractical to talk about impeachment.'}}</ref> Still, Sanders made no secret of his opposition to the ], which he regularly criticized for its cuts to social programs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Office of Bernie Sanders |date=May 20, 2004 |title=Sanders Blasts Bush's Housing Secretary on Housing Cuts in Vermont |publisher=US House of Representatives |url=http://bernie.house.gov/documents/releases/20040520150051.asp |accessdate=August 29, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926074517/http://bernie.house.gov/documents/releases/20040520150051.asp |archivedate=September 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=Have They No Shame? |publisher=TPMCafe.com |date=June 24, 2005 |url=http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2005/6/24/155932/073 |accessdate=August 29, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114164102/http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2005/6/24/155932/073 |archivedate=November 14, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=February 20, 2006 |title=(VIDEO) Bernie Speaks Out Against The President's Attempt to Eliminate Critical Program Providing Food to Low-Income Seniors |publisher=Internet Archive: Wayback Machine |url=http://bernie.house.gov/multimedia/video.asp?video='4791' |accessdate=August 29, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926083930/http://bernie.house.gov/multimedia/video.asp?video=%274791%27 |archivedate=September 26, 2006 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> | |||
| Sanders was a vocal critic of ] ]; in June 2003, during a question-and-answer discussion with the then-], Sanders told Greenspan that he was concerned that Greenspan was "way out of touch" and "that you see your major function in your position as the need to represent the wealthy and large corporations".<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Congressman Sanders on 7/16/2003 regarding: Congressman Sanders' Questioning of Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan |via=Web.archive.org |url=http://bernie.house.gov/statements/20030716135257.asp |accessdate=August 29, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926023514/http://bernie.house.gov/statements/20030716135257.asp |archivedate=September 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>. C-SPAN video on YouTube. Retrieved June 20, 2015.</ref> In October 2008, after Sanders had been elected to the Senate, ] admitted to Congress that his economic ideology regarding risky mortgage loans was flawed.<ref>Edmund Andrews for ''The New York Times''. October 23, 2008 </ref><ref name="NPR">{{cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96070766 |title=Greenspan Admits Free Market Ideology Flawed |publisher=NPR |date=October 24, 2008 |accessdate=January 18, 2016 |author=Naylor, Brian}}</ref> In 1998, Sanders voted and advocated against rolling back the ] provisions that kept ] and commercial banks separate entities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reformer.com/reformereditorials/ci_10535992 |title=Who should pay? |work=Brattleboro Reformer |date=September 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529131100/http://www.reformer.com/reformereditorials/ci_10535992 |archive-date=May 29, 2015 |dead-url=no }}</ref> | |||
| ==U.S. Senate== | |||
| ===Elections=== | |||
| {{Main article|United States Senate election in Vermont, 2006|United States Senate election in Vermont, 2012}} | |||
| ] by then Vice President ] in the ], January 2007]] | |||
| Sanders entered the race for the U.S. Senate on April 21, 2005, after Senator Jim Jeffords announced that he would not seek a fourth term. ], chairman of the ], endorsed Sanders, a critical move as it meant that no Democrat running against Sanders could expect to receive financial help from the party. Sanders was also endorsed by ] ] of ] and ] chairman and former Vermont governor ]. Dean said in May 2005 that he considered Sanders an ally who "votes with the Democrats 98 percent of the time."<ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2005 |title=Meet the Press: Transcript |publisher= ] |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7924139 |accessdate=August 1, 2011}}</ref> Then-Senator ] also campaigned for Sanders in Vermont in March 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last=Krieg |first=Gregory |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Watch Young Senator Barack Obama Campaign for Bernie Sanders in 2006 |publisher=mic.com |quote=Back in March 2006, the future president traveled to Vermont to headline a rally and fundraiser for then-Rep. Bernie Sanders, an independent running for Senate, and Pete Welch, a Democrat seeking election to Sanders's House seat. |url=http://mic.com/articles/122011/watch-young-senator-barack-obama-campaign-for-bernie-sanders-in-2006 |accessdate=July 20, 2015}}</ref> Sanders entered into an agreement with the Democratic Party, much as he had as a congressman, to be listed in their primary but to decline the nomination should he win, which he did.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Jessica |date=June 24, 2015 |title=This Quirky New Hampshire Law Might Keep Bernie Sanders Off The Ballot |publisher=NPR |quote=He did appear on the Democratic primary ballot in Vermont for the Senate in both 2006 and 2012, winning their primary, but he declined the nomination both times so he could run as an independent. |url=http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/24/416929786/this-quirky-new-hampshire-law-might-keep-sanders-off-the-ballot |accessdate=July 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=John |authorlink=John Nichols (journalist) |date=May 26, 2015 |title='Don't Underestimate Me': Bernie Sanders Knows a Thing or Two About Winning |work=The Nation |quote=When Vermont Senator Jim Jeffords, a Republican who turned independent in his last term, announced that he was stepping down in 2006, Sanders jumped into a race that a number of Democrats would have liked to run. He won the Democratic primary and then declined the nomination, mounting an audacious independent run that was not supposed to be easy. |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/why-bernie-sanders-says-dont-underestimate-me/ |accessdate=July 20, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| In the most expensive political campaign in Vermont's history,<ref name="BGlobe-110706">{{cite news |last=Ring |first=Wilson |date=November 7, 2006 |title=Sanders, Welch are winners in Vermont |work=] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2006/VT/2006-11-08-us-congress_x.htm |accessdate=January 25, 2007}}</ref> Sanders defeated businessman ] by an approximately 2-to-1 margin. Many national media outlets projected Sanders as the winner just after the polls closed, before any returns came in. He was reelected in 2012 with 71% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vermont Election Results |work=Decision 2012 |publisher=NBC News |url=http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2012/vermont/ |accessdate=April 21, 2013}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders was only the third senator from Vermont to caucus with the Democrats, after Jeffords and Leahy. His caucusing with the Democrats gave them a 51–49 majority in the Senate during the ] in 2007–08. The Democrats needed 51 seats to control the Senate because ] ] would have broken any ] in favor of the Republicans.<ref name=Jones>Jones, Van and Conrad, Ariane. '''', p. 27 (Nation Books 2012).</ref> | |||
| ===Tenure=== | |||
| Sanders's ] against the ], which extended the ], received national news coverage. He used the filibuster to argue that this legislation would favor the wealthiest Americans.{{Citation needed|date = December 2017}} | |||
| As an independent, Sanders worked out a deal with the Senate Democratic leadership in which he agreed to vote with the Democrats on all procedural matters, except with permission from Democratic ] ] (a request that is rarely made or granted). In return, he was allowed to keep his seniority and received the committee seats that would have been available to him as a Democrat; in 2013–14, he was chairman of the ] (during the ]).<ref name=vet>, ] (October 15, 2015).</ref><ref name=hillcommittee>{{cite web |last=Needham |first=Vicki |date=December 12, 2014 |title=Senate Democrats lock in key committee memberships |work=] |url=http://thehill.com/policy/finance/227000-senate-democrats-set-key-committee-memberships |accessdate=July 19, 2015}}</ref> Sanders was free to vote as he pleased on policy matters, but almost always voted with the Democrats.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} | |||
| Sanders became the ] on the ] in January 2015; he had previously been chair of the ] for two years. Since January 2017, he has been Chair of the ]. ] against ] for the party's 2016 U.S. presidential nomination raised more money in small, individual contributions than any other in American history, and helped him rise to international recognition.{{Citation needed|date = December 2017}} | |||
| ====Positions on tax and finance legislation==== | |||
| ].]] | |||
| On September 24, 2008, Sanders posted an open letter to Treasury Secretary ] decrying the initial ] proposal; it drew more than 8,000 citizen cosigners in 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 24, 2008 |title=(Video) Bailout Petition Statement |publisher=Senate.gov |url=https://sanders.senate.gov/news/record.cfm?id=303544 |accessdate=August 29, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014003612/http://www.sanders.senate.gov/news/record.cfm?id=303544 |archivedate=October 14, 2008}}</ref> On January 26, 2009, Sanders and Democrats ], ], and ] were the sole majority members to vote against confirming ] as ].<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records: Roll Call Vote |publisher=Senate.gov |url=http://senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=1&vote=00015 |accessdate=August 29, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| {{anchor|2010 filibuster|2010 Filibuster|filibuster}} On December 10, 2010, Sanders delivered an {{frac|8|1|2}}-hour speech against the ], the proposed extension of the ] that eventually became law, saying "Enough is enough!{{nbsp}}... How many homes can you own?"<ref name="Filibuster">{{cite news |date=December 10, 2010 |last=Memoli |first=Michael A. |title=Sen. Bernie Sanders ends filibuster |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://articles.latimes.com/print/2010/dec/10/news/la-pn-sanders-filibuster-20101211 |accessdate=August 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Burleigh |first=Nina |date=October 25, 2011 |title=Bernie Sanders' war on the banks |website=Salon |url=http://www.salon.com/2011/10/25/bernie_sanders_war_on_the_banks/ |accessdate=July 19, 2015}} A long speech such as this is commonly known as a ], but because it did not block action, it was not technically a filibuster under Senate rules.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 10, 2010 |title=Senator Sanders Filibuster |publisher=] |url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?297021-5/senator-sanders-filibuster |accessdate=June 1, 2015}}</ref> In response to the speech, hundreds of people signed online petitions urging Sanders to run in the 2012 presidential election, and pollsters began measuring his support in key ] states.<ref name="Prez" /> ] activists such as Rabbi ] and economist ] publicly voiced their support for a prospective Sanders run against President ].<ref name="Prez">{{cite news |last=Nichols |first=John |authorlink=John Nichols (journalist) |date=December 29, 2010 |title=That 'Sanders for President' Talk is Real Enough, But Bernie's Not Going There |work=] |url=http://www.thenation.com/blog/157346/sanders-president-talk-real-enough-bernies-not-going-there}}</ref> Sanders's speech was published in February 2011 by ] as ''The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class'', with authorial proceeds going to Vermont ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/03/15/sanders-85-hour-tax-cut-filibuster-gets-a-book|title=Sanders's 8.5 Hour Tax Cut Filibuster Gets a Book|first=Paul|last=Bedard|publisher=US News|date=March 15, 2011|accessdate=2016-05-15}}</ref> | |||
| ==== Supreme Court ==== | |||
| On March 17, 2016, Sanders said he would support ]'s nomination to the Supreme Court, though he added, "there are some more progressive judges out there."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/bernie-sanders-convention-220954|title=Sanders: I wouldn't have picked Garland for Supreme Court|first1=Hanna|last1=Trudo|first2=Nick|last2=Gass|publisher=Politico|date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders opposed ]'s nomination to the Court, saying that Gorsuch had "refused to answer legitimate questions."<ref name = "hill" /> Sanders also objected to the possibility of Senate Republicans using the ] to "choke off debate and ram the nomination through the Senate."<ref name = "hill">{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/325453-sanders-to-oppose-gorsuchs-nomination|title=Sanders to oppose Gorsuch's nomination|first=Jordain|last=Carney|publisher=The Hill|date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ====Senate Budget Committee==== | |||
| In January 2015, Sanders became the ] of the ].<ref name=hillcommittee /> He appointed economics professor ], a ] scholar and self-described "deficit owl", as the chief economic adviser for the committee's Democratic minority<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawler |first=Joseph |date=December 26, 2014 |title=Sanders names 'deficit owl' his chief economist |work=] |url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/sanders-names-deficit-owl-his-chief-economist/article/2557903 |accessdate=July 18, 2015}}</ref> and presented a report aimed at helping "rebuild the disappearing middle class", which included proposals to raise the ], boost ], and increase ] payments.<ref>{{cite web |last=Resnikoff |first=Ned |date=February 19, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders, mulling presidential run, adopts novel stance on deficit |publisher=] |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/2/19/bernie-sanders-mulling-2016-bid-adopts-a-novel-stance-on-the-deficit.html |accessdate=March 25, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| ====Committee assignments==== | |||
| According to his senate website, Sanders's committee assignments during 2016 were as follows:<ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| | url = https://www.sanders.senate.gov/about/committees | |||
| | title = Committee Assignments | |||
| | last = Staff | |||
| | first = | |||
| | date = | |||
| | website = sanders.senate.gov | |||
| | publisher = US Senate | |||
| | access-date = 2016-12-29 | |||
| | quote = }}</ref> | |||
| * ''']''' (Ranking Member) | |||
| * ''']''' | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ''']''' | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| * ''']''' | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ], (Ranking Member) | |||
| * ''']''' (former Chair) | |||
| ==2016 presidential campaign== | |||
| {{main article|Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016|Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016}} | |||
| ], August 2015]] | |||
| ], March 2016]] | |||
| ] in May 2016]] | |||
| Sanders announced his intention to seek the ]'s nomination for ] on April 30, 2015,<ref name="kane2015">{{cite web |last1=Kane |first1=Paul |last2=Rucker |first2=Philip |date=April 30, 2015 |title=An unlikely contender, Sanders takes on 'billionaire class' in 2016 bid |work=] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sanders-takes-on-billionaire-class-in-launching-2016-bid-against-clinton/2015/04/30/4849fe32-ef3a-11e4-a55f-38924fca94f9_story.html |accessdate=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150429">{{cite news |last=Rappeport |first=Alan |date=April 29, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Announces He Is Running for President |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/30/us/politics/bernie-sanders-campaign-for-president.html |accessdate=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Cogan">{{cite web |last=Cogan |first=Marin |date=April 30, 2015 |title=Daily Intelligencer: Bernie Sanders Is Officially Running for President – That Doesn't Mean You Can Ask Him About Hillary Clinton |work=] |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/04/sanders-is-running-just-dont-say-hillary.html |access-date=July 18, 2015}}</ref> and ] was officially launched on May 26, 2015, in ].<ref name="NYT-20150429" /> In his announcement, Sanders said, "I don't believe that the men and women who defended American democracy fought to create a situation where billionaires own the political process," and made this a central idea throughout his campaign.<ref name=kane2015/><ref name="NYT-20150429" /> Senator ] welcomed Sanders's entry into the race, saying, "I'm glad to see him get out there and give his version of what leadership in this country should be," but never endorsed him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pointdujour |first=Prisca |date=May 2, 2015 |title=Elizabeth Warren praises Bernie Sanders prez bid |work=] |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/news_opinion/us_politics/2015/05/elizabeth_warren_praises_bernie_sanders_prez_bid |accessdate=May 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kamisar |first=Ben |date=June 19, 2015 |title=Ready for Warren Endorses Sanders |work=] |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/245541-ready-for-warren-endorses-sanders |accessdate=February 24, 2016}}</ref> Initially considered a long shot, Sanders won 23 ] and approximately 46% of pledged delegates to Clinton's 54%. His campaign was noted for its supporters' enthusiasm, as well as for his rejection of large donations from corporations, the financial industry, and any associated ]. On July 12, 2016, Sanders formally endorsed Clinton ] against ] ], while urging his supporters to continue the "political revolution" his campaign had begun. | |||
| ===Campaign methods=== | |||
| Unlike the other major candidates, Sanders did not pursue funding through a ] or by wealthy donors, instead focusing on small individual donations.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Bradner |first=Eric |date=April 30, 2015 |title=Sanders doesn't want billionaires' backing |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/30/politics/bernie-sanders-presidential-run-first-interview/ |accessdate=May 4, 2015}}</ref> His presidential campaign raised $1.5 million within 24 hours of his official announcement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Ken |date=May 1, 2015 |title=Sanders raises $1.5M after announcing presidential bid |agency=] |website=Yahoo News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/sanders-raises-1-5m-announcing-presidential-bid-194439911--election.html |accessdate=July 19, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722043633/http://news.yahoo.com/sanders-raises-1-5m-announcing-presidential-bid-194439911--election.html |archivedate=July 22, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> At year's end the campaign had raised a total of $73 million from more than one million people making 2.5 million donations, with an average donation of $27.16.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 2, 2016 |title=Sanders raises $33M in final quarter, $73M total for 2015 |work=Politico |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/sanders-fundraising-final-quarter-2015-217288 |accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref> The campaign reached 3.25 million donations by the end of January 2016, raising $20 million in that month alone.<ref>. ''The Huffington Post.'' January 31, 2015.</ref> | |||
| Sanders used social media to help his campaign gain momentum,<ref>{{cite news |last=Corasaniti |first=Nick |date=May 18, 2015 |title=Seeking the Presidency, Bernie Sanders Becomes Facebook Royalty Through Quirky Sharing |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/us/politics/bernie-sanders-wants-to-be-president-but-hes-already-facebook-royalty.html |accessdate=May 21, 2015}}</ref> posting content to online platforms such as ] and ] and answering questions on ]. He gained a large grassroots organizational following online. A July 29, 2015, meetup organized online brought 100,000 supporters to more than 3,500 simultaneous events nationwide.<ref>Lisa Lerer (July 30, 2015). . ''Business Insider''. Retrieved August 19, 2015.</ref> | |||
| Sanders's campaign events in June 2015 drew overflow crowds around the country, to his surprise.<ref name=":1">Sofia Tesfaye (June 16, 2015). . ''Salon''. Retrieved June 16, 2015.</ref><ref>John Wagner (June 15, 2015). . ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved June 16, 2015.</ref><ref name="Keith">Tamara Keith (June 15, 2015). . NPR. Retrieved June 16, 2015.</ref> When ] and Sanders made public appearances within days of each other in Des Moines, Iowa, Sanders drew larger crowds, even though he had already made numerous stops around the state and Clinton's visit was her first in 2015.<ref name=GuardianSandersVsClinton>{{cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Ben |date=June 25, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders closes on Hillary Clinton in New Hampshire Democrats poll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/25/bernie-sanders-hillary-clinton-new-hampshire-democrats-poll |work=The Guardian |accessdate=July 2, 2015}}</ref> On July 1, 2015, Sanders's campaign stop in Madison, Wisconsin, drew the largest crowd of any 2016 presidential candidate to that date, with an estimated turnout of 10,000.<ref name="MSNBCMadisonBiggestCrowd">{{cite web |last=Seitz-Wald |first=Alex |date=July 1, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws biggest crowd of any 2016 candidate yet |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/bernie-sanders-draws-biggest-crowd-any-2016-candidate-yet |accessdate=July 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="HuffPo10K">{{cite web |last=Reilly |first=Mollie |title=Bernie Sanders Draws His Biggest Crowd Yet In Progressive Stronghold |website=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/01/bernie-sanders-madison_n_7709966.html?ncid=tweetlnkushpmg00000067 |accessdate=July 2, 2015}}</ref> Over the following weeks he gained even larger crowds: 11,000 in Arizona,<ref name="Washington Post AZ crowd">{{cite web |last=Wagner |first=John |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws his biggest crowd yet – in Arizona of all places |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/07/19/bernie-sanders-draws-his-biggest-crowd-yet-in-arizona-of-all-places/ |accessdate=July 21, 2015}}</ref> 15,000 in Seattle,<ref>{{cite web |last=Connelly |first=Joel |date=August 8, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders draws 15,000 people at UW, state's biggest political crowd since 2010 Obama visit |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |url=http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2015/08/08/bernie-sanders-draws-15000-people-at-uw-states-biggest-political-crowd-since-2010-obama-visit/ |accessdate=August 9, 2015}}</ref> and 28,000 in Portland.<ref>Chris Cillizza (August 10, 2015). . ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved August 10, 2015.</ref> | |||
| ===Party presidential debates=== | |||
| {{main article|Democratic Party presidential debates, 2016}} | |||
| {{see also|2016 Democratic National Committee email leak}} | |||
| The 2016 Democratic Party presidential debates occurred among candidates in the campaign for the Democratic Party's nomination for the President of the United States. The DNC announced in May 2015 that there would be six debates. Critics alleged that the small number of debates and the schedule, with half of the debates on Saturday or Sunday nights, were part of the DNC's deliberate attempt to protect the front-runner, Hillary Clinton.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Politics-Voices/2015/1222/How-Saturday-debates-protect-Hillary-Clinton |title=How Saturday debates protect Hillary Clinton |first=Doug |last=Mataconis |date=December 22, 2015 |accessdate=December 23, 2015 |work=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> In February 2016, Clinton's and Sanders's campaigns agreed in principle to holding four more debates for a total of ten.<ref>{{cite web |author=Greg Sargent |title=It's on: Looks like we're getting four more Democratic debates |website=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2016/02/03/its-on-looks-like-were-getting-four-more-democratic-debates/ |date=February 3, 2016 |accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> Clinton dropped out of the tenth debate, scheduled to take place just prior to the California elections, citing a need to devote her time making direct contact with voters in California. Sanders expressed disappointment that Clinton would cancel the debate "before the largest and most important primary in the presidential nominating process".<ref>{{cite web|title=Clinton declines to debate Sanders in California|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/23/politics/hillary-clinton-bernie-sanders-fox-debate-california/ | |||
| | last = Merica | |||
| | first = Dan | |||
| | last2 = Stelter | |||
| | first2 = Brian | |||
| | date = May 24, 2016 | |||
| | website= | |||
| |publisher=CNN | |||
| | access-date = 2016-11-16 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ===Polls and news coverage=== | |||
| An NBC/Wall Street Journal poll conducted in May found Clinton and presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump in a "dead heat", but the same poll found that if Sanders were the Democratic nominee, 53% of voters would support him to 39% for Trump.<ref name="NBC News1">{{cite web | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/clinton-s-lead-over-trump-shrinks-3-points-new-nbc-n577726 | title=Meet the Press | publisher=NBC | date=May 23, 2016 | accessdate=23 May 2016 | author=Murray, Mark}}</ref> Clinton and Trump were the least popular likely candidates in the poll's history, while Sanders received a 43% positive, 36% negative rating.<ref name="NBC News2">{{cite web | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/first-read-clinton-s-challenge-winning-over-sanders-voters-n578591 | title=First Read: Clinton's Challenge Is Winning Over Sanders Voters | publisher=NBC | date=23 May 2016 | accessdate=23 May 2016 |author1=Dann, Carrie |author2=Todd, Chuck |author3=Murray, Mark }}</ref> Polls showed that Democratic voters older than 50 preferred Clinton by a large margin but those under 50 overwhelmingly favored Sanders.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-clinton-sanders-age-20160419-story.html | title=Why young voters are flocking to Sanders and older ones to Clinton | date=April 19, 2016 | accessdate=6 September 2016 | author=Decker, Cathleen}}</ref> | |||
| Some supporters raised concerns that publications such as '']'' minimized coverage of the Sanders campaign in favor of other candidates', especially Trump's and Clinton's. The Times's own "public editor" or ] reviewed her paper's coverage of Sanders and found that as of September 2015 her paper "hasn’t always taken it very seriously. The tone of some stories is regrettably dismissive, even mocking at times. Some of that is focused on the candidate’s age, appearance and style, rather than what he has to say." She also found that the Times's coverage of Sanders's campaign was much scanter than its coverage of that of Trump, the Republican candidate also initially considered a long shot, with 63 articles covering the Trump campaign and 14 covering the Sanders campaign.<ref name="Sullivan2015">{{cite web|last=Sullivan |first=Margaret |title=Public Editor's Journal: Has The Times Dismissed Bernie Sanders? |work=The New York Times |date=September 9, 2015 |url=http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/has-the-times-dismissed-bernie-sanders/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923132816/http://publiceditor.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/has-the-times-dismissed-bernie-sanders/ |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Debenedetti2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/09/qpoll-iowa-213462 |first1=Gabriel |last1=Debenedetti |first2=Nick |last2=Gass |title=Bernie Sanders overtakes Hillary Clinton in Iowa |work=Politico |accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> A December 2015 report found that the three major networks{{spnd}}], ], and ]{{spnd}}had spent 234{{nbsp}}minutes reporting on Trump and 10{{nbsp}}minutes on Sanders, despite their similar polling results. The report noted that '']'' had spent 81{{nbsp}}minutes on Trump and less than 1{{nbsp}}minute on Sanders during 2015.<ref name="Democracy Now">{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/12/15/headlines/report_top_news_shows_give_trump_234_minutes_sanders_10_minutes |title=Report: Top News Shows Give Trump 234 Minutes, Sanders 10 Minutes |at=6:06 |publisher=Democracy Now |date=December 15, 2015 |accessdate=December 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216021357/http://www.democracynow.org/2015/12/15/headlines/report_top_news_shows_give_trump_234_minutes_sanders_10_minutes |archive-date=December 16, 2015 |dead-url=no }}</ref> In November 2016, journalist ] noted that on March 15, ] III, the speeches of Trump, Clinton, ], and ] were broadcast in full. Sanders was in Phoenix, Arizona, on that date, speaking to a rally larger than any of the others, but his speech was not mentioned, let alone broadcast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/29/bernie_sanders_i_was_stunned_by|title=Bernie Sanders: "I Was Stunned" by Corporate Media Blackout During Democratic Primary|publisher=}}</ref> | |||
| ===Conclusion=== | |||
| ] in October 2016]] | |||
| After the final primary election, Clinton became the presumptive Democratic nominee.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/17/us/politics/bernie-sanders-campaign.html | title=Bernie Sanders, Still Running, Pledges to 'Make Certain' Donald Trump Is Defeated | website=The New York Times | date=16 June 2016 | accessdate=18 June 2016 | author=Alcindor, Yamiche}}</ref> On July 12, Sanders formally ] Clinton<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/11/politics/hillary-clinton-bernie-sanders/index.html |title=Bernie Sanders endorses Hillary Clinton |work=] |date=July 12, 2016 |accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref> but he continued to work with the Democratic National Convention organizers to implement the progressive positions he had been campaigning for. Sanders spoke at the ] on July 25, giving Clinton his full support. Some of Sanders's supporters attempted to protest Clinton's nomination and booed when Sanders called for party unity. Sanders responded, "Our job is to do two things: to defeat Donald Trump and to elect Hillary Clinton...It is easy to boo, but it is harder to look your kids in the face if we are living under a ]."<ref name="CNN">{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/25/politics/bernie-sanders-democratic-national-convention-speech/ | title=Bernie Sanders: 'I am proud to stand with her' | publisher=CNN | date=26 July 2016 | accessdate=26 July 2016 | author=Collinson, Stephen}}</ref> | |||
| On November 8, in the 2016 Presidential election, Sanders received almost 6% of the vote ], despite not being a candidate in the election. This was the highest share of a statewide presidential vote for a ] ] in American history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/190417-ralph-nader-got-the-most-write-in-votes-for-president-ever-but-election-write-ins-have-a-long|title=Ralph Nader Got The Most Write-In Votes For President Ever, But Election Write-Ins Have A Long History|last=Warner|first=Claire|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> He also received more votes in Vermont than ], the ] candidate, and ], the ] candidate, combined.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us/Index.html#/home|title=:: Vermont Election Night Results ::|website=vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> | |||
| Nationwide, it was possible to vote for Sanders as a write-in candidate in twelve states,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://heavy.com/news/2016/11/how-many-write-in-votes-for-did-bernie-sanders-get-presidential-election-results-california-iowa-new-hampshire-pennsylvania-vermont-total/|title=How Many Write-In Votes Did Bernie Sanders Get in the Election?|last=Dwilson|first=Stephanie Dube|date=2016-11-16|work=Heavy.com|access-date=2017-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref> and exact totals of write-in votes for Sanders were published in three states: ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/17-presidential-formatted.pdf|title=Presidential election results in California, 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=sos.ca.gov|access-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref> ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sos.nh.gov/2016PresGen.aspx?id=8589963688|title=President of the United States - 2016 General Election - NHSOS|website=sos.nh.gov|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> and ].<ref name=":2" /> In those three states, Sanders received 111,850 write-in votes, which was approximately 15% of the write-in votes nationwide, and 0.08% of the nationwide number of votes overall.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
| On December 19, the day that the ] convened in state capitols around the country, Sanders received one electoral vote for president, from David Mulinix, a ] in ] who also voted for fellow progressive firebrand ] (instead of Clinton's running mate ]) for vice president.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/news/311119-democratic-elector-in-hawaii-votes-for-sanders|title=Democratic elector in Hawaii votes for Sanders|last=Hellmann|first=Jessie|date=2016-12-19|work=TheHill|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> Two other faithless electors, David Bright in ] and Muhammad Abdurrahman in ], attempted to cast their electoral votes for Sanders, but their votes were invalidated by their states' faithless elector laws; Bright subsequently switched his vote to Clinton as pledged, while Abdurrahman was replaced by another elector who voted for Clinton as pledged.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/maine-elector-bernie-sanders_us_585815ebe4b0b3ddfd8db1f6|title=Electoral College Faithless Elector Foiled Trying To Vote For Bernie Sanders|last=Bellware|first=Kim|date=2016-12-19|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2017-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/12/19/minnesota-electors-cast-10-votes-for-clinton|title='Faithless elector' dismissed, Minnesota's 10 votes go to Clinton|last=Bakst|first=Brian|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders was one of five people who received electoral votes from ]; the other four were former ] ] (who received three electoral votes),<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/four-washington-electors-break-ranks-and-dont-vote-for-clinton/|title=Four Washington state electors break ranks and don’t vote for Clinton|date=2016-12-19|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=2017-09-06|language=en-US}}</ref> ] activist ],<ref name=":4" /> former U.S. ] and ] ] ],<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/news/national-govt--politics/all-but-texas-members-the-electoral-college-choose-donald-trump/GSCDFHiXQvu3PiYSDMDryL/|title=All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump|work=statesman|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> and ] ].<ref name=":5" /> The seven faithless electoral votes for president were the most in history, with the exception of the 63 electors who did not vote for their pledged candidate, ], in ] (Greeley had died between election day and the convening of the Electoral College).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/which-candidates-did-the-seven-faithless-electors-support-election-2016/|title=Which candidates did the seven "faithless" electors support?|access-date=2017-09-06|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232836|title=Electoral College sees record-breaking defections|work=POLITICO|access-date=2017-09-06}}</ref> | |||
| In November 2016, Sanders's book '']'' was released; upon its release, it was number 3 on ]. The audiobook received a Grammy nomination for Best Spoken Word Album.<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=November 27, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders Earns Grammy Nomination|work=] |url=https://variety.com/2017/politics/news/bernie-sanders-grammy-nomination-1202624408/|accessdate=November 27, 2017}}</ref> In 2016 Sanders formed ], a ] dedicated to educating voters about issues, getting people involved in the political process, and electing progressive candidates. In February 2017, Sanders began webcasting ''The Bernie Sanders Show'' on ]. Polls taken in 2017 have found Sanders to be the most popular politician in the United States.<ref name="thehill.com">{{cite web |last=Easley |first=Jonathan |date=April 18, 2017|title=Poll: Bernie Sanders country’s most popular active politician|work=] |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/329404-poll-bernie-sanders-countrys-most-popular-active-politician|accessdate=April 20, 2017}}</ref><ref name="observer.com">Observer, 2017 July 11, "Poll Confirms Bernie Sanders Is the Most Popular Politician in the Country, As an Independent, He Appeals to Disenfranchised Voters and Millennials ", http://observer.com/2017/07/bernie-sanders-most-popular-politician/</ref><ref name="Schwartz">{{cite news |last= Schwartz|first=Drew |date=August 24, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders Is the Most Popular Politician in America, Poll Says|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xww4ek/bernie-sanders-is-the-most-popular-politician-in-america-poll-says-vgtrn|work=] |location= |access-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ===Post-election approval ratings and commentary=== | |||
| Polling conducted in August 2011 by ] found that Sanders's approval rating was 67% and his disapproval rating 28%, making him then the third-most popular senator in the country.<ref name="Easley"/> Both the ] and the ] have given Sanders 100% voting scores during his tenure in the Senate.<ref name="Ackerman2015">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/sanders-race-primary-president-civil-rights/ |title=Give the People What They Want: Bernie Sanders' signature issues aren't 'white' issues |work=] |date=June 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721162037/http://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/sanders-race-primary-president-civil-rights/ |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |dead-url=no |last=Ackerman |first=Seth |issn=2158-2602 }}</ref> In 2015 Sanders was named one of the Top 5 of '']'' 50.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 11, 2015 |url=http://forward.com/series/forward-50/2015/ |title=Forward 50 2015 |publisher=Forward.com |accessdate=November 11, 2015}}</ref> In a November 2015 Morning Consult poll, Sanders had an approval rating of 83% among his constituents, making him the most popular senator in the country.<ref name="newsweek.com"/> Fox News found Sanders to have the highest net favorability at +28 points of any prominent politician included in its March 2017 poll.<ref>. ''The Guardian.'' 17 March 2017.</ref> He ranked third in 2014 and first in both 2015 and 2016.<ref name="newsweek.com">. ''Newsweek''. November 24, 2015.</ref><ref name="Easley">{{cite web |last=Easley |first=Jason |date=August 2, 2011 |title=Americans Love Socialism: Bernie Sanders Is The 3rd Most Popular US Senator |website=Politics USA |url=http://archives.politicususa.com/2011/08/02/socialism-bernie-sanders.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229152746/http://archives.politicususa.com/2011/08/02/socialism-bernie-sanders.html |archivedate=2014-12-29 |accessdate=July 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-most-popular-senator-453479 |title=Bernie Sanders is America's Most Popular Senator, Mitch McConnell its Least |publisher=Newsweek |date=April 28, 2016 |accessdate=September 17, 2016 |author=Wofford, Taylor}}</ref> | |||
| In a March 2017 ] poll, Sanders's 61% approval rating was the highest among all politicians rated, versus 43% for Donald Trump, 47% for Mike Pence and 37% for Paul Ryan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Perkins|first1=Madeliene|title=Fox News Poll: Bernie Sanders remains the most popular politician in the US|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/most-popular-politician-in-the-us-bernie-sanders-fox-news-poll-2017-3|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=June 16, 2017}}</ref> In April 2017, a nationwide Harvard-Harris Poll found Sanders had the highest favorability rating of the leading political figures included in the poll,<ref name="thehill.com"/> a standing confirmed by subsequent polling.<ref name="observer.com"/><ref name="Schwartz"/> | |||
| ] stated in a May 2017 BBC interview that the Sanders campaign, by breaking with a century-old political system of reliance on corporate funding, was the most remarkable thing about the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=May 15, 2017|title=Noam Chomsky: The Most Remarkable Thing About 2016 Election Was Bernie Sanders, Not Trump (Video)|url=http://www.truthdig.com/avbooth/item/noam_chomsky_most_remarkable_thing_last_election_bernie_sanders_20170515|work=] |location= |access-date= }}</ref> Chomsky said Sanders "came from nowhere", used the "scare word 'socialist'", and "would have won the Democratic Party nomination if it hadn’t been for the shenanigans of the Obama-Clinton party managers who kept him out."<ref>{{cite web|title=Full Interview: Noam Chomsky on Trump's First 75 Days & Much More|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/4/4/full_interview_noam_chomsky_on_democracy|website=Democracy Now|accessdate=June 16, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| In February 2018, Special Counsel Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election revealed that Russians interfered in the election to benefit the Sanders campaign and harm the Clinton campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/02/17/indictment-russians-also-tried-help-bernie-sanders-jill-stein-presidential-campaigns/348051002/|title=Indictment: Russians also tried to help Bernie Sanders, Jill Stein presidential campaigns|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-02-24|language=en}}</ref> Sanders rejected the Mueller investigation's conclusion, saying that he had seen no evidence that Russians helped his campaign.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/21/bernie-sanders-trump-russia-interference-420528|title=Bernie blames Hillary for allowing Russian interference|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref> Sanders furthermore blamed the Clinton campaign for not doing more to prevent Russian interference.<ref name=":6" /> Sanders later said his campaign had taken action to prevent Russian meddling in the election, and that a campaign staffer had alerted the Clinton campaign.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/24/bernie-sanders-russian-trolls-false-story-423413?lo=ap_d1|title=Bernie Sanders promoted false story on reporting Russian trolls|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-02-24}}</ref> '']'' noted that a Sanders campaign volunteer contacted a ] (PAC) that supported the Clinton campaign to report suspicious activities but that the Sanders campaign did not contact the Clinton campaign as such.<ref name=":7" /> | |||
| ==Political activities== | |||
| Sanders's book '']'' was released in November 2016. Upon its release, it was on ] at number 3.<ref>{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://vtdigger.org/2016/11/14/sanders-book-our-revolution-arriving-with-new-significance/ | |||
| | title = Sanders' Book 'Our Revolution' Arriving with New Significance | |||
| | last = O'Connor | |||
| | first = Kevin | |||
| | date = November 15, 2016 | |||
| | website = VTDigger | |||
| | publisher = | |||
| | access-date = 2016-11-21 | |||
| | quote = ... the candidate who had been anointed by the entire establishment, was winning, but at the same time was losing state after state by huge margins.}}</ref> | |||
| To build on momentum gained during the 2016 election campaign, Sanders and supporters founded a political action committee and a political education organization: | |||
| * ''Brand New Congress'' – In April 2016, former Sanders presidential campaign staffers formed a ], ], to elect Congressional representatives in line with the campaign's political platform.<ref> | |||
| {{cite news | |||
| | last = Lachman | |||
| | first = Samantha | |||
| | title = Former Bernie Sanders Staffers Seek To Elect A 'Brand New Congress' | |||
| | newspaper = The Huffington Post | |||
| | location = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | language = | |||
| | publisher = | |||
| | date = April 27, 2016 | |||
| | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-congress_us_5720e608e4b0b49df6a9c933 | |||
| | access-date = 2016-11-20}}</ref> | |||
| * ''Our Revolution'' – In August 2016, Sanders founded ], an organization dedicated to educating voters about political issues, getting people involved in the political process, and recruiting and supporting candidates for local, state, and national office.<ref name="Guadiano">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/07/15/bernie-sanders-progressive-message/87073052/|title=Bernie Sanders will launch organizations to spread progressive message|last=Guadiano|first=Nicole|date=July 15, 2016|work=USA Today|accessdate=July 27, 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Washington Times">{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/aug/18/bernie-sanders-running-our-revolution/ | title=Bernie Sanders: Still percolating | website=The Washington Times | date=August 18, 2016 | accessdate=August 19, 2016 | author=Harper, Jennifer | quote = "Election days come and go, but the struggle for economic, social, racial and environmental justice must continue. We have the guts and the energy to take on the special interests, win critical battles on the most important issues of our time, and redefine what's possible in this country. Now it's time for all of us to get to work."}}</ref> | |||
| On February 16, 2017, Sanders began webcasting ''The Bernie Sanders Show'' using ]. As of April 2, 2017, guests have included ], ], ], and ]. Nye's episode has 4.6 million views and 25,000 shares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/democrats-vs-trump/sanders-show-welcome-bernie-tv-n741571|title=The Sanders Show: Welcome to 'Bernie TV'|date=April 2, 2017|accessdate=April 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2017/04/03/forget-trump-tv-bernie-sanders-has-struck-gold-with-his-new-online-show/|title=Forget Trump TV. Bernie Sanders has struck gold with his new Facebook Live show|date=April 3, 2017|accessdate=April 4, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ==Political positions== | |||
| {{American socialism}} | |||
| {{Social democracy sidebar}} | |||
| {{Main article|Political positions of Bernie Sanders}} | |||
| Sanders is a self-described ],{{refn|<ref name=sanders_confirms>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=April 30, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders confirms presidential run and damns America's inequities |work=] |quote=The self-described 'democratic socialist' enters the race as a robust liberal alternative... |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/30/bernie-sanders-confirms-presidential-run-and-damns-americas-inequities |accessdate=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="socialism">{{cite news |last=Dreier |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Dreier |date=May 5, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders' Socialism Is as American as Apple Pie |work=] |quote=...because the 73‑year{{bracket|‑}}old U.S. senator from Vermont describes himself as a 'democratic socialist.' |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/bernie-sanders-socialism-_b_7210120.html |accessdate=May 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="politicosocialist">{{cite web |last=Lerer |first=Lisa |date=July 16, 2009 |title=Where's the outrage over AIG bonuses? |work=] |quote=Only a handful of members, including self-described democratic socialist Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), criticized... |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0709/25000.html |accessdate=April 19, 2010}}</ref><ref name="postsocialist">{{cite news |last=Powell |first=Michael |date=November 6, 2006 |title=Exceedingly Social But Doesn't Like Parties |work=The Washington Post |quote=He knows what the corporate media might do with his answer, but whatever... 'Yeah. I wouldn't deny it. Not for one second. I'm a democratic socialist.' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/04/AR2006110401124.html |accessdate=November 26, 2012}}</ref>}} and ] who admires the ] of ] and has been a proponent of ].{{refn|See: | |||
| * {{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 26, 2013 |title=What Can We Learn From Denmark? |work=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-bernie-sanders/what-can-we-learn-from-de_b_3339736.html |accessdate=August 19, 2013}} | |||
| * {{cite news |last=Issenberg |first=Sasha |date=January 9, 2010 |title=Sanders a growing force on the far, far left |work=] |quote=You go to Scandinavia, and you will find that people have a much higher standard of living, in terms of education, health care, and decent paying jobs. |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/01/09/sanders_a_growing_force_on_the_far_far_left/?page=1 |accessdate=August 24, 2013}} | |||
| * Ben Schreckinger and Jonathan Topaz (July 6, 2015). . ''].'' Retrieved August 18, 2015. Sanders in 1976: "I believe that, in the long run, major industries in this state and nation should be publicly owned and controlled by the workers themselves." | |||
| * . ''Salon'' October 8, 2015.}}<ref name="socialism"/><ref name="Scandinavia">{{cite web |last=McMurry |first=Evan |date=May 3, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: America Should Look More Like Scandinavia |website=] |url=http://www.mediaite.com/tv/bernie-sanders-america-should-look-more-like-scandinavia/ |accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref> In November 2015, Sanders gave a speech at ] about his view of democratic socialism, including its place in the policies of presidents ] and ].<ref name=atlanticsocialism>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/bernie-sanders-makes-his-pitch-for-socialism/416913/ |title=How Bernie Sanders Explains Democratic Socialism |first=Clare |last=Foran |work=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>. BernieSanders.com, November 19, 2015.</ref> In defining what democratic socialism means to him, Sanders said: "I don't believe government should take over the grocery store down the street or own the means of production, but I do believe that the middle class and the working families who produce the wealth of America deserve a decent standard of living and that their incomes should go up, not down. I do believe in private companies that thrive and invest and grow in America, companies that create jobs here, rather than companies that are shutting down in America and increasing their profits by exploiting low-wage labor abroad."<ref name="atlanticsocialism" /> Based on Sanders's positions and votes throughout his political career, ] and ] have described Sanders as "a ]er".<ref name="Chomsky"/>{{refn|group=nb|]'s comments are mentioned in the following book review:<br />{{cite news |last= Lozada |first=Carlos |date=2016-03-11 |title=The liberal war over the Obama legacy has already begun|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/book-party/wp/2016/03/11/the-liberal-war-over-the-obama-legacy-has-already-begun/ |newspaper=] |location= |access-date=2016-03-17 }}}} | |||
| Many commentators have noted the consistency of Sanders's views throughout his political career.<ref name="Gram2015a">{{cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/bernie-sanders-has-had-consistent-message-for-4-decades/ |title=Bernie Sanders has had consistent message for 4 decades |date=May 11, 2015 |work=The Seattle Times |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111064629/http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/bernie-sanders-has-had-consistent-message-for-4-decades/ |archive-date=November 11, 2015 |dead-url=yes |issn=0745-9696 }}</ref><ref name="maddow1">{{cite news |last1=Maddow |first1=Rachel |title=Bernie Sanders' track record distinguished by consistency |url=http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/sanders-record-distinguished-by-consistency-504479811515 |accessdate=October 13, 2015 |publisher=] |date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| ===Trade=== | |||
| Calling international trade agreements a "disaster for the American worker", Sanders voted against and has spoken for years against ], ], and ] with China, saying that they have resulted in American corporations moving abroad. He also strongly opposes the ], which he says was "written by corporate America and the pharmaceutical industry and Wall Street."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 21, 2015 |title=The TPP Must Be Defeated |work=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-bernie-sanders/the-tpp-must-be-defeated_b_7352166.html |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="On the Issues">{{cite web |url=http://www.ontheissues.org/2016/Bernie_Sanders_Free_Trade.htm |title=Bernie Sanders on Free Trade |publisher=On the Issues |accessdate=January 20, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| ===Social benefits=== | |||
| Sanders focuses on economic issues such as ] and ],<ref name="sanders_confirms" /><ref>{{cite web |title=On the Issues: Income and Wealth Inequality |url=https://berniesanders.com/issues/income-and-wealth-inequality/ |publisher=BernieSanders.com |accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite news |last= Pilkington|first=Ed|date=December 15, 2017 |title=Trump turning US into 'world champion of extreme inequality', UN envoy warns|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/15/america-un-extreme-poverty-trump-republicans|work=The Guardian |location= |access-date=December 16, 2017|quote="We are moving into 2018 – we should not be living in a country with 41 million people living in poverty and so many more in extreme poverty, and nobody even talks about it" – Bernie Sanders}}</ref> raising the ],<ref>Samantha Lachman (July 22, 2015). . ''The Huffington Post''. Retrieved August 18, 2015.</ref> ],<ref name="Jaffe">{{cite news |last=Jaffe |first=Sarah |date=July 14, 2009 |title=Sanders Schools McCain on Public Healthcare |work=] |quote=Senator Bernie Sanders is one of the Senate's fiercest advocates for real healthcare reform that puts Americans, not private insurance companies, first. Recently, Sanders told The Nation's Katrina vanden Heuvel, 'f you are serious about real healthcare reform, the only way to go is ].' |url=http://www.thenation.com/video/sanders-schools-mccain-public-healthcare |accessdate=October 16, 2013}}</ref> reducing the burden of ],<ref>{{cite web |last=Dash |first=Stephen |date=April 22, 2015 |title=What Is Bernie Sanders' Endgame for College Affordability and Student Loans? |work=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-dash/what-is-bernie-sanders-en_b_7119602.html |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> making public colleges and universities tuition-free ],<ref>{{cite news |last=Resnikoff |first=Ned |date=May 19, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders unveils plan for tuition-free public colleges |publisher=] |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/19/bernie-sanders-unveils-plan-for-tuition-free-public-colleges.html |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> and expanding ] benefits by eliminating the cap on the payroll tax on all incomes above $250,000.<ref>. Senate.gov. March 12, 2015.</ref><ref>Nicole Woo, Janelle Jones and John Schmitt (September 2011). ]. Retrieved September 7, 2015.</ref> He has become a prominent supporter of laws requiring companies to give their workers ], ], and ], noting that such laws have been adopted by nearly all other developed countries.<ref name="agenda">{{cite web |title=Family values agenda: paid family leave, paid sick leave, paid vacation |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/download/061115-familyvaluesagendafactsheet?inline=file |format=PDF |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> He also supports legislation that would make it easier for workers to join or form a ].<ref name="Economic Agenda">Bernie Sanders (December 1, 2014). . ''The Huffington Post''. Retrieved June 27, 2015.</ref><ref>Ned Resnikoff (October 6, 2015). . Al Jazeera. Retrieved October 6, 2015.</ref> | |||
| ===Climate change=== | |||
| Sanders advocates bold action to reverse ] and substantial investment in ], with "energy efficiency and ]" and ] as prominent goals.<ref>. '']'' September 22, 2014.</ref><ref>Ashley Halsey III (January 27, 2015).. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved August 18, 2015.</ref> He considers ] to national security.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/260184-sanders-climate-change-still-greatest-threat-to-national-security |title=Sanders: Climate change still greatest threat to national security |publisher=The Hill |year=2015}}</ref><ref name="Totten">{{cite news|last=Totten |first=Shay |date=January 15, 2007 |title=Sanders to push global warming legislation in Senate |work=Vermont Guardian |quote=Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-VT, said Monday he was making good on at least one of a handful of campaign promises – introducing a bill designed to cut U.S. contributions to global greenhouse gas emissions in the next decade. ... Sanders added that construction of new power plants is "extraordinarily expensive" and he would prefer to see federal funding support used to expand the development of sustainable energy, as well as biofuels. |url=http://www.vermontguardian.com/local/012007/GlobalWarmingBill.shtml |archive-date=May 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508004601/http://www.vermontguardian.com/local/012007/GlobalWarmingBill.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sanders opposes the construction of the ] on the grounds that, like the ], it "will have a significant impact on our climate."<ref>. ''Mother Jones''. October 13, 2016.</ref> | |||
| ===Financial reform=== | |||
| Sanders has advocated greater democratic participation by citizens, ], and a constitutional amendment or judicial decision that would overturn '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legislation: Campaign Finance |website=Bernie Sanders: U.S. Senator for Vermont |publisher=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/legislation/issue/?id=a22c4c55-2c79-4d6b-895b-704230412415 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>. 8 Dec 2011. Sanders Senate web site</ref><ref name="Huffington Post">{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=March 22, 2015 |title=If We Don't Overturn Citizens United, The Congress Will Become Paid Employees of the Billionaire Class |work=] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-bernie-sanders/sanders-to-senate-if-we-dont-overturn-citizens-united-the-congress-will-become-paid-employees-of-the-billionaire-class_b_6918468.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015}}</ref> He calls for comprehensive financial reforms,<ref>{{cite web |title=Text of Bernie Sanders' Wall Street and economy speech |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/text-of-bernie-sanders-wall-street-and-economy-speech-2016-01-05 |work=MarketWatch |accessdate=January 6, 2016}}</ref> such as breaking up "]" financial institutions, restoring ], reforming the ] and allowing the Post Office to offer basic financial services in economically marginalized communities.{{refn|<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Break Up Big Banks |work=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-bernie-sanders/break-up-big-banks_b_7233284.html |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Everett |first1=Burgess |title=Bernie Sanders backs big bank breakups, in contrast with Hillary Clinton |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-big-ban-break-ups-glass-steagall-120287.html |website=Politico |publisher=Politico |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanders |first1=Bernie |title=Bernie Sanders: To Rein In Wall Street, Fix the Fed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/23/opinion/bernie-sanders-to-rein-in-wall-street-fix-the-fed.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=December 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pinsker |first1=Joe |title=Bernie Sanders's Highly Sensible Plan to Turn Post Offices Into Banks |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/bernie-sanders-lets-turn-post-offices-into-banks/411589/ |work=The Atlantic |accessdate=January 6, 2016}}</ref>}} | |||
| Sanders opposes the 2017 Trump/Republican federal budget plan, calling it "a budget for the billionaire class, for Wall Street, for corporate CEOs, and for the wealthiest people in this country...nothing less than a massive transfer of wealth from working families, the elderly, children, the sick and the poor to the top 1%." | |||
| <ref>{{cite web|last1=Sanders|first1=Bernie|title=Bernie Sanders: Trump's budget is immoral|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/24/opinions/trump-budget-is-immoral-sanders-opinion/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| Following the November 2017 revelations from the ] and a recent report from the ] which says just three people, ], ] and ], own more wealth than the bottom half of the U.S. population, Sanders stated that "we must end global oligarchy" and that "we need, in the United States and throughout the world, a tax system which is fair, progressive and transparent."<ref>{{cite news |last= Sanders|first=Bernie|date= November 13, 2017|title=Bernie Sanders: We must end global oligarchy|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/13/opinions/oligarchy-paradise-papers-bernie-sanders-opinion/index.html|work=CNN |location= |access-date= November 13, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ===Health care=== | |||
| Sanders is a staunch supporter of a ] system, and has said, "If you are serious about real healthcare reform, the only way to go is ]."<ref name="Jaffe"/> He advocates lowering the cost of drugs that are expensive because they remain under patent for years; some drugs that cost thousands of dollars per year in the U.S. are available for hundreds, or less, in countries where they can be obtained as generics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Carter |first=Zach |date=May 19, 2012 |title=Bernie Sanders Offers Plan To Cut Prescription Drug Prices |work=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/19/bernie-sanders-prescription-drug-prices_n_1528332.html |accessdate=August 16, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| As chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging, Sanders has introduced legislation to reauthorize and strengthen the ], which supports ] and other programs for seniors.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Older Americans Act |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/recent-business/2013/05/23/older-americans-act |accessdate=July 4, 2015}}</ref> He supported the ], though he felt it didn't go far enough.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/09/24/bernie-sanders-obamacare-is-a-good-republican-program/|title=Bernie Sanders: Obamacare is a 'good Republican program'|publisher=CNN|date=September 24, 2013|first=Bryan|last=Koenig}}</ref> | |||
| On May 4, 2017, in response to the House vote to ], Sanders predicted "thousands of Americans would die" from no longer having access to health care.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/04/politics/bernie-sanders-republican-health-care-bill-anderson-cooper-cnntv/|title=Thousands will die if House bill becomes law, Bernie Sanders says|first=Leinz|last=Vales|publisher=CNN|date=May 4, 2017}}</ref> ] rated Sanders's statement "mostly true".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jun/27/bernie-s/bernie-sanders-projection-thousands-added-deaths-g/|title=Bernie Sanders' projection of 'thousands' of deaths from lost health coverage is well-supported|last=Jacobson |first=Louis|date=June 27, 2017|website=]|publisher=]|access-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| In September 2017, Sanders and 15 Senate co-sponsors submitted the "Medicare for All" bill, a single-payer health care plan. The bill also covers vision and dental care, unlike Medicare. Some Republicans have called the bill "Berniecare" and "the latest Democratic push for socialized medicine and higher taxes." Sanders has responded that the Republican party has no credibility on the issue of health care after recently voting for legislation that would take health insurance away from 32 million people under the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare").<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kurtzleben|first1=Danielle|title=Here's What's In Bernie Sanders' 'Medicare For All' Bill|url=http://www.npr.org/2017/09/14/550768280/heres-whats-in-bernie-sanders-medicare-for-all-bill|website=NPR|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ===Social issues=== | |||
| Sanders has liberal stances on social issues. He advocated for ] as Mayor of Burlington in 1983 and voted against the 1996 ]. In 2006, Sanders indicated that the time was not right for legalization of same-sex marriage in Vermont, describing the issue as properly handled at the state, not the national, level, but in 2009 he supported the ], which was enacted that year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Frizell|first=Sam|newspaper = Time|title=How Bernie Sanders Evolved on Gay Marriage|url=http://time.com/4089946/bernie-sanders-gay-marriage/|date=October 28, 2015|accessdate=August 14, 2017}}</ref> He considers himself a ],<ref>{{cite news|last=Tumulty|first= Karen|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/09/24/hey-bernie-sanders-are-you-a-feminist|title=Hey Bernie Sanders, are you a feminist?|website=]|date=September 24, 2015|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> is ] on abortion, and opposes the de-funding of ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lavender |first=Paige |date=July 29, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders: GOP Efforts To Defund Planned Parenthood 'An Attack On Women's Health' |website=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-planned-parenthood_55b8f386e4b0074ba5a6fe60 |accessdate=October 5, 2015}}</ref> Sanders has denounced ] and called for criminal justice reform to reduce the ],<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Ken |date=August 16, 2015 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-racism_55d10b2be4b055a6dab0a4a8 |work=The Huffington Post |title=Bernie Sanders Vows To Better Address Racism}}</ref> advocates a crackdown on ], and supports abolishing ]<ref>. BernieSanders.com. Retrieved August 18, 2015.</ref><ref>. ''Salon''. September 17, 2015.</ref><ref>Bernie Sanders (September 22, 2015). . ''The Huffington Post''. Retrieved September 23, 2015.</ref> and the ].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.vice.com/read/bernie-sanders-wants-to-abolish-the-death-penalty-vgtrn-1030 | title=Bernie Sanders Wants to Abolish the Death Penalty | author=Drew Schwartz | work=Vice | date=October 29, 2015 | access-date=August 3, 2016 | quote=Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders called for an end to the death penalty on Thursday, laying out his case in a Senate floor speech just one day after Hillary Clinton—the party's 2016 frontrunner and Sanders' main rival for the nomination—said she was opposed to abolishing the practice.}}</ref> Sanders supports ].<ref name="Huffington Post2">{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-tells-spike-lee-what-black-lives-matter-means-to-him_us_57067e01e4b0a506064e59e5 | title=Bernie Sanders Tells Spike Lee What Black Lives Matter Means To Him | website=The Huffington Post | date=April 7, 2016 | accessdate=6 October 2016 | author=Workneh, Lilly}}</ref> He supports legalizing marijuana at the federal level.<ref>. ''Rolling Stone''. October 28, 2015.</ref> | |||
| ===War and peace=== | |||
| Sanders strongly opposed the ] and has criticized a number of policies instituted during the ], particularly ] and the ].<ref> Official Senate Site</ref><ref>Krieg, Gregory (May 7, 2015). . Mic.com. Retrieved August 18, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement on NSA Surveillance |url=http://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/statement-on-nsa-surveillance |website=Sen. Bernie Sanders |accessdate=October 13, 2015}}</ref> Sanders criticized ]'s actions during the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/bernie-sanders-accuses-netanyahu-of-overreacting-in-gaza-war/ |title=Bernie Sanders accuses Netanyahu of overreacting in Gaza war |work=The Times of Israel |date= November 19, 2015}}</ref> On November 15, 2015, in response to the ] (ISIL)'s ], Sanders cautioned against "Islamophobia" and said, "We gotta be tough, not stupid" in the war against ISIL, adding that the U.S. should continue to welcome Syrian refugees.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/16/politics/bernie-sanders-cleveland-isis/index.html |title=Bernie Sanders on ISIS: U.S. needs to be "tough" not "stupid" |author=Tom LoBianco, CNN |date=November 17, 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> | |||
| On 12 June 2017, U.S. senators reached an agreement on legislation imposing ] on ]. The bill was opposed only by Sanders and Republican ].<ref>"". Deutsche Welle. June 15, 2017.</ref> | |||
| Addressing ] in a September 2017 speech, Sanders laid out a "progressive foreign policy" that pushes for greater international collaboration, an adherence to U.S.-led international agreements such as the ] and the ], and the promotion of human rights and democratic ideals. He emphasized the evils associated with "outrageous" global economic inequality and climate change, and urged reining in the use of U.S. military power, saying it "must always be a last resort". Sanders also heavily criticized U.S. support for "murderous regimes" during the ], such as those in ], ] and ], and said that those actions continue to make the U.S. less safe.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hancock |first= Jason|date=September 21, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders, in Missouri speech, takes aim at ‘outrageous’ inequalities|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article174608901.html|work=] |location= |access-date=September 24, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Detrow |first=Scott |date=September 21, 2017 |title=Bernie Sanders Lays Out His Foreign Policy Vision|url=http://www.npr.org/2017/09/21/552671703/bernie-sanders-lays-out-his-foreign-policy-vision|work=] |location= |access-date=September 24, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| ===Gun laws=== | |||
| Sanders supports ], ], and closing the ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ben|first1=Kamisar|title=Gun control push complicates Sanders’s 2020 ambitions -|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/375927-gun-control-push-complicates-sanderss-2020-ambitions|website=The Hill|accessdate=March 25, 2018}}</ref> | |||
| <ref>{{cite web|author=%s |url=http://politics.nytimes.com/congress/votes/113/senate/1/97 |title=Congressional Bills and Votes |publisher=Politics.nytimes.com |date= |accessdate=2016-07-27}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/2016/Bernie_Sanders_Gun_Control.htm |title=Bernie Sanders on Gun Control |publisher=Ontheissues.org |date= |accessdate=2016-07-27}}</ref> | |||
| Following the ] in which 17 students were killed, two Parkland high school journalists interviewed Sanders, who expressed his admiration of the young people getting into politics on the issue of gun violence and said, "They could turn this country around."<ref>{{cite web|title='You have the power to change America': Parkland students interview Bernie Sanders – video|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2018/mar/23/you-have-the-power-to-change-america-parkland-students-interview-bernie-sanders-video|website=The Guardian|accessdate=March 25, 2018}}</ref> | |||
| ===Democratic Party=== | |||
| Born into a ]-voting family, Sanders was first introduced to political activism when his brother ] joined the ] and campaigned for ] in 1956.{{sfn|Sanders|2016|p=9}} Although elected Mayor of Burlington as an independent, Sanders endorsed Democratic presidential candidates ] in ] and ] in ]. His endorsement of Mondale was lukewarm (telling reporters that "if you go around saying that Mondale would be a great president, you would be a liar and a hypocrite"), but he supported Jackson enthusiastically.<ref name=mojo>{{cite web |url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/bernie-sanders-jesse-jackson-campaign |title=This Is the Campaign That Explains Bernie Sanders |last=Murphy |first=Tim |date=17 December 2015 |website=] |access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' reported that the Jackson campaign helped inspire Sanders to work more closely with the Democratic Party.<ref name=mojo /><ref name=wapo /> | |||
| Once elected to the House of Representatives, Sanders joined the Democratic caucus, though some conservative southern Democrats initially barred him from the caucus as they believed that allowing a self-described socialist to join it would harm their electoral prospects.<ref name=wapo /> He soon came to work constructively with Democrats, voting with the party more than 90 percent of the time during his tenure in the House and Senate.<ref name=wapo /> | |||
| Starting in November 2015, in connection with his presidential campaign, Sanders's announcements suggested that not only was he running as a Democrat, but that he would run as a Democrat in future elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/local/2015/11/05/sanders-declares-democrat-nh-primary/75242938/ |first=Kathleen |last=Ronayne |newspaper='']'' |title=Sanders declares as Democrat in NH primary |date=November 5, 2015 |quote=Sanders says he'll run as a Democrat in future elections. He says, 'I am running as a Democrat obviously, I am a Democrat now.'}}</ref><ref>Blomquist, Dan and Way, Robert. , '']'' (November 5, 2015): "When a reporter asked Sanders his party allegiance after he filed, Sanders responded, 'I'm a Democrat.' He then called on Buckley, the Democratic chairman, who confirmed the senator's party allegiance. Sanders added that he would run as a Democrat in any future elections."</ref><ref>Seitz-Wald, Alex and Koenig, Kailani. , ] (November 5, 2015): "Sanders declared himself a Democrat Thursday, and said he will run as a Democrat in future elections, and that was good enough for Gardner."</ref> When challenged by Clinton about his party commitment, he said, "Of course I am a Democrat and running for the Democratic nomination."<ref> CNN. 5 February 2016.</ref> During the campaign, news sources often referred to him as a Democrat.<ref>Bykowisz, Julie. , ] (January 13, 2016): "Democratic presidential candidate and Sen. Bernie Sanders, D-Vt., speaks at the Iowa State Fair in Des Moines, Iowa, on Aug. 15, 2015."</ref><ref>Harder, Amy and Mayer, Kris. , '']'' (February 3, 2016): "The Democratic Party also said its two presidential hopefuls, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Sen. Bernie Sanders (D., Vt.), would hold a debate in Flint on March 6 as a way to draw attention to the contaminated-water issue."</ref><ref>Perry, Tim. , ] (January 25, 2016): "Sen Bernie Sanders (D-VT) responded to criticisms that his campaign was too 'idealistic,' and showed optimism about his chances in South Carolina."</ref> Since he remained a senator, elected as an independent, the United States Senate website continued to refer to Sanders as an independent during the campaign and upon his return to the Senate.<ref>See .</ref> He confirmed at the end of the campaign that he remained an independent in the senate for the balance of his term, since that was how he was elected.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2016/07/26/bernie-sanders-to-return-to-senate-as-an-independent/ |title=Bernie Sanders to Return to Senate as an Independent |work=] |date=July 26, 2016 |accessdate=August 6, 2016 |first=Peter |last=Nicholas}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders advocated that, following Trump's victory in the 2016 elections, the Democratic Party undergo a "series of reforms" and that it had to "break loose from its corporate establishment ties and, once again, become a grass-roots party of working people, the elderly and the poor."<ref>. ''].'' November 11, 2016.</ref> | |||
| Sanders drew parallels between his campaign and that of the ] in the ].<ref name="theguardian">{{cite news |last1=Roberts|first1=Dan|last2=Asthana|first2=Anushka|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/02/i-dont-think-he-needs-my-advice-bernie-sanders-applauds-jeremy-corbyn|title='There's a real similarity': Corbyn gets rousing support from Bernie Sanders|work= |location= |publisher='']''|date=2 June 2017|accessdate=15 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="independent">{{cite news |last=Kentish|first=Ben|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/bernie-sanders-jeremy-corbyn-praise-democracy-cambridge-union-us-senator-democrat-labour-leader-a7769091.html|title=Bernie Sanders praises 'courageous' Jeremy Corbyn for 'revitalising democracy'|work= |location= |publisher='']''|date=2 June 2017|accessdate=15 July 2017}}</ref> He wrote in '']'' that "the British elections should be a lesson for the Democratic Party" and urged the Democrats to stop holding on to an "overly cautious, centrist ideology", arguing that "momentum shifted to Labour after it released a very progressive manifesto that generated much enthusiasm among young people and workers".<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last=Sanders|first=Bernie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/opinion/bernie-sanders-how-democrats-can-stop-losing-elections.html|title=Bernie Sanders: How Democrats Can Stop Losing Elections|work= |location= |publisher='']''|date=13 June 2017|accessdate=1 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="newstatesman">{{cite news |last=Hasan|first=Mehdhi|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world/2017/06/prime-minister-jeremy-corbyn-sitting-down-president-bernie-sanders-no-longer-sounds-so|title=Prime Minister Jeremy Corbyn sitting down with President Bernie Sanders no longer sounds so outlandish|work= |location= |publisher='']''|date=26 June 2017|accessdate=1 August 2017}}</ref> He had earlier praised ]'s stance on class issues.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last=Wilkinson|first=Michael|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/23/bernie-sanders-backs-jeremy-corbyn-in-labour-leadership-race|title=Bernie Sanders 'backs Jeremy Corbyn' in Labour leadership race|work= |location= |publisher='']''|date=23 August 2016|accessdate=15 July 2017}}</ref> | |||
| In October 2017, Sanders stated that he would run for reelection as an independent in 2018 despite pressure to run as a Democrat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/356650-sanders-to-run-as-an-independent-in-2018 |title=Sanders to run as an independent in 2018 |last=Thomsen |first=Jacqueline |date=2017-10-22 |work=The Hill |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> | |||
| ===Critiques of the Trump Administration=== | |||
| Sanders has criticized President Trump for appointing multiple billionaires to his cabinet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/05/politics/bernie-sanders-trump-fraud/|title=Sanders on Trump: 'This guy is a fraud'|date=February 6, 2017|publisher=CNN|first=Eric|last=Bradner}}<br/>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/317981-sanders-trump-is-a-fraud|title=Sanders: Trump is a 'fraud'|first=Mallory|last=Shelbourne|date=February 5, 2017|publisher=The Hill}}</ref> He criticized Trump's choice to prioritize job creation over climate change, noting the scientifically reported effect of human activity on the environment, which Trump has called a hoax.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/30/bernie-sanders-prioritizing-jobs-over-climate-chan/ |title=Sanders: Prioritizing jobs over climate change is 'stupid and dangerous'|date=March 30, 2017|website=The Washington Times|first=Douglas|last=Ernst}}</ref> He called for caution on the ], noting that "it's easier to get into a war than out of one."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/bernie-sanders-slams-trumps-airstrike-syria-2522629|title=Bernie Sanders Slams Trump's Airstrike On Syria|first=Juliana Rose|last=Pignataro|date=April 7, 2017|publisher=International Business Times}}</ref> Sanders has promised to defeat "Trump and Trumpism and the Republican right-wing ideology".<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-bernie-sanders-event-20170219-story.html|title=Bernie Sanders in Los Angeles: 'The truth is that Trump is a pathological liar'|date=February 21, 2017|website=Los Angeles Times|first=Javier|last=Panzer}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders gave an online reply to Trump's January 2018 State of the Union address in which he called Trump "compulsively dishonest" and criticized him for initiating "a looming immigration crisis" by ending the ] program. He voiced concern about Trump's failure to mention the finding that ] and "will likely interfere in the 2018 midterms we will be holding ... Unless you have a very special relationship with Mr. Putin."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Diaz|first1=Daniella|title=Bernie Sanders holds his own SOTU speech on-line|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/30/politics/bernie-sanders-donald-trump-2020-state-of-the-union/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=February 4, 2018}}</ref> | |||
| ==Personal life== | |||
| ] in ], January 2016]] | |||
| In 1963, Sanders and Deborah Shiling, whom he met in college, volunteered for several months on the Israeli ] ]. They married in 1964 and bought a summer home in Vermont; they had no children and divorced in 1966.<ref name=Politico/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aderet |first1=Ofer |title=Mystery Solved? Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On |url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.701513 |website=Haaretz |accessdate=February 5, 2016 |date=February 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Leibovich2007">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Leibovich |work=] |title=The Socialist Senator |date=January 21, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/magazine/21Sanders.t.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=January 26, 2015}}</ref> Sanders's son, ], was born in 1969 to girlfriend Susan Campbell Mott.<ref name="The Populist Prophet"/> In 1988, Sanders married ] ({{née|Mary Jane O'Meara}}), who later became president of ], in Burlington, Vermont.<ref>{{cite web |last=Greenhouse |first=Emily |date=May 12, 2015 |title=Getting to Know Jane Sanders, Wife of Bernie |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-05-12/getting-to-know-jane-sanders-wife-of-bernie |accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> The day after their wedding, the couple visited the Soviet Union as part of an official delegation in his capacity as mayor.<ref>{{cite news|title=George Will describes Bernie Sanders' Soviet Union honeymoon|url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/aug/12/george-will/george-will-reminds-readers-about-bernie-sanders-u/|publisher=]|last=Cabaniss|first=Will|date=August 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How Bernie Sanders Spent His Soviet 'Honeymoon'|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-02-11/how-bernie-sanders-spent-his-soviet-honeymoon|publisher=]|last=Bershidsky|first=Leonid|date=February 11, 2016}}</ref> Sanders considers Jane's three children — Dave Driscoll (born 1975), Carina Driscoll (born 1974), and Heather Titus (née Driscoll; 1971) — to be his own.<ref name=Politico/><ref>{{cite news |publisher=CNN |date=May 27, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders Fast Facts |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/27/us/bernie-sanders-fast-facts/ |accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> He also has seven grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/article/bernie-sanders-fun-grandpa |title=Bernie Sanders Is 'Fun Grandpa': 5 Things We Learned at His Home : People.com |work=PEOPLE.com}}</ref> | |||
| In December 1987, during his tenure as Mayor of Burlington, Sanders recorded a folk album titled '']'' with 30 Vermont musicians. As Sanders was not skilled at singing, he performed his vocals in a ] style.<ref name="nprbehindthemusic">{{cite news |title=Behind The Music: Bernie Sanders |url=http://www.npr.org/2016/01/30/464736315/behind-the-music-bernie-sanders |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |work=NPR |date=January 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-1987-folk-album-20151202 |work=Rolling Stone |title=The Untold Story of Bernie Sanders' 1987 Folk Album |date=December 2, 2015 |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |author=Tessa Stuart}}</ref> Sanders appeared in a cameo role in the 1988 comedy-drama film '']'', playing a man who distributes candy to young trick-or-treaters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/article/who-knew-bernie-sanders-had-career-low-budget-rom--231777 |title=Bernie Sanders has appeared in not one, but two low-budget rom-coms |publisher=A.V. Club.com |accessdate=February 5, 2016 |date=February 5, 2016 |author=Joe Blevis}}</ref> In 1999, he acted in the film ''My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception'', playing the role of Rabbi Manny Shevitz. In this role he mourned the ] moving to Los Angeles, reflecting Sanders's own upbringing in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/bernie-sanders-played-rabbi-1999-romantic-comedy-article-1.2519921 |work=New York Daily News |title=Bernie Sanders plays rabbi Manny Shevitz in 1999 romantic comedy, goes on long-winded Brooklyn Dodgers rant |date=February 4, 2016 |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |author=Meg Wagner}}</ref> On February 6, 2016, Sanders was a guest star alongside ] on '']'', playing a Polish immigrant on a ] that was sinking near the ].<ref name="SNL">{{cite web|url = http://www.npr.org/2016/02/07/465892623/with-a-little-help-from-larry-david-bernie-sanders-does-snl|title = With A Little Help From Larry David, Bernie Sanders Does SNL|publisher = NPR.org|accessdate = February 7, 2016|date = February 7, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| On December 4, 2015, Sanders won '']''{{'}}s 2015 ] readers' poll with 10.2% of the vote<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/bernie-sanders-time-person-of-the-year-poll-216481 |title=Bernie Sanders wins Time's Person of the Year readers' poll |publisher=] |accessdate=December 7, 2015 |date=December 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://time.com/4137173/bernie-sanders-time-person-of-the-year-poll-win/ |title=Bernie Sanders Wins Readers' Poll for TIME Person of the Year |work=] |accessdate=December 7, 2015}}</ref> but did not receive the editorial board's award. | |||
| Sanders's elder brother, ], lives in ].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sanders brothers: A tale of two underdogs |publisher=BBC News |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33254500}}</ref> He was a ] ], representing the East Oxford ] on ], until he retired from the Council in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--none given--> |date=June 4, 2009 |title=Election results for East Oxford |publisher=Oxfordshire County Council |url=http://mycouncil.oxfordshire.gov.uk/%28S%2833rhih553gpijinuki3kvf55%29%29/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=27 |accessdate=May 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--none given--> |date=June 8, 2013 |title=Green County Councillor Retires |publisher=Oxfordshire Green Party |url=http://www.greenoxfordshire.com/news/green-county-councillor-retires.html |accessdate=July 18, 2015}}</ref> Larry ran as a Green Party candidate for ] in the ] and came in fifth.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hansen |first=Lauren |date=May 8, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders' brother lost his longshot bid for British Parliament |work=The Week |url=http://theweek.com/speedreads/554052/bernie-sanders-brother-lost-longshot-bid-british-parliament |accessdate=May 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Collinson>{{cite news |last=Collinson |first=Stephen |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Bernie Sanders' brotherly love |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/07/politics/bernie-sanders-brother-larry-sanders-uk/index.html |accessdate=May 8, 2015}}</ref> Sanders told CNN, "I owe my brother an enormous amount. It was my brother who actually introduced me to a lot of my ideas."<ref name=Collinson/> | |||
| Sanders received an ] of ] from ] on May 30, 2017.<ref> | |||
| {{cite news | |||
| | last = Singman | |||
| | first = Brooke | |||
| | title = Bernie Sanders slams GOP health care plans at New York college graduation | |||
| | newspaper = foxnews.com | |||
| | location = New York City | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | language = | |||
| | publisher = Fox News | |||
| | date = May 30, 2017 | |||
| | url = http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/05/30/bernie-sanders-slams-gop-health-care-plans-at-new-york-college-graduation.html | |||
| | access-date = 2017-05-30}}</ref> | |||
| After complaints made in 2016 by Donald Trump's Vermont campaign chairman, the FBI launched an investigation into Sanders's wife Jane's involvement in a bank loan for ] when she was its president.<ref> ] Retrieved June 26, 2016.</ref><ref name="Beavers">Olivia Beavers (2017). TheHill.com, 05/07/17</ref><ref name="RingAP06262017">{{cite news |last=Ring |first=Wilson |date= |title=Feds looking into Bernie Sanders, wife over real estate deal |url=http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/89ae8247abe8493fae24405546e9a1aa/Article_2017-06-26-US--Bernie%20Sanders-Wife-Investigation/id-aeabb68c09ac45dfbba33fa4ea294a4e |work=] |location=] |access-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name = politicoloan>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/06/22/bernie-sanders-jane-sanders-lawyer-bank-fraud-investigation-burlington-college-215297|title=Jane Sanders Lawyers Up|last=Jaffe|first=Harry|date=June 22, 2017|work=Politico|accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' reported on June 25, 2017, that Sanders himself is not under FBI investigation.<ref name="Weigel">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/06/25/sanders-responds-to-ongoing-probe-into-wifes-2010-bank-loan/|title=Bernie Sanders: FBI inquiry into 2010 bank loan will clear wife|last=Weigel|first=David|date=June 25, 2017|work=The Washington Post|access-date=June 26, 2017|location=}}</ref> Both Sanders and his wife have retained prominent counsel during the investigation.<ref name="politicoloan"/><ref name="RingAP06262017"/> | |||
| After receiving nearly $900,000 in royalty advances for his recently published books, Sanders reported earnings of just over $1 million in 2016.<ref>{{cite news | |||
| | last = Calfas | |||
| | first = Jennifer | |||
| | title = Bernie Sanders Made More Than $1 Million in 2016 | |||
| | newspaper = Money | |||
| | location = | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | language = | |||
| | publisher = Time, Inc. | |||
| | date = June 5, 2017 | |||
| | url = http://time.com/money/4805379/bernie-sanders-2016-income/ | |||
| | access-date = 2017-07-10}}</ref> | |||
| ===Religion and heritage=== | |||
| As Sanders described his upbringing as an ] in a 2016 speech: his father generally attended ] only on ]; he attended ] while his mother "chafed" at his ] Sunday schooling at a ]; and their religious observances were mostly limited to ] ] with their neighbors. Larry Sanders said, "They were very pleased to be ], but didn't have a strong belief in ]."<ref name=NYT02242016>{{cite news | last =Berger | first = Joseph| title =Bernie Sanders Is Jewish, but He Doesn't Like to Talk About It| newspaper =] | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =February 24, 2016 | url =http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/02/25/us/politics/bernie-sanders-jewish.html| accessdate =February 24, 2016 }}</ref> Bernie had a ]<ref name=Sellers /> at the historic ] in ], where he grew up.<ref name=NYT02242016/> | |||
| In 1963, in cooperation with the ] youth movement ], Sanders and his first wife ] at ], a kibbutz in northern Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zeveloff |first=Naomi |date=February 4, 2016 |title=Bernie Sanders Kibbutz Revealed at Last |url=http://forward.com/news/israel/332946/bernie-sanders-kibbutz-revealed-at-last/ |newspaper=Forward |location=|access-date=February 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="jtamysterysolved">{{cite news |title=Mystery solved: Sanders volunteered at Kibbutz Shaar HaEmekim |url=http://www.jta.org/2016/02/05/news-opinion/politics/sanders-in-1990-named-the-kibbutz-were-he-stayed-in-the-early-1960s |accessdate=February 5, 2016 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=February 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Frances Stead Sellers |title=The kibbutz Bernie Sanders stayed in may have been revealed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/02/05/the-kibbutz-bernie-sanders-stayed-in-may-have-been-revealed/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 5, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CSM Breakfast">; ''The Christian Science Monitor''; June 11, 2015</ref> His motivation for the trip was as much socialistic as it was Zionistic.<ref name=NYT02242016/> | |||
| As Mayor of Burlington, Sanders allowed a ] ] to be placed at city hall, an action contested by the local ] chapter. He publicly inaugurated the ] menorah and performed the Jewish religious ritual of ].<ref name=NYT02242016/> His early and strong support played a significant role in the now widespread ] celebrations around the globe.<ref>Kellner, Mark. , '']'' (February 10, 2016).</ref><ref>Ziri, Danielle. , ] (February 10, 2016).</ref><ref>Johnson, Sally. , '']'' (December 9, 1988).</ref><ref>, ].</ref> When asked about his Jewish heritage, Sanders has said he is "proud to be Jewish".<ref name="feldman2015" /><ref name="CSM Breakfast"/> | |||
| Sanders rarely speaks about religion.<ref name="Sellers" /> He describes himself as "not particularly religious"<ref name="feldman2015" /> and "not actively involved" with ].<ref name="Sellers"/> A press package issued by his office states "Religion: Jewish".<ref>, www.sanders.senate.gov. Retrieved February 5, 2015.</ref> He has said he believes in God, though not necessarily in a traditional manner: "I think everyone believes in God in their own ways," he said. "To me, it means that all of us are connected, all of life is connected, and that we are all tied together."<ref name="Sellers">Sellers, Frances and Wagner, John. , '']'' (January 27, 2016).</ref><ref>Winston, Kimberly. , '']'' (February 4, 2016).</ref> In October 2015, on the ], '']'', Kimmel asked Bernie, "You say you are culturally Jewish and you don't feel religious; do you believe in God and do you think that's important to the people of the United States?" Sanders replied:<ref>Friedman, Gabe. , '']'' (October 24, 2015).</ref> | |||
| <blockquote>I am who I am, and what I believe in and what my spirituality is about is that we're all in this together. That I think it is not a good thing to believe as human beings we can turn our backs on the suffering of other people ... and this is not Judaism, this is what Pope Francis is talking about, that we can't just worship billionaires and the making of more and more money. Life is more than that.</blockquote> In 2016, he stated he had "very strong religious and spiritual feelings" and explained, "My spirituality is that we are all in this together and that when children go hungry, when veterans sleep out on the street, it impacts me."<ref name="jtasandersdiscussesfaith">{{cite news |title=Sanders discusses faith, Clinton grapples with rabbinical question on humility |url=http://www.jta.org/2016/02/04/news-opinion/politics/sanders-discusses-faith-clinton-grapples-with-rabbinical-question-on-humility |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=February 4, 2016}}</ref> | |||
| Sanders does not regularly attend synagogue, and he works on ], a day when Jews typically take a holiday from work. He has attended ] in memory of the deceased, for the father of a friend, and he attended a ], an atonement ceremony, with the mayor of Lynchburg on the afternoon of ] in 2015.<ref name=NYT02242016/> According to Sanders's close friend ], a professor of religious studies at the ], Sanders's Jewish identity is "certainly more ethnic and cultural than religious".<ref>Kampeas, Ron. , '']'' (October 8, 2015).</ref> ], a Judaic scholar at the ], has said that Sanders has a particular type of "ethnic Jewishness" that is somewhat old-fashioned.<ref>Mangla, Ismat Sarah. , '']'' (February 18, 2016).</ref> Sanders's wife is ], and he has frequently expressed admiration for ], saying that "the leader of the ] is raising profound issues. It is important that we listen to what he has said." Sanders has said he feels "very close" to Francis's economic teachings, describing him as "incredibly smart and brave".<ref name=gaudiano/><ref name="Pope Francis">{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=February 15, 2015 |title=Pope Francis |publisher=Senate.gov |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/video-audio/pope-francis |accessdate=June 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>Heilman, Uriel. , '']'' (February 2, 2016).</ref> In April 2016, Sanders accepted an invitation from ], an aide close to the pope, to speak at a Vatican conference on economic and environmental issues. While at the ], Sanders met briefly with the pontiff.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/us/politics/bernie-sanders-vatican.html |title=As Bernie Sanders Heads to Vatican, a Visit With Pope Francis Seems in Doubt |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |date=April 15, 2016 |work=] |accessdate=April 17, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/51a3860bb14940608f9f6539bd441f4e/bernie-sanders-says-he-met-pope-francis |title=Pope: Sanders encounter sign of good manners, 'nothing more' |first=Ken |last=Thomas |date=April 16, 2016 |publisher=] |accessdate=April 17, 2016 }}</ref> | |||
| == Publications == | |||
| * ''A Wake-Up Call for Idea Champions'' (1994) | |||
| * '']'' (1997; 2015) | |||
| * ''The Speech: On Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class'' (2010; 2015) | |||
| * '']'' (2016) | |||
| * '']'' (2017) | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Portal|Government of the United States|Politics|Socialism}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * '']'' | |||
| == Notes == | |||
| {{Reflist|group="nb"}} | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Rall |first=Ted |date=2016 |title=Bernie |publisher=Hollowbrook Publishing |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-1609806989}} | |||
| * {{cite journal |last=Rice |first=Tom W. |year=1985 |title=Who Votes for a Socialist Mayor?: The Case of Burlington, Vermont |journal=Polity |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Journals |doi=10.2307/3234575 |issn=0032-3497 |jstor=3234575 |oclc=5546248357 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=795–806 |subscription=yes}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Rosenfeld |first=Steven |date=1992 |title=Making History in Vermont: The Election of a Socialist to Congress |publisher=Hollowbrook Publishing |location=Wakefield, New Hampshire |isbn=978-0-89341-698-0 |lccn=91034055 |oclc=24468446 |ol=1553980M}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=2011 |title=The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Wn_AgAAQBAJ |publisher=Nation Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56858-684-7 |lccn=2011920256 |oclc=697261221 |ol=25090387M}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Bernie |last2=Gutman |first2=Huck |date=1998 |orig-year=1st <abbr title="published">pub</abbr>. 1997 |title=Outsider in the House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2YjBm2_JGUC |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=978-1-85984-177-8 |lccn=97024753 |oclc=477165857}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Soifer |first=Steven |date=1991 |title=The Socialist Mayor: Bernard Sanders in Burlington, Vermont |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-89789-219-3 |lccn=90048954 |oclc=22491683 |ol=1887682M}} | |||
| * {{cite book |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu-dDAAAQBAJ|date=15 November 2016|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-250-13293-2|ref=harv}} | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{sister project links|b=no|commons=Category:Bernie Sanders|d=Q359442|n=yes|q=Bernie Sanders|s=Author:Bernie Sanders|v=no|wikt=no}} | |||
| * | |||
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| * | |||
| * {{CongLinks | congbio=s000033 | votesmart=27110 | fec=S4VT00033 | congress=bernard-sanders/1010 }}<!-- Links formerly displayed via the {{CongLinks}} template: | |||
| * at ] | |||
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| * at '']'' | |||
| * at ] | |||
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| * at '']'' | |||
| * at LegiStorm.com | |||
| * at ] | |||
| * in libraries (] catalog) | |||
| * on ] programs | |||
| * at the ] | |||
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| * --> | |||
| * {{C-SPAN|Bernie Sanders}} | |||
| * {{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Vermont/Government/Federal/US_Senate/Bernie_Sanders_%5BI%5D}} | |||
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Revision as of 13:05, 4 April 2018
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