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{{Infobox prepared food
#REDIRECT ]
| name = Ayran
| image = Fresh ayran.jpg
| caption = A mug of traditional Turkish Ayran in ], ]
| alternate_name = Doogh, Tan, Daweh or Yogurt Milk
| country =
| region = ]
| creator =
| course = Beverage
| type = Dairy product
| served = Cold
| main_ingredient = ], ], ]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
], ]]]

'''Ayran''' or '''Doogh''' (from {{lang-tr|ayran}}; {{lang-az|ayran}}, {{lang-fa|دوغ}})<ref name="etymology">{{cite web|url=https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/ayran|title=Ayran kelime kökeni|website=etimolojiturkce.com|accessdate=20 April 2018|language=Turkish}}</ref> is a cold savory ]-based beverage that is mixed with salt.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&pg=PA124 | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=124 | isbn=9781405172387}}</ref><ref name=functionaldairy>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&pg=PA10 | title=Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products | publisher=CRC Press | author=Yildiz Fatih | year=2010 | page=10| isbn=9781420082081}}</ref> It is popular in ],<ref>Sarina Jacobson,Danya Weiner. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008. {{ISBN|1402747594}} p 6</ref> ],<ref name=gastro>{{cite journal | last =Halici | first = Nevin | authorlink = | title = Turkish Delights | journal = Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies | volume =1 | issue = 1| pages = 92–93| publisher = University of California Press | location = | date = 27 April 2013 | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}</ref> ], ], ], ], ],<ref name=functionaldairy /> ],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPkH-7BCB6AC&pg=PA25 | title=Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya | publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks | author=Smih, Sebastian | year=2006 | pages=25 | isbn=9781850439790}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ8vWih-rqwC&pg=PA58 | title=Bulgaria (Other Places Travel Guide) | publisher=Other Places Publishing | author=Leslie Strnadel, Patrick Erdley | year=2012 | pages=58| isbn=9780982261996}}</ref> ]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6aXloa1QsEC&pg=PA92 | title=The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan | publisher=University of Washington Press | author=Nazif Shahrani, M. | year=2013 | location=9780295803784 | pages=92–93}}</ref>, and the ], particularly ] and ].<ref>{{cite book | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=96| isbn=9781405172387}}</ref> Yogurt drinks are popular beyond the Middle East region—ayran has been likened by some to the South Asian '']''.<ref>Heyhoe, Kate. ''The ABC's of Larousse Gastronomique'' : {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020123013733/http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/kgk/2002/0102/kgk011102.html |date=2002-01-23 }}</ref>

==Preparation==
Ayran is served chilled and often as an accompaniment to grilled meat or rice,<ref name=culturesite>{{cite web | url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,35365/turkish-buttermilk.html | title=Turkish Buttermilk | publisher=Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey | work=www.kultur.gov.tr | accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> especially during summer.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://balkon3.com/en/ayran-turkish-national-beverage/ | title=Ayran – Turkish national beverage | work=balkon3.com | accessdate=5 October 2013 | author=Gina Husamettin}}</ref> It is made by mixing yoghurt with chilled or iced water<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Davis | first1 = P. H. | year = 1956 | title = Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey | url = | journal = The Geographical Journal | volume = 122 | issue = 2| pages = 156–165 | doi = 10.2307/1790844 }}</ref> and is sometimes ] and seasoned with mint.<ref name=un>{{Cite conference | author = Islamic Republic of Iran| title = Project Document for a Regional Standard for Doogh (CX/NEA 09/5/8)| publisher = United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme of the FAO/WHO coordinating committee for the Near East| date = 26–29 January 2009| location = Tunis, Tunisia| url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Meetings/CCNEA/ccnea5/ne05_08e.pdf| accessdate = 26 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAu9IYnK2wC&pg=PA124 | title=Fermented Milks | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=A. Y. Tamime (ed.) | year=2008 | pages=124 | isbn=9781405172387}}</ref><ref name=functionaldiary>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&lpg=PA10&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products | publisher=CRC Press | author=Yildiz Fatih | year=2010 | pages=10| isbn=9781420082081}}</ref> Ayran has been variously described as "diluted yogurt"<ref name="gastro"/> and "a most refreshing drink made by mixing yogurt with iced water".<ref>Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey
P. H. Davis
The Geographical Journal, Vol. 122, No. 2 (Jun., 1956), pp. 156-165
Published by: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)
Article {{doi|10.2307/1790844}}</ref>

==History==

According to Shirin Simmons, ''doogh'' has long been a popular drink and was consumed in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran).<ref>{{Cite book| last = Simmons| first = Shirin| title = Treasury of Persian Cuisine| publisher = Stamford House Publishing| year = 2007| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=87KOW40HThAC&lpg=PT252&dq=doogh&pg=PT252#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn = 1-904985-56-4}}</ref> Described by an 1886 source as a cold drink of curdled milk and water seasoned with mint,<ref>{{Cite book| last = Grosart| first = Alexander| title = "Soor-doock" and "doogh"| publisher = | series = The Academy and literature| volume = 30| number = 742| date = 17 July 1886| location = Blackburn| pages = 59| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xXZRAAAAYAAJ&dq=doogh&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> its name derives from the ] word for ], ''dooshidan''.<ref name=un>{{Cite conference | author = Islamic Republic of Iran| title = Project Document for a Regional Standard for Doogh (CX/NEA 09/5/8)| publisher = United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme of the FAO/WHO coordinating committee for the Near East| date = 26–29 January 2009| location = Tunis, Tunisia| url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Meetings/CCNEA/ccnea5/ne05_08e.pdf| accessdate = 26 June 2011}}</ref>

According to Nevin Halıcı, ''ayran'' is a traditional ] drink and was consumed by nomadic Turks prior to 1000 CE.<ref name=gastro/> According to Celalettin Koçak and Yahya Kemal Avşar (Professor of Food Engineering at ]), ayran was first developed thousands of years ago by the ], who would dilute bitter yogurt with water in an attempt to improve its flavor.<ref>Kocak, C., Avsar, Y.K., 2009. Ayran: Microbiology and Technology. In: Yildiz, F. (Ed.), Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S., pp. 123–141</ref>
The word ''ayran'' is ultimately of ] origin.<ref name="etymology" /><ref name=etim />

A ] 1000 CE Turkic dictionary, ], defines ayran as a "drink made out of milk."<ref name=etim>{{cite web | url= http://etimolojiturkce.com/kelime/ayran| title=Ayran | publisher=Telif Hakları | work=Etimoloji Türkçe | language= Turkish | accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref>

==Turkish national drink status==
], a conservative Turkish politician who has held the posts of ] and ], has promoted ayran as a ].<ref name=erdogan>{{cite journal|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=PM says Turkey’s national drink is doogh, not beer |journal=] |volume= |issue= |pages= |publisher= |location= |date=27 April 2013 |language= |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pm-says-turkeys-national-drink-is-ayran-not-beer_313824.html |jstor= |issn= |doi= |id= |mr= |zbl= |jfm= |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031432/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_pm-says-turkeys-national-drink-is-ayran-not-beer_313824.html |archivedate=2015-11-17 |df= }}</ref> Speaking at a 2013 ] Global Alcohol Policy Conference held in ], Erdoğan contrasted ayran with ], which he claimed was a recent introduction to Turkey.

Nevertheless, sales of ayran in Turkey may lag behind other ]s.<ref name=sales>{{cite journal|last= |first= |authorlink= |title=Turks turn away from ‘national drink’ despite Erdoğan |journal=] |volume= |issue= |pages= |publisher= |location= |date=22 June 2015 |language= |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turks-turn-away-from-national-drink-despite-erdogan_390784.html |issn= |doi= |id= |mr= |zbl= |jfm= |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024646/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turks-turn-away-from-national-drink-despite-erdogan_390784.html |archivedate=2015-11-17 |df= }}</ref> According to a 2015 joint statement from the Soft Drink Producers Association, the Sparkling Water Producers Association, and the Milk Producers and Exporters Union of Turkey, ayran consumption during ] has declined every year for the years 2010 to 2015.<ref name=sales/>

In 2015, Turkey's ], controlled by Erdoğan's party, imposed a 220,000 ] fine (approximately $70,000) on state-owned Çaykur manufacturers for "degrading ayran" in one of their advertisement for iced tea, in which the protagonist ] that ayran makes him sleepy,<ref name=fine/> and halted advertisements of Çaykur's competing ice-tea product.<ref name=fine>{{cite journal | last = Çelikkan | first = Erdinç | authorlink =
| title = State-owned tea firm fined 220,000 liras for ‘insulting ayran’ in ads| journal = ] | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = 9 November 2015
| language = | url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/state-owned-tea-firm-fined-220000-liras-for-insulting-ayran-in-ads.aspx?pageID=238&nID=90905&NewsCatID=341| issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }}</ref>

==Variations==
<!-- Deleted image removed: ] made of yogurt and water]] -->
] (and sometimes ]) is added, and dried ] or ] can be mixed in as well, as well as lime juice. One variation includes diced cucumbers to provide a crunchy texture to the beverage. Some varieties of ''doogh'' have carbonation.

==See also==
{{portal|Drink}}
*], Japanese yogurt-based soft drink
*], fermented camel's-milk
*], yogurt-based drink made with yogurt, salt and water, and occasional mint and coriander leaves
*], beverage consisting of fermented milk, salt, and carbonated water
*], a yogurt drink from Sweden
*], fermented milk drink made with yeast grains
*], Turkic fermented mare's milk drink<ref name=gastro/>
*], yogurt-based drink from the Indian Subcontinent
*], fermented-milk beverage
*], nordic fermented-milk beverage

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Yogurts}}

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
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]
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Revision as of 17:30, 20 April 2018

Ayran
A mug of traditional Turkish Ayran in Istanbul, Turkey
Alternative namesDoogh, Tan, Daweh or Yogurt Milk
TypeDairy product
CourseBeverage
Region or stateMiddle East
Serving temperatureCold
Main ingredientsYogurt, water, salt
Bottle of carbonated tan sold in Yerevan, Armenia

Ayran or Doogh (from Template:Lang-tr; Template:Lang-az, Template:Lang-fa) is a cold savory yogurt-based beverage that is mixed with salt. It is popular in Iran, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, North Caucasus, the Balkans, Afghanistan, and the Middle East, particularly Lebanon and Syria. Yogurt drinks are popular beyond the Middle East region—ayran has been likened by some to the South Asian lassi.

Preparation

Ayran is served chilled and often as an accompaniment to grilled meat or rice, especially during summer. It is made by mixing yoghurt with chilled or iced water and is sometimes carbonated and seasoned with mint. Ayran has been variously described as "diluted yogurt" and "a most refreshing drink made by mixing yogurt with iced water".

History

According to Shirin Simmons, doogh has long been a popular drink and was consumed in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran). Described by an 1886 source as a cold drink of curdled milk and water seasoned with mint, its name derives from the Persian word for milking, dooshidan.

According to Nevin Halıcı, ayran is a traditional Turkic drink and was consumed by nomadic Turks prior to 1000 CE. According to Celalettin Koçak and Yahya Kemal Avşar (Professor of Food Engineering at Mustafa Kemal University), ayran was first developed thousands of years ago by the Göktürks, who would dilute bitter yogurt with water in an attempt to improve its flavor. The word ayran is ultimately of Turkic origin.

A c. 1000 CE Turkic dictionary, Dīwān ul-Lughat al-Turk, defines ayran as a "drink made out of milk."

Turkish national drink status

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, a conservative Turkish politician who has held the posts of President and Prime Minister, has promoted ayran as a national drink. Speaking at a 2013 WHO Global Alcohol Policy Conference held in Istanbul, Erdoğan contrasted ayran with alcohol, which he claimed was a recent introduction to Turkey.

Nevertheless, sales of ayran in Turkey may lag behind other non-alcoholic beverages. According to a 2015 joint statement from the Soft Drink Producers Association, the Sparkling Water Producers Association, and the Milk Producers and Exporters Union of Turkey, ayran consumption during Ramadan has declined every year for the years 2010 to 2015.

In 2015, Turkey's Customs and Trade Ministry, controlled by Erdoğan's party, imposed a 220,000 TL fine (approximately $70,000) on state-owned Çaykur manufacturers for "degrading ayran" in one of their advertisement for iced tea, in which the protagonist raps that ayran makes him sleepy, and halted advertisements of Çaykur's competing ice-tea product.

Variations

Salt (and sometimes pepper) is added, and dried mint or pennyroyal can be mixed in as well, as well as lime juice. One variation includes diced cucumbers to provide a crunchy texture to the beverage. Some varieties of doogh have carbonation.

See also

  • Calpis, Japanese yogurt-based soft drink
  • Chal, fermented camel's-milk
  • Chaas, yogurt-based drink made with yogurt, salt and water, and occasional mint and coriander leaves
  • Chalap, beverage consisting of fermented milk, salt, and carbonated water
  • Filmjölk, a yogurt drink from Sweden
  • Kefir, fermented milk drink made with yeast grains
  • Kumis, Turkic fermented mare's milk drink
  • Lassi, yogurt-based drink from the Indian Subcontinent
  • Qatiq, fermented-milk beverage
  • Skyr, nordic fermented-milk beverage

References

  1. ^ "Ayran kelime kökeni". etimolojiturkce.com (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  2. A. Y. Tamime (ed.) (2008). Fermented Milks. John Wiley & Sons. p. 124. ISBN 9781405172387. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ Yildiz Fatih (2010). Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press. p. 10. ISBN 9781420082081.
  4. Sarina Jacobson,Danya Weiner. Yogurt: More Than 70 Delicious & Healthy Recipes" Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008. ISBN 1402747594 p 6
  5. ^ Halici, Nevin (27 April 2013). "Turkish Delights". Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies. 1 (1). University of California Press: 92–93.
  6. Smih, Sebastian (2006). Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 25. ISBN 9781850439790.
  7. Leslie Strnadel, Patrick Erdley (2012). Bulgaria (Other Places Travel Guide). Other Places Publishing. p. 58. ISBN 9780982261996.
  8. Nazif Shahrani, M. (2013). The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan. 9780295803784: University of Washington Press. pp. 92–93.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. A. Y. Tamime (ed.) (2008). Fermented Milks. John Wiley & Sons. p. 96. ISBN 9781405172387. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  10. Heyhoe, Kate. The ABC's of Larousse Gastronomique : ayran Archived 2002-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
  11. "Turkish Buttermilk". www.kultur.gov.tr. Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Turkey. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  12. Gina Husamettin. "Ayran – Turkish national beverage". balkon3.com. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  13. Davis, P. H. (1956). "Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey". The Geographical Journal. 122 (2): 156–165. doi:10.2307/1790844.
  14. ^ Islamic Republic of Iran (26–29 January 2009). Project Document for a Regional Standard for Doogh (CX/NEA 09/5/8) (PDF). Tunis, Tunisia: United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme of the FAO/WHO coordinating committee for the Near East. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  15. A. Y. Tamime (ed.) (2008). Fermented Milks. John Wiley & Sons. p. 124. ISBN 9781405172387. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  16. Yildiz Fatih (2010). Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press. p. 10. ISBN 9781420082081.
  17. Lake Van and Turkish Kurdistan: A Botanical Journey P. H. Davis The Geographical Journal, Vol. 122, No. 2 (Jun., 1956), pp. 156-165 Published by: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Article doi:10.2307/1790844
  18. Simmons, Shirin (2007). Treasury of Persian Cuisine. Stamford House Publishing. ISBN 1-904985-56-4.
  19. Grosart, Alexander (17 July 1886). "Soor-doock" and "doogh". The Academy and literature. Vol. 30. Blackburn. p. 59.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. Kocak, C., Avsar, Y.K., 2009. Ayran: Microbiology and Technology. In: Yildiz, F. (Ed.), Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Functional Dairy Products. CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S., pp. 123–141
  21. ^ "Ayran". Etimoloji Türkçe (in Turkish). Telif Hakları. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  22. "PM says Turkey's national drink is doogh, not beer". Zaman. 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Turks turn away from 'national drink' despite Erdoğan". Zaman. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Çelikkan, Erdinç (9 November 2015). "State-owned tea firm fined 220,000 liras for 'insulting ayran' in ads". Hürriyet.
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