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| ==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
| In the ], since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury".<ref>] (2010-12-14) , ''Constitutional Law Prof Blog''</ref> This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute<ref> |
In the ], since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury".<ref>] (2010-12-14) , ''Constitutional Law Prof Blog''</ref> This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/48.html|title=18 U.S. Code § 48 - Animal crush videos|author=|date=|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref> which was found unconstitutional in '']''. | ||
| ==Criticism of alleged link to violence against humans== | ==Criticism of alleged link to violence against humans== | ||
| Critics of the concept of a propensity for cruelty to humans cite the fact that animals can be cruel to some animals yet caring to other animals, combined with ]'s studies using metronomes at different rates to test conditioned learning showing that humans can discriminate in fine ways that animals cannot,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Catania, A.C.|year=1994|title=Query: Did Pavlov's research ring a bell?|journal=Psycoloquy Newsletter, June 7}}</ref> and conclude that there is no such general basis. The exact way these critics explain studies that seems to show links varies, but most of them state that psychiatric and criminological studies are subject to ] and ].<ref>Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill, 2002 RobertWhitaker</ref><ref>The Unpredictable Species: What Makes Humans Unique by Lieberman, P 2013</ref> It is also pointed that ].<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=yTfNH3cScKAC&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=cruelty+to+animals+humans+correlation+causation&source=bl&ots=QKcllSdfAA&sig=826Am1ASKt9YyAHmMsyIsm_2ZS0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwial8TV5ZHYAhUUWmMKHeCCBncQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=cruelty |
Critics of the concept of a propensity for cruelty to humans cite the fact that animals can be cruel to some animals yet caring to other animals, combined with ]'s studies using metronomes at different rates to test conditioned learning showing that humans can discriminate in fine ways that animals cannot,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Catania, A.C.|year=1994|title=Query: Did Pavlov's research ring a bell?|journal=Psycoloquy Newsletter, June 7}}</ref> and conclude that there is no such general basis. The exact way these critics explain studies that seems to show links varies, but most of them state that psychiatric and criminological studies are subject to ] and ].<ref>Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill, 2002 RobertWhitaker</ref><ref>The Unpredictable Species: What Makes Humans Unique by Lieberman, P 2013</ref> It is also pointed that ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTfNH3cScKAC&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=cruelty+to+animals+humans+correlation+causation&source=bl&ots=QKcllSdfAA&sig=826Am1ASKt9YyAHmMsyIsm_2ZS0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwial8TV5ZHYAhUUWmMKHeCCBncQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=cruelty+to+animals+humans+correlation+causation&f=false|title=The Case for Animal Experimentation: An Evolutionary and Ethical Perspective|first=Michael Allen|last=Fox|date=23 April 1986|publisher=University of California Press|accessdate=23 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> | ||
| On the other hand, ], a professor of ] at the ], has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as ] and ], that might be linked to violence against humans.<ref>http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology</ref> | On the other hand, ], a professor of ] at the ], has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as ] and ], that might be linked to violence against humans.<ref>http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology</ref> | ||
Revision as of 01:41, 23 April 2018
Zoosadism is pleasure derived from cruelty to animals. It is part of the Macdonald triad, a set of three behaviors that are considered a precursor to psychopathic behavior.
Research
Some studies have suggested that individuals who are cruel to animals are more likely to be violent to humans. According to The New York Times:
The FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of serial rapists and murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders.
Helen Gavin wrote however in Criminological and Forensic Psychology (2013):
This is not a universal trait, though. Dennis Nilsen had difficulty initiating social contact with people, but loved his faithful companion, Bleep, a mongrel bitch. After his arrest, he was very concerned for her welfare, as she was taken to the police station too.
Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980):
A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy.
This is a commonly reported finding, and for this reason, cruelty to animals is often considered a warning sign of potential violence towards humans.
Legal status
In the United States, since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury". This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute which was found unconstitutional in United States v. Stevens.
Criticism of alleged link to violence against humans
Critics of the concept of a propensity for cruelty to humans cite the fact that animals can be cruel to some animals yet caring to other animals, combined with Pavlov's studies using metronomes at different rates to test conditioned learning showing that humans can discriminate in fine ways that animals cannot, and conclude that there is no such general basis. The exact way these critics explain studies that seems to show links varies, but most of them state that psychiatric and criminological studies are subject to institutional bias and self-fulfilling prophecies. It is also pointed that correlation does not prove causation.
On the other hand, Piers Beirne, a professor of criminology at the University of Southern Maine, has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as animal slaughter and vivisection, that might be linked to violence against humans.
See also
References
- J. M. MacDonald (1963). "The Threat to Kill". American Journal of Psychiatry. 120 (2): 125–130. doi:10.1176/ajp.120.2.125.
- Goleman, Daniel (7 August 1991). "Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer". New York Times.
- Helen Gavin (2013). Criminological and Forensic Psychology. p. 120.
- Felthous, Alan R. (1980). "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People". Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 10: 169–177. doi:10.1007/bf01433629.
- Robson, Ruthann (2010-12-14) Animal Porn - Criminalized by Federal Law Again, Constitutional Law Prof Blog
- "18 U.S. Code § 48 - Animal crush videos". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- Catania, A.C. (1994). "Query: Did Pavlov's research ring a bell?". Psycoloquy Newsletter, June 7.
- Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill, 2002 RobertWhitaker
- The Unpredictable Species: What Makes Humans Unique by Lieberman, P 2013
- Fox, Michael Allen (23 April 1986). "The Case for Animal Experimentation: An Evolutionary and Ethical Perspective". University of California Press. Retrieved 23 April 2018 – via Google Books.
- http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology
External links
| Zoophilia | |
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| Zoophilia | |
| Related subjects | |
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