| Revision as of 15:41, 4 June 2018 edit87.231.187.204 (talk) Modification suite à une erreur répétée de traduction, le mot "ayyar" veut dire "chevalier" et non pas "voyou" ou "vagabond" comme il est à tord indiqué dans "l'encyclopédie" Iranica, qui n'est pas une encyclopédie mais un projet encyclopédique et qui en aucun cas ne dispose d'une définition absolue de ce mot et ne peut se définir comme source parfaitement fiable, d'autant que la traduction que fait Iranica est une traduction "anglaise" et non "Iranienne" du mot.Tag: Visual edit← Previous edit | Revision as of 09:12, 5 June 2018 edit undoNoyster (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers28,122 editsm add page refNext edit → | ||
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| {{short description|Member of a historical warrior group in the region of Iran}} | |||
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| :'''''Ayyar''' redirects here. It can also refer to ].'' | :'''''Ayyar''' redirects here. It can also refer to ].'' | ||
| '''Áyyār''', ({{lang-fa|عیار}} ''Ayyâr'', pl. ''Ayyârân'', {{lang-ar|عيار}} ''ʿayyār'', pl. ''ʿayyārūn'') refers to a person associated with a class of warriors in Iraq and Iran from the 9th to the 12th centuries. The word literally means ''knight'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=ayyaran&source=bl&ots=-_LDXPRnIP&sig=Km-GpqnOpC4thiqByseHKe9PSPg&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKqqTLqrrbAhXDxRQKHVjbAFw4ChDoAQgxMAE#v=onepage&q=ayyaran&f=false|title=Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa|last=Zakeri|first=Mohsen|date=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=9783447036528|language=en}}</ref>. Ayyars were associated with ], or medieval Islamic organizations located in cities. | '''Áyyār''', ({{lang-fa|عیار}} ''Ayyâr'', pl. ''Ayyârân'', {{lang-ar|عيار}} ''ʿayyār'', pl. ''ʿayyārūn'') refers to a person associated with a class of warriors in Iraq and Iran from the 9th to the 12th centuries. The word literally means ''knight'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=ayyaran&source=bl&ots=-_LDXPRnIP&sig=Km-GpqnOpC4thiqByseHKe9PSPg&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKqqTLqrrbAhXDxRQKHVjbAFw4ChDoAQgxMAE#v=onepage&q=ayyaran&f=false|title=Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa|last=Zakeri|first=Mohsen|date=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=9783447036528|page=59|language=en}}</ref>. Ayyars were associated with ], or medieval Islamic organizations located in cities. | ||
| ==Emergence== | ==Emergence== | ||
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- Ayyar redirects here. It can also refer to Ayyar of Bulgaria.
Áyyār, (Template:Lang-fa Ayyâr, pl. Ayyârân, Template:Lang-ar ʿayyār, pl. ʿayyārūn) refers to a person associated with a class of warriors in Iraq and Iran from the 9th to the 12th centuries. The word literally means knight . Ayyars were associated with futuwwa, or medieval Islamic organizations located in cities.
Emergence
'Ayyarun are believed to predate Islam, though most of the writing about them centers on their activities in Baghdad from the 10th to the 12th centuries. Baghdad was ruled by the Buyids (945–1055), and was a very lawless city, caused by fighting between Sunnis and Shi'ites. They did many terrible things such as extorting taxes on roads and markets, burning wealthy quarters and markets, and looting the homes of the rich by night. For several years (1028–33), Al-Burjumi and Ibn al-Mawsili, leaders of the 'ayyarun, ruled the city due to governmental instability.
Reputation
The 'ayyarun have been commonly called fighters, though these activities are highlighted during times of weak government and civil war, when their role as a military force most likely made them fight on multiple sides, angering many. During times of more stable government, their lawful activities decreased, and when the Seljuqs ruled in the 12th century, their activities almost ceased. The 'ayyarun also made war against much of Turks in reaction to social injustices.
Regional influence
Outside Baghdad, the 'ayyarun were closely allied with the middle class, and helped maintain the current order. The Saffarids (861-1003) of eastern Iran were in fact an 'ayyarun dynasty. They are thought by some historians to have contributed to the weakening of Baghdad, clearing the way for the horrific destruction of the city by the Mongols.
References
- AYYĀR, Encyclopædia Iranica
External links
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- Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 59. ISBN 9783447036528.