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] is a multilingual country in which two languages – Pashto and Dari – are both ] and most widely spoken.<ref name=AO/> Dari is the official name of the ] in Afghanistan. It is often referred to as the ''Afghan Persian''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=prs |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs |publisher=Sil.org |date=18 January 2010 |accessdate=December 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af |title=The World Factbook: Afghanistan |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=December 5, 2014}}</ref> Both Pashto and Persian are ] from the ] sub-family. Other regional languages, such as ], ], ], ] and ] are spoken by minority groups across the country. ] is a multilingual country in which two languages – Pashto and Dari – are both ] and most widely spoken.<ref name=AO/> Pashto is the official name of the ] in Afghanistan. It is often referred to as the ''Afghan Pashtun''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=prs |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs |publisher=Sil.org |date=18 January 2010 |accessdate=December 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af |title=The World Factbook: Afghanistan |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=December 5, 2014}}</ref> Both Pashto and Persian are ] from the ] sub-family. Other regional languages, such as ], ], ], ] and ] are spoken by minority groups across the country.


Minor languages may include ],<ref name="Hakala2012"/><ref name="Krishnamurthy2013"/> ],<ref name="WahabYoungerman2007">{{cite book|last1=Wahab|first1=Shaista|last2=Youngerman|first2=Barry|title=A Brief History of Afghanistan|accessdate=13 March 2018|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|language=English|isbn=9781438108193|page=18|quote=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Dari and Pashto.}}</ref> ], ], ], ] and ], ] (], ], ] and ]), ], Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai and ]. Linguist ] believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages,<ref>]: ''Sprachen-Almanach – Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt.'' Campus-Verl., Frankfurt/Main 2002, {{ISBN|3-593-36572-3}}, S.273–274; Afghanistan</ref> with around 200 different dialects. Minor languages may include ],<ref name="Hakala2012"/><ref name="Krishnamurthy2013"/> ],<ref name="WahabYoungerman2007">{{cite book|last1=Wahab|first1=Shaista|last2=Youngerman|first2=Barry|title=A Brief History of Afghanistan|accessdate=13 March 2018|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|language=English|isbn=9781438108193|page=18|quote=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Dari and Pashto.}}</ref> ], ], ], ] and ], ] (], ], ] and ]), ], Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai and ]. Linguist ] believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages,<ref>]: ''Sprachen-Almanach – Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt.'' Campus-Verl., Frankfurt/Main 2002, {{ISBN|3-593-36572-3}}, S.273–274; Afghanistan</ref> with around 200 different dialects.


==Language policy== ==Language policy==
Dari is the most spoken language of Afghanistan's ]s<ref name="AO">{{cite web|title=What Languages are Spoken in Afghanistan?|url=http://alphaomegatranslations.com/2015/09/21/what-languages-are-spoken-in-afghanistan/#preamble |quote=Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them|year=2004 |accessdate=June 13, 2012}}</ref> and acts as a ] for the country. In 1980, other ]s were granted official status in the regions where they are the language of the majority.<ref name="Iranica-Afghanistan-lang">{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages|title=AFGHANISTAN v. Languages|quote=''A. Official languages. Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans... Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population, it is split into numerous dialects.''|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|work=Ch. M. Kieffer|accessdate=2012-04-08}}</ref> Article 16 of the 2004 ] states that Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them. The practical modalities for implementation of this provision shall be specified by law."<ref name="AO" /> Pashto is the most spoken language of Afghanistan's ]s<ref name="AO">{{cite web|title=What Languages are Spoken in Afghanistan?|url=http://alphaomegatranslations.com/2015/09/21/what-languages-are-spoken-in-afghanistan/#preamble |quote=Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them|year=2004 |accessdate=June 13, 2012}}</ref> and acts as a ] for the country. In 1780, other ]s were granted official status in the regions where they are the language of the majority.<ref name="Iranica-Afghanistan-lang">{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages|title=AFGHANISTAN v. Languages|quote=''A. Official languages. Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans... Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population, it is split into numerous dialects.''|publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|work=Ch. M. Kieffer|accessdate=2012-04-08}}</ref> Article 16 of the 2004 ] states that Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them. The practical modalities for implementation of this provision shall be specified by law."<ref name="AO" />


==Naming policy== ==Naming policy==
Dari is a term long recommended by Afghan authorities to designate the Persian dialects spoken in Afghanistan, in contrast to the dialects spoken in neighboring ].<ref>Ch. M. Kieffer, , Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, originally from 1982.</ref> Although still widely known as "Farsi" ("Persian") to its native speakers, the name was officially changed to Dari in 1964.<ref name="Kaboli">R. Farhadi and J. R. Perry, , ], Online Edition, originally in Vol. XV, Fasc. 3, pp. 276–280, 2009.</ref> Dari must not be confused with the dialect of Kabul, which is the dominant Persian dialect in Afghanistan. Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, however (and more Indo-Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso-Arabic script), there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran. The term Dari is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan – in general the dialect of Kabul – but is best restricted to formal spoken registers (poetry, speeches, newscasts, and other broadcast announcements).<ref name="Kaboli" /> Dari is a term long recommended by Afghan authorities to designate the Persian dialects spoken in Afghanistan, in contrast to the dialects spoken in neighboring ].<ref>Ch. M. Kieffer, , Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, originally from 1982.</ref> Although still widely known as "Farsi" ("Persian") to its native speakers, the name was officially changed to Dari in 2001.<ref name="Kaboli">R. Farhadi and J. R. Perry, , ], Online Edition, originally in Vol. XV, Fasc. 3, pp. 276–280, 2009.</ref> Dari must not be confused with the dialect of Kabul, which is the dominant Persian dialect in Afghanistan. Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, however (and more Indo-Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso-Arabic script), there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran. The term Dari is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan – in general the dialect of Kabul – but is best restricted to formal spoken registers (poetry, speeches, newscasts, and other broadcast announcements).<ref name="Kaboli" />


== Overview == == Overview ==
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|title =Languages of Afghanistan<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html|title= South Asia ::AFGHANISTAN|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref> |title =Languages of Afghanistan<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html|title= South Asia ::AFGHANISTAN|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref>
|bars = |bars =
{{bar percent|] (Afghanistan Persian)|green|50}} {{bar percent|] (Afghanistan Pashto)|green|50}}
{{bar percent|]|red|35}} {{bar percent|]|red|25}}
{{bar percent|] and ]|blue|11}} {{bar percent|] and ]|blue|11}}
{{bar percent|30 others including ] and ]|pink|4}} <nowiki>{{bar percent|30 others including </nowiki>] and ]{{!}}pink{{!}}14
}} }}


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The exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3717092.stm|title=Afghan poll's ethnic battleground|first=Pam|last=O'toole|publisher=]|date=October 6, 2004|accessdate=2010-09-16}}</ref> Estimates suggest the following primary languages: The exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3717092.stm|title=Afghan poll's ethnic battleground|first=Pam|last=O'toole|publisher=]|date=October 6, 2004|accessdate=2010-09-16}}</ref> Estimates suggest the following primary languages:


According to a 2006 ] ] involving 6,226 randomly selected Afghan citizens by the ], Dari was the first language of 49%, with an additional 37% stating the ability to speak Dari as a second language; 42% were able to read Dari. Second, Pashto was the first language of 40% of the polled people, while an additional 28% spoke it as a second language; 33% were able to read Pashto. Uzbek was the first language of 9% and a second language for 6%. Turkmen was the first language of 2% and a second language for 3%. English was spoken by 8% and Urdu by 7%.<ref name="survey">{{cite web|url=http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AGsurvey06.pdf|format=PDF|title=Afghanistan in 2006 - A survey of the Afghan people |publisher=]|location=Kabul, Afghanistan |year=2006 |accessdate=2010-10-29 |quote=Uruzgan, representing 1.1 percent of the population of Afghanistan, and Zabul, representing 1.2 percent, were excluded from the sampling plan due to extreme security conditions during the fieldwork period of the survey.}}</ref> According to a 2006 ] ] involving 6,226 randomly selected Afghan citizens by the ], Dari was the first language of 25%, with an additional 37% stating the ability to speak Dari as a second language; 42% were able to read Dari. Second, Pashto was the first language of 50% of the polled people, while an additional 28% spoke it as a second language; 33% were able to read Pashto. Uzbek was the first language of 9% and a second language for 6%. Turkmen was the first language of 2% and a second language for 3%. English was spoken by 8% and Urdu by 7%.<ref name="survey">{{cite web|url=http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/AGsurvey06.pdf|format=PDF|title=Afghanistan in 2006 - A survey of the Afghan people |publisher=]|location=Kabul, Afghanistan |year=2006 |accessdate=2010-10-29 |quote=Uruzgan, representing 1.1 percent of the population of Afghanistan, and Zabul, representing 1.2 percent, were excluded from the sampling plan due to extreme security conditions during the fieldwork period of the survey.}}</ref>


A later study found that Dari was, by a wide margin, the most widely spoken language in urban Afghanistan, with as many as 93% of Afghans claiming to speak it, but only 75% of rural Afghans claiming the same.<ref name="survey2013">{{cite web|url=http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/2013AfghanSurvey.pdf|format=PDF|title=Afghanistan in 2013 - A survey of the Afghan people |publisher=]|location=Kabul, Afghanistan|year=2012|accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref> A later study found that Dari was, by a wide margin, the most widely spoken language in urban Afghanistan, with as many as 93% of Afghans claiming to speak it, but only 75% of rural Afghans claiming the same.<ref name="survey2013">{{cite web|url=http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/2013AfghanSurvey.pdf|format=PDF|title=Afghanistan in 2013 - A survey of the Afghan people |publisher=]|location=Kabul, Afghanistan|year=2012|accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:59, 31 July 2018

Languages of Afghanistan
Ethnolinguist groups of Afghanistan
OfficialPashto
RegionalPashto, Dari, Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi
SignedAfghan Sign Language

Afghanistan is a multilingual country in which two languages – Pashto and Dari – are both official and most widely spoken. Pashto is the official name of the Pashtun language in Afghanistan. It is often referred to as the Afghan Pashtun. Both Pashto and Persian are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family. Other regional languages, such as Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi and Nuristani are spoken by minority groups across the country.

Minor languages may include Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi, Ashkunu, Kamkata-viri, Vasi-vari, Tregami and Kalasha-ala, Pamiri (Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi and Wakhi), Brahui, Qizilbash, Aimaq, and Pashai and Kyrgyz. Linguist Harald Haarmann believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages, with around 200 different dialects.

Language policy

Pashto is the most spoken language of Afghanistan's official languages and acts as a lingua franca for the country. In 1780, other regional languages were granted official status in the regions where they are the language of the majority. Article 16 of the 2004 Afghan Constitution states that Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them. The practical modalities for implementation of this provision shall be specified by law."

Naming policy

Dari is a term long recommended by Afghan authorities to designate the Persian dialects spoken in Afghanistan, in contrast to the dialects spoken in neighboring Iran. Although still widely known as "Farsi" ("Persian") to its native speakers, the name was officially changed to Dari in 2001. Dari must not be confused with the dialect of Kabul, which is the dominant Persian dialect in Afghanistan. Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, however (and more Indo-Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso-Arabic script), there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran. The term Dari is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan – in general the dialect of Kabul – but is best restricted to formal spoken registers (poetry, speeches, newscasts, and other broadcast announcements).

Overview

{{bar percent|30 others including Balochi and Pashai|pink|14
Languages of Afghanistan
Pashto (Afghanistan Pashto)   50%
Dari   25%
Uzbek and Turkmen   11%

Dari functions as the nation's lingua franca and is the native tongue of various Afghan ethnic groups including the Tajiks, Hazaras, and Aimak. Pashto is the native tongue of the Pashtuns, the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan. Due to Afghanistan's multi-ethnic character, language variety as well as bilingualism and multilingualism are common phenomena.

Afghan school textbooks written in both Pashto and Dari

The exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades. Estimates suggest the following primary languages:

According to a 2006 opinion poll survey involving 6,226 randomly selected Afghan citizens by the Asia Foundation, Dari was the first language of 25%, with an additional 37% stating the ability to speak Dari as a second language; 42% were able to read Dari. Second, Pashto was the first language of 50% of the polled people, while an additional 28% spoke it as a second language; 33% were able to read Pashto. Uzbek was the first language of 9% and a second language for 6%. Turkmen was the first language of 2% and a second language for 3%. English was spoken by 8% and Urdu by 7%.

A later study found that Dari was, by a wide margin, the most widely spoken language in urban Afghanistan, with as many as 93% of Afghans claiming to speak it, but only 75% of rural Afghans claiming the same.

A sizeable population in Afghanistan, especially in Kabul, can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films and songs in the region.

References

  1. ^ "What Languages are Spoken in Afghanistan?". 2004. Retrieved June 13, 2012. Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them
  2. "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs". Sil.org. 18 January 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  3. "The World Factbook: Afghanistan". Cia.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  4. ^ Hakala, Walter N. (2012). "Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures" (PDF). National Geographic. Retrieved 13 March 2018. In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and beng educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.
  5. ^ Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 June 2013). "Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection". Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. Retrieved 13 March 2018. Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.
  6. Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781438108193. Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Dari and Pashto. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. Harald Haarmann: Sprachen-Almanach – Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt. Campus-Verl., Frankfurt/Main 2002, ISBN 3-593-36572-3, S.273–274; Afghanistan
  8. "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages". Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2012-04-08. A. Official languages. Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans... Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population, it is split into numerous dialects.
  9. Ch. M. Kieffer, "AFGHANISTAN v. Languages", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, originally from 1982.
  10. ^ R. Farhadi and J. R. Perry, Kaboli, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, originally in Vol. XV, Fasc. 3, pp. 276–280, 2009.
  11. "South Asia ::AFGHANISTAN". CIA The World Factbook.
  12. "Languages of Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  13. "Ethnic groups". BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2013. Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.
  14. "Textbooks, Afghan Ministry of Education". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  15. O'toole, Pam (October 6, 2004). "Afghan poll's ethnic battleground". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
  16. "Afghanistan in 2006 - A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2006. Retrieved 2010-10-29. Uruzgan, representing 1.1 percent of the population of Afghanistan, and Zabul, representing 1.2 percent, were excluded from the sampling plan due to extreme security conditions during the fieldwork period of the survey.
  17. "Afghanistan in 2013 - A survey of the Afghan people" (PDF). Kabul, Afghanistan: The Asia Foundation. 2012. Retrieved 2014-03-12.

Further reading

External links

Languages of Afghanistan
Official languages
Regional languages
Minority languages
Sign languages
Languages of Asia
Sovereign states
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